Đề xuất mô hình phát triển du lịch sinh thái bền vững tại tỉnh Phú Yên

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De xuat mo hinh

phat trien du Ijch sinh thai

ben viJng tai tinh Phu Yen

BOI THANH T O A N *

Tom tat

Bdi viet tdng hgp ca sd ly thuyet vi du lich, du lich sinh thdi (DLST) vd phdt trien DLST bin 
vitng, ddng thdi phdn tich dnh hudng cda Cgng dong Kinh te'ASE/\N (AEC) den phdt trien du 
lich bin vi^ng d Viet Nam, nhdt Id DLST. Tren ca sd nhvtng nghien cdu trudc day, tdc gid da 
phdt hien ra "Id hdng ", td dd dUa ra md hinh nghien cdu di xudt vi phdt trien DLST bin viing 
trong mdi trudng AEC cho tinh Phd Yen.

Tff khoa: phdt trien du lich sinh thdi bin vitng, Cong dong Kinh te ASEAJN, du lich sinh thdi 
tinh Phd Yen

Summary

This study synthesizes the theoretical basis for tourism, ecotourism and sustainable ecotourism 
development as well as analyzes the impact of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) on 
sustainable tourism development in Vietnam, particularly ecotourism. Based on previous 
studies, the author has explored the gap in research that has led to the proposed research 
model for sustainable ecotourism development in the context of AEC for Phu Yen province. 
Keywords: sustainable ecotourism development, ASEAN Economic Community, ecotourism 
in Phu Yen province

^

GlCfl THIEU

DLST ben vffng se mang lai nhieu
ldi ich thie't thffc cho chinh cac chu the,
ma nd tac dgng, yeu cau nang cao tieu
chuan va y thffc ve trach nhiem trong
du lich. Dd la tie^t kiem cbi phi, mang
lai gia tri cho san pham va nhffng gia tri
tich cffc, tao dffng mdi trffdng trong lanh
cho nganh du lich vffng manh, mang lai
ldi ich xa hgi ve cd hdi cho nhffng nhdm
chiu thiet thdi, vi ngffdi ngheo va lam
tang trai nghiem thffc te cho du khach.

Trong nhffng nam gan day, cd nhieu
nghien cffu trong nffdc va the gidi ve
phat trien DLST ben vffng. Tuy nhien,
den nay, cd rat it nhffng de tai nghien
cffu ve phat trien DLST ben vffng trong
bd'i canh hdi nhap AEC. Cd ehang chi
la nhffng nghien cffu ve phat trien du
lich trong bd'i canh hdi nhap the gidi ndi
chung. Hien nay, cdn nhieu van de can

thao luan ve phat trien DLST ben vffng, nha't la khi
Viet Nam da trd thanh thanh vien chinh thffc ciia AEC
tff cud'i nam 2015.

Dli la mdt tinh cd tiem nang ldn ve phat trien
DLST, song de phat trien DLST theo hffdng ben vffng
thi Phii Yen cdn rat nhieu viec de lam. Tren ed sd tham

khao cac nghien cffu trffdc dd, tac gia de xua't md hinh
nghien cffu ve phat trien DLST ben vffng trong mdi
trffdng AEC cho tinh Phii Yen.

C a s d L Y THUYET

Du lich sinh thai bdn vffng

Day la mdt trong so cac loai hinh du lich dang dffdc
quan tam phat trien nha't bien nay. Tuy nhien, van cdn
nhieu quan diem khac nhau vd khai niem. Theo Stone
(2002), du lich sinh thai ben vffng dffdc dinh nghia la du
lich ddi hdi mot mffe do cao trach nhiem ciia con ngffdi
lien quan den "ddng gdp tich cffc dd'i vdi bao tdn va/
hoac cai thien phue ldi cgng ddng chu nha".

