Bài soạn CLAUSES & PHRASES

CLAUSES AND PHRASES
A. CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF CONCESSION: ( Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ)
I. Clauses of concession:
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ là mệnh đề phụ chỉ sự tương phản của 2 hành động
trong câu. Mệnh đề này thường bắt đầu bằng những từ nối như: Although, Even Though, though,
No matter, Whatever…
Cấu trúc:
Although
Though S + V
Even though
Ex: (Al)though I don’t agree with him, I think he’s honest.
She went on walking (al)though she was terribly tired.
Even though I didn’t understand the words, I knew what he wanted.
(Even though dùng để nhấn mạnh sự tương phản)
No matter + who/ what / when / where / why / How(adj/adv) + S + V
What ever + (N) + S + V
Lưu ý: Mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng “No matter” hoặc “What ever” thường được đặt trước mệnh
đề chính để nhấn mạnh.
Ex: - Whatever exercises she had taken, she was still fat.
- No matter what she says, I don’t believe her.
II. Phrases of concession: Cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ thường được bắt đầu bằng in spite of,
despite
Cấu trúc: In spite of + Noun/ Noun phrase/ Gerund phrase
Despite
Ex: - Despite his sickness, he still had to go to school.
- We went out in spite of the rain.
III. Other usages:
1. Sử dụng liên từ độc lập: Để chỉ sự tương phản ta có thể dùng liên từ độc lập như “BUT, YET”.
- BUT, YET được dùng giữa 2 câu ghép và trước BUT, YET phải có dấu phảy
Ex: She was terribly tired, but/yet she went on walking.
Lưu ý: không dùng chung Although với BUT và YET

2. Sử dụng từ nối (transition words): However, Nevertheless ( tuy nhiên). Các từ nối này được
đặt ở đầu câu thứ 2 (Trước However, Nevertheless có dấu chấm (.) hoặc chấm phảy (;), sau
However, Nevertheless có dấu phảy). Ngoài ra However, Nevertheless có thể được đặt ở giữa câu (
sau chủ ngữ) hoặc cuối câu nhưng được ngăn cách với câu bằng dấu phảy.
Ex: - I washed my hands. However, they still looked dirty.
- I washed my hands. They, however, still looked dirty
- I washed my hands. They still looked dirty, however.
EXERCISES
I. Combine each pair of sentences into one, using the word given in brackets:
1. She can’t answer my question. She is very intelligent. (Although)
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2. His life is hard. He is determined to study well. (No matter)
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3. You do any job. You should do it devotedly. (Whatever)
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4. He got good jobs. He was not satisfied. (eventhough)
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5. He often tell lies. Many people believe him. (although)
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6. He does anything. He always tries his best. (No matter)
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7. She had taken many kinds of exercises. She was still putting on weight. (Whatever)
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8. He lived anywhere. He always thought of his homeland. (No matter)
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9. He is very rich. He isn’t happy. (although)
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10. He says anything. Nobody believe him (Whatever)
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II. Complete the following with BUT, EVEN THOUGH, NEVERTHELESS
1. Bob ate a large dinner. _________, he is still hungry.
2. Bob ate a large dinner, _________ he is still hungry.
3. Bob is still hungry _________ he ate a large dinner.
4. I had a lot of studying to do, __________________ I went to a movie anyway.
5. __________________ I had a lot of studying to do, I went to a movie anyway.
6. I had a lot of studying to do. __________________, I went to a movie anyway.
7. I finished all of my work _________________ I was very sleepy.
8. I was very sleepy, _________________ I finished all of my work .
9. I was very sleepy. _________________, I finished all of my work.
Complete the following with YET, ALTHOUGH, HOWEVER
10. I washed my hands. _______________, they still looked dirty.
11. I washed my hands, __________________ they still looked dirty.
12. _____________I washed my hands, they still looked dirty.
13. Diana didn’t go how to swim, _______________ she jumped into the swimming pool.
14. _______________ Diana didn’t go how to swim, she jumped into the swimming pool.
15. Diana didn’t go how to swim. _______________, she jumped into the swimming pool.
16. Anna’s father gave her some good advice, ____________ she didn’t follow it.
17. Anna’s father gave her some good advice. ____________, she didn’t follow it.
18. ____________ Anna’s father gave her some good advice, she didn’t follow it.
III. Change clauses of concession to phrases.
1. He studied well though his life was hard at that time.
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2. Although it rained heavily, I went to school on time.
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3. He didn’t stop his car though the traffic lights turned red.
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4. Although Jane was sad, she managed to smile.
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5. Tom always studies hard though he encouters difficulties.