Mdt so' quan diem khac thi cho rang, du lich sinh
thai ben vffng la loai hinh du lich phii hdp vdi muc
"Huyen uy Dong Hoa, tinh Phii Yen I Email:

Ngdy nhdn bdi: 01/12/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 18/12/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 22/12/2018

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HIISH 1: P H A T T R I E N BEN VCfNG D ^ A vAO DLST
Phat trien ben vihig

r

Phat triln du lich sinh thai Phdt trien viing

Kinhte

£

Moi tniong Xahoi

Ttiu niiap tu
viec lam va
tiiu nh(ip
binli ding ve

pliuc Igi xa
h6i va tjiui

i

1,

Giao tliong
van tai, Bao
ton tham
tliirc vat va
da d^ng sinii

hoc

Co so vSt chat
c6ng cgng,
Ca so v£it chat

van hoa
dia phuong,
thai do, phong

each song

Chinh sach va sang
kiSn, Bao ton,
Duy tri he sinh
th^i, D6i mai va
chuyen giao cong
nghe, Quan he doi
tac cong ty, To
chuc dua vao cpng
66ng, Cai thien loi

s6ng, Phat trien
cong bang
>h...„.. ..^ -*£i 
Nguon: Bhuiyan va cong sU, 2012
HINH 2: MO HINH VE CAC NGUYEN TAC VA GlA TRI DLST

BEN VCifNG

Cac muc tieu xa hoi Cac muc tieu kinh te

Cac muc tieu moi tru'dng

Nguon: Pamela (1997)

HiNH 3: MO H I N H P H A T TRIEN CONG D 6 N G T H A N H CONG

Cac ben lien quan

11.

Du lich sinh thai

^ y

Khuon kho
trao quyen
cho cong

dong

Mguon: Winl<ler (2012)
tieu mdi trffdng xa hdi va tang cffdng sinh ke ciia dia
phffdng sd tai (Gibson, R. B.va cdng sff, 2005).

Tff cac khai niem tren, trong nghien cffu nay, tac
gia cho rang, DLST ben vffng la mot loai hinh du lich
de cao trach nhiem cua con ngffdi, phu hdp vdi muc
tieu phat trien mdi trffdng, xa hdi va kinh te cua dia

phffdng trong mffe do nha't dinh khong bi
bien dang do tac dgng cua du lich.

Ph^t trien DLST bdn vffng

DLST bao gdm mdt loat cac hoat
ddng dtfa tren thien nhien thuc day sir
danh gia ciia khach du lich va sff hieu
bie't ve di san van hda va tff nhien va

dffdc quan ly ben vffng ve mat moi
trffdng sinh thai, kinh te' va xa hoi. Do
dd, DLST dffdc chap nhan nhff la mot
loai thay the' phat trien ben vffng. DLST
da thu hut stf chu y ngay cang tang
trong nhieu nam, khdng chi la mot thay
the' cho du lich dai chung, ma con la
mdt phffdng tien de thuc day phat trien
kinh te va bao tdn mdi trffdng ciia mot
qud'c gia. Muc tieu ciia nd la bao ton tai
nguyen, dac biet la da dang sinh hoc va
duy tri sii dung ben vffng cac nguon life,
cd the mang lai trai nghiem sinh thai cho
du khach, bao tdn mdi trffdng sinh thai
(Bansal va Kumar 2011; Godratollah va
cdng sff, 2011).

Tff cac quan diem tren, tac gia cho
rang, phat trien DLST ben vffng la cac
hoat dgng phat trien ben vffng dffa vao
DLST. Khai thac sff dung hdp Iy va phat
trien tai nguyen du lich tff nhien, chu
trgng bao tdn, tdn tao va phat huy gia
tri cua tai nguyen du lich. Can bang cac
khia canh mdi trffdng, kinh te va xa hgi
ciia phat trien du lich de duy tri tinh ben
vffng lau dai cua nd.

Tdng quan nghidn cffu ve phat 
trien DLST

Theo Bhuiyan va cdng sff (2012),
phat trien ben vffng cd the xay ra dong
thdi giffa DLST va phat trien viing trong
mdt khu vffc. Dieu nay dffdc the hien 5
(Hinh 1). '

Cdn Pamela A. Wight (1997) da difa
ra nhffng nguyen tac cd ban lam nen tang
phat trien DLST ben vffng. Trong do, 3
nhdm muc tieu vd kinh te, xa hgi, moi
trffdng dffdc coi la cd tam quan trgng nhiJ
nhau, phai dffdc giai quyet mdt each can
dd'i de dat dffdc sff phat trien ben viing,
bao gdm: Kinh te cdng ddng; Bao ton
hdp ly; Ket hdp kinh te vdi mdi tnfdng
(Hinh 2).

Winkler (2012) da dffa ra mo hinh
phat trien cgng ddng thanh cong.
Winkler cho rang, hai yeu td chinh
trong md hinh la "DLST" va "khu6n
khd trao quyen cho cgng ddng". DLST
la mot ye'u td tiep nhan dau vao cua h?
thdng tff cac ben lien quan ben ngoai va
cd anh hffdng tich cffc de'n khudn kho

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trao quyen cho cdng ddng. Md'i lien he
giffa DLST va khung trao quyen cho
cdng ddng la mdt vdng phan hdi tich

cffc (trong mdt vi du thffc hanh td't nha't)
vi cac khudn khd trong he thd'ng phu
thudc lin nhau (Hinh 3).

Nghien cffu ciia Bui Thi Minh Nguyet
(2012) da dffa ra 3 nhdm giai phap phat
trien DLST ben vffng tai vffdn qud'c gia
Ba Vi, gdm: (1) Nhdm giai phap phat
trien ben vffng ve kinh te; (2) Nhdm giai
phap phat trien ben vffng ve van hda
xa hdi; va (3) Nhdm giai phap phat trien
du lich ben vffng ve tai nguyen mdi
trffdng. Nghien ciiu cho tha'y, cd 3 nhdm
yeu td'tac ddng de^n phat trien DLST ben
vffng, gdm cac yeii td': thudc ve kinh te,
ve van hda xa hdi va ve tai nguyen
mdi trffdng. Tuy nhien, nghien cffu chi
thffc hien theo phffdng phap nghien cffu
dinh tinh, nen chffa tha'y dffdc mffe do
anh hffdng cua tffng yeu to' den phat trien
DLST ben vffng.

Cdn Doan Manh Cffdng (2015) dffa
ra mdt sd' khuye'n nghi ve chinh sach
ddng bd nham phat trien ben vffng du
lich Viet Nam trong sff canh tranh vdi
cac nffdc ASEAN. Do'la:' (1) To chffc
tuyen truyen sau rdng ve thach thffc
va cd hdi, diem yeu va diem manh
khi hdi nhap va hdp tac qud'c te sau,

toan dien trong Iinh vffc du lich; (2)
Khan trffdng ra soat, sffa ddi, bd sung
de hoan thien he thd'ng phap luat lien
quan den du lich va hdi nhap va hdp
tac qud'c te ve du lich phu hdp vdi cac
nguyen tac va quy dinh cua ASEAN;
(3) Nhanh chdng hinh thanh ddng bd
cac ye'u td' cua nen kinh te^ thi trffdng
trong linh vffc du lich. Hoan thien the
che kinh te thi trffdng ddng bd va hien
dai trong mgi hoat ddng ciia nen kinh
te; (4) Dieu chinh cac chinh sach kinh
te vT md de dam bao mdi trffdng kinh
doanh du lich binh dang cd hieu qua;
(5) Day manh cai each hanh chinh lien
quan de'n boat ddng du lich; (6) Nang
cao nang life canh tranh du lich la yeu
to' giff vai trd quyet dinh sff thanh, bai
ciia nen kinb te' du lich sau khi gia nhap
WTO va hdi nhap qud'c te' sau va toan
dien trong ASEAN; (7) Tap trung sffc
day manh chuyen dich cd cau phat trien
du lich; (8) Kien toan cac cd quan dai
dien Viet Nam d nffdc ngoai va cd che
phd'i hdp lien nganh phue vu hdi nhap
qud'c te' ve du lich vdi ASEAN; (9) Giff
gin, bao tdn va phat buy nhffng gia tri

van hda dan tdc trong chii ddng tich cffc hdi nhap
qud'c t e v d du lich trong ASEAN; (10) Giai quye't td't

cac van de ve mdi trffdng bao dam phat trien ben
vffng trong qua trinh hgi nhap qud'c te du lich trong
ASEAN; ( I I ) Giff vffng qud'c phdng, an ninh qud'c gia
trong qua trinh hdi nhap qud'c te ve du lich sau va
toan dien trong ASEAN va vdi the' gidi; (12) Hoan
thien cac thie't che dan chu, de bao dam quyen lam
chu ciia ngffdi dan dffdi sff lanh dao ciia Dang Cgng
san Viet Nam va sff quan ly ciia Nha nffdc trong tie'n
trinh hdi nhap va hdp tac qud'c te' du lich. Bai vie^t
da cho tha'y, vai trd ciia the che^ cd anh hffdng rat
ldn de^n phat trien du lich trong bd'i canh hdi nhap
ASEAN. Day la ye'u to' ma tac gia cd the ke^ thffa
trong md hinh nghien cffu ciia minh.