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6. The flight was not delayed though it was foggy.
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7. Although it got dark, they continued to work.
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8. He did the test well though it was difficult.
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9. My mother doesn’t wear glasses though she’s over fifty.
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10. The plane took off though the weather was bad.
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IV. Choose the best anwser among (A, B, C, or D)
1. We’ll never give in __________ they may do or say.
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A. although that B. no matter how C. despite D. whatever
2. ________ my father is old, he still goes jogging.
A. although B. Since C. Despite D. In spite of
3. _________ the rain, we postpone our picnic.
A. because B. because of C. although D. In spite of
4. He refused to give up work ______ he won a million pounds.
A. despite B. as though C. even thoughD. however
5. ________ it was raining heavily, he went out without a raincoat.
A. in spite B. in spite of C. However D. although
6. ________ the wet weather, the football match went ahead.
A. In spite of B. Although C. Though D. However
7. Although she is rich, she can’t afford to buy the car.
A. Rich like she is, she can’t afford to buy the car.
B. Rich as she is, she can’t afford to buy the car.
C. As rich she is, she can’t afford to buy the car.
D. As she is rich, she can’t afford to buy the car.

8. Despite feeling cold, we kept walking.
A. Although we felt cold, we kept walking.
B. Although we felt cold, but we kept walking.
C. Cold as we felt, we kept walking.
D. Both A & C are correct.
9. Although he took a taxi, Tom still arrived late for the concert.
A. Tom arrived late for the concert because he took a taxi.
B. Tom arrived late for the concert because of a taxi
C. In spite of taking a taxi, Tom still arrived late for the concert.
D. Although Tom took a taxi, He can’t come to the concert in time.
10. I’ll find that man no matter how long it takes.
A. It takes me a long time to find that man.
B. However long it may take, I’ll find that man.
C. I can’t find that man because it will take take a long time.
D. Although it took a long time, I could find that man.
11. ________ I meet her, she always wears a blue dress.
A. Whatever B. However C. Whoever D. Whenever
12. ________ comes, don’t open the door.
A. No matter what B. No matter who C. No matter how D. No matter whom
13. We can not see the road ________ the fog.
A. because B. although C. because of D. in spite of
14. These boys were punished ______ they went to school late.
A. because B. because of C. even thoughD. in spite of
15. ________ I tried, I could not finish my essay on time.
A. No matter hard B. No matter how hard
C. No matter harder D. No matter what hard
16. It was cold and wet. ________ Bob put on his swimming suit and went on the beach.
A. Therefore B. Despite C. Although D. Nevertheless
17. I can’t ride my bicycle ______ there isn’t any air in one of the tires.
A. despite B.because C. although D. but

18. I got to class on time __________ I had missed my bus.
A. even though B. neverthelessC. because D. despite
19. Brian used to be an active person, but now he has to limit his activities ____ problems with his
heath.
A. nevertheless B. because of C. although D. in spite of
20. Some snakes are poisonous, _______ others are harmless.
A. but B. so C. for D. despite
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B. CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF REASON (mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ lí do)
I. Clauses of reason:
Mệnh đề chỉ lí do là mệnh đề phụ chỉ lí do hoặc nguyên nhân của hành động được nêu
trong mệnh đề chính.
Mệnh đề chỉ lí do thường được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các liên từ (conjunction) như:
Because, Since, As ( Since và As thường được đặt ở đầu câu)
Cấu trúc:
Because/ since/ as + S + V
Ex:
- She didn’t go to class yesterday because she was seriously ill.
- Since / As she was seriously ill, she didn’t go to class yesterday
II. Phrases of reason:
Cấu trúc:
Because of
Due to + N / Noun phrase / Gerund phrase
Owning to
- The class was not in order because of the teacher’s absence.
- She didn’t go to class yesterday because of her serious illness.
- She didn’t go to class yesterday because of being seriously ill.
III. Các cách dùng khác:
1. Sử dụng liên từ độc lập : FOR (vì), SO (vì thế)
Chú ý: FOR, SO được dùng giống như BUT, YET.