^^HQNG TAG DONG CUA >^EC DOI V6l PHAT
TRIEN DU LICH SINH THAI BEN V C N G

AEC chinh thffc dffdc thanh lap vao ngay 31/12/2015,
nham muc dich tao dffng mot thi trffdng va cd sd san
xua't thd'ng nha't cho cac qud'c gia thanh vien ASEAN,
thuc day ddng chu chuyen tff do ciia hang hda, dich
vu, dau tff, lao ddng cd tay nghe trong ASEAN. Muc
tieu cua AEC la thuc day phat trien kinh te mdt each
cdng bang, thiet lap khu vffc kinh te cd nang life canh
tranh cao, ma vdi nang life canh tranh nay, cac thanh
vien cua ASEAN cd the hgi nhap day du vao nen kinh
td toan cau. Nhffng anh hffdng ciia AEC de^n phat trien
DLST ben vffng cd the ke den nhff sau:

- Cdc yeu td'ben ngodi: Nguy cd khiing hoang kinh

td; tinh hinh an ninh chinh tri cua mdt so nffdc trong
khu vffc cd nhieu bat dn; bien ddi khi hau va thien tai...
tac ddng tieu cffc den phat trien du lich. Hdn nffa, trinh
do phat trien kinh te khdng ddng deu giffa cac nffdc
trong khu vffc va tdn tai qua nhieu cd che hdp tac cung
la mdt rao can. Da phan khach qud'c te chi cd nhu cau
di du lich 1 nffdc, do dd viec hinh thanh thi trffdng du
lich chung ASEAN cdn nhieu khd khan.

- Chiu sUtdc dgng mqnh hOn tdqud trinh hgi nhap, 
trong khi do ldi the bao hd cua cac doanh nghiep trong
nffdc dan loai bd, kha nang chdng chgi vdi canh tranh
kem, dac biet la dd'i vdi cac doanh nghiep Iff hanh.

- Chiu sU cqnh tranh gay gat ve nguon nhdn lUc

du lich vdi cdc nUdc trong khu vUc, khi ma cac nffdc

ASEAN dang xem xet van de hffdng din vien cua mdt
nffdc cd the hanh nghe tai nffdc khac.

- Nguy ca cham tre trong viec ban hdnh cdc vdn

bdn, quy dinh phdp luat se dan den nhffng bat ldi trong

qua trinh hdi nhap du lich AEC.

- Thdch thdc trong viec qudn ly vd dng phd vdi

khiing hodng xay ra trong viec phat trien du lich, nha't

la lien quan yeu td nffdc ngoai. Kinh nghiem va sff
chuyen nghiep trong lam du lich ciia Viet Nam cdn
ban chd so vdi mot so nffdc khac d khu vffc.

Nguy camdt di tinh ben vdng trong phdt trien du 
lich, nhdt Id DLST, do Iffdng khach du lich tang nhanh

ke't hdp vdi dau tff manh vao cac khu vffc cd kha nang

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HINH 4: MO HINH NGHIEN CCfC DE X U A T
Phat trien ben vihig

JZ

Phat trien du lich sinh thai

I

Phat trien vung

Kinh te Moi tnrcmg
Thu nh^p tir

vifc 14m va
thunh^lp
binh ding ve

phue ig'i xa
hOi vk thuS

X a h o i

i

Giao thong
van t4i, Bao

ton thSm
thvc v^t va
da d^ng sinh

hoc

Ca so vat chat

cong cong,
Co so vat chat

van hoa
dia phuong,
thai do, phong

each s6ng

Chinh sach va sang
kien, Bao ton,
Duy tri he sinh

thai, Doi moi va
chuyen giao cong
ngh?, Quan h? doi
tdc cong ty, T6
churc dva vao cpng
dong, Cai thien loi
song, Phat trien

cong bang

- - - ag«^ 
!Ngu6n: Tong hdp cija tac gia

phat trien DLST, rat dd dan den mat can bang sinh thai
neu khdng dffdc kiem soat, quan ly chat che.