Ex: - She didn’t go to class yesterday, for she was seriously ill.
- She was seriously ill, so she didn’t go to class yesterday
2. Sử dụng từ nối (transition words): therefore, consequently.
Therefore được dùng giống như however. Consequently thường được đặt ở đầu mệnh đề
chỉ kết quả.
- She was seriously ill. Therefore, she didn’t go to class yesterday.
- She was seriously ill. She, therefore, didn’t go to class yesterday.
- She was seriously ill. She didn’t go to class yesterday, therefore
EXERCISES
I. Combine each pair of sentences, using “Because, Since, As”
1. Mary looks happy. She has just got good marks.
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2. A computer can be used for various purpose. It becomes very popular today.
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3. The burglars were able to break into his house. He has forgot to lock one of the windows.
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4. The exercise is not easy. I shall have to consult my teacher.
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5. I didn’t come in time. There was a traffic jam.
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6. The teacher is sick. We’ll have no class tomorrow.
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7. He studies maths very hard. He wants to become a teacher of maths.
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8. Peter was worried. Mary was late.
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9. The T.V program was uninteresting. They went to bed early.
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10. I couldn’t answer all the oral questions well. I felt too nervous.
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II. Complete the sentences with: because, therefore, because of:
1. ___________ it rained, we stayed home.
2. We decided to leave early __________ the party was boring.
3. Rescue attemps was temporarily halted ___________ the bad weather.
4. Paul may not go to the football game __________ his grades.
5. Bill’s car wouldn’t start. ____________, he couldn’t pick us for the concert.
6. They visited their friends often ___________ they enjoyed their company.
7. The residents moved the island _____________ the hurricane.
III. Change clause of reason to phrases:
1. The car crashed because the driver was careless.
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2. He walked slowly because his leg was badly hurt.
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3. We didn’t go out because it rain heavily.
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4. She went to bed early because she felt tired.
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5. I can’t sleep because the weather is hot.
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6. My brother couldn’t sleep because he felt homesick.
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7. She didn’t make any mistakes in her answers because she was carefull.
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8. They stayed at home because it rained.
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9. The boy was punished because he behaved so badly.
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10. All the teachers love him because his conduct is good.
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IV. Choose the best anwser among (A, B, C, or D)
1. We couldn’t sleep last night ______ the noise next door.
A. although B. since C. because D. because of
2. I did it _______ they asked me to.
A. so B. because C. because of D. the reason
3. Daisy was late ______ her car was broken down.
A. because B. because of C. if D. whether
4. _____ he can’t afford a car, he goes to work by bicycle.
A. Because B. As C. Since D. All are correct.
5. They were sacked _____ their carelessness.
A. because B. because of C. although D. despite
6. The boy was punished _____ they went to school late.
A. because B. because of C. so D. although
7. “Peter was late for work because of the rain” means “_____”
A. The rain made Peter go to work late. B. The rain prevented Peter from going to work early.
B. A and B are correct. D. A and B are incorrect
8. The mother got angry because _______
A. her son’s bad behaviour B. her son will behave badly.
C. her son behaved badly D. her son bad behaving
9. He lost his job _____ his lazyness.
A. because B. because of C. if D. although
10. We couldn’t go out because the weather was so bad.
A. The weather was so bad but we went out.
B. If the weather were fine, we couldn’t go out.
C. Whatever weather we had, we couldn’t go out.
D. We couldn’t go out because of the bad weather.
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