DE XUAT MO HINH NGHIEN CLfU

Dffa tren sff tdng hdp cac nghien cffu trffdc day ve cac
yeu td anh hffdng den phat trien DLST ben vffng trong
bd'i canh hdi nhap AEC cua nganh du lich tinh Phu Yen,
tac gia de xua't md hinh ngbien cffu nhff Hinh 4.

Tren cd sd dd, cac gia thuyet difoc
dffa ra nhff sau:

HI. Nhdm yeu to' thudc ve kinh te
cd anh hffdng ddng bie^n den phat trien
DLST trong bd'i canh hdi nhap AEC.

H2. Cd sd vat chat ha tang co anh
hffdng ddng bie^n den phat trien DLST
trong bd'i canh hdi nhap AEC.

H3. Ngudn nban life cd anh hifdng
ddng bien den phat trien DLST trong boi
canh hgi nhap AEC.

H4. Tai nguyen van hda xa hoi co
anh hffdng ddng bien den phat trien
DLST trong bd'i canh hdi nhap AEC.

H5. Tai nguyen thien nhien co anh
hffdng ddng bien den phat trien DLST
trong bd'i canh hdi nhap AEC.

H6. Quan Iy va xue tie^n du lich co
cd anh hffdng ddng bien den phat trien
DLST trong bd'i canh hgi nhap AEC

H7. Sff hai long ciia ngffdi dan dia
phffdng va khach du lich cd anh hifcing
ddng bien den phat trien DLST trong boi
canh hgi nhap AEC.

H8. Sff hdp tac trong va ngoai midc 
cd anh hffdng ddng bie'n den phat trien
DLST trong bd'i canh bdi nhap AEC.[il

TATLIEU THAM KHAO

1. Doan Manh Cffdng (2015). Phdt trien du lich bin vvtng d Viet Nam trong svt cqnh tranh vdi

cdc nude ASEAN, Ky ye'u Hdi thao khoa hgc qud'c te ve Toan cau hda va dia phffdng hda du lich,

nam 2015

2. Ha Van Hdi, Vu Viet Cffdng (2010). Du lich Ha Ndi hffdng tdi phat trien ben vffng, Tqp chi

Khoa hgc, Dqi hgc Qud'c gia Hd Ngi, Kinh tevd Kinh doanh, 26

3. Nguydn Dinh Luan (2015). Hgi nhap kinh te ASEAN (AEC): Cd hdi va thach thffc ddi vdi lao
dgng Viet Nam, Tqp chi Phdt trien vd Hgi nhap, sd 23/2015

4. Pham Trung Lffdng (2002). DLST NhUng vd'n de ly ludn vd thuc tiin d Viet Nam, Nxb 
Giao due

5. Nguydn Thi Minh Nguyet (2016). Phdt trien nguon nhdn lytc du lich tinh Tiin Giang, Luan an 
tien si, Trffdng Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hdi va Nhan van, Dai hgc Qud'c gia Ha Ndi

6. Bansal, S.P & Kumar, J. ( 2011). Ecotourism for Community Development: A Stakeholder's
Perspective in Great Himalayan National Park, International Journal of Social Ecology and

Sustainable Development, 2(2), 31-40

7. Bhuiyan, A. H., Siwar, C , Ismail, S. M., Islam, R. (2012). The Role of Ecotourrism for
Sustainable Development In East Coast Economic Region (Ecer), Malaysia, IntemationalJournal

of Sustainable Development, 3(9), 53-60

8. Gibson, R. B. et. al. (2005). Sustainablility Assessment: Criteria and Processes, London:

Earthscan, 49

9. Godratollah, B., Azlizam, A., Manohar, M., Mohd, H. I., Syed, M. H. (2011). Delphi
Technique For Generating Criteria And indicators in Monitoring Ecotourism Sustainability in
Northern Forests Of Iran; Case Study On Dohezar And Sehezar Watersheds, Folia Forestalia

Polonica Series A, 53(2), 130-141

10. Pamela A.Wight (1997). Sustainable Ecotourism: balancing economic, enviromental and
social goals within an ethical framework, The Journal of Tourism Studies, 4(1), 54-66

11. Stone, M. J (2002). Ecotourism and Community Development: Case Study From Hainan,

China, Waterioo, Ontario, Canada: Masters Thesis, University of Waterloo

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