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Yeu to anh hu'dng den moi tru'ofng

lam viec ya mu'c do hai long

trong cong viec cua ngu'ofi lao dong

tai cac doanh nghiep nho va vufa

d Nghe An

TRAN QUANG BACH*

Tom tat

Nghien cdu xem xet md'i quan he givta cdc ye'u tdcda mdi trUdng ldm viec, bao gom: Thu nhap; 
Diiu kien ldm viec; Qudn ly; Quan he dong nghiep; Bdn chdt cdng viec; Ddo tqo vd thdng 
tie'n vdi mdc do hdi long trong cdng viec cda ngUdi lao dgng. Cdc md'i quan he ndy dugc kiem 
dinh vdi quymd mdu Id 178 lao dgng ldm viec tqi cdc doanh nghiep nhd vd vda (DNNW) d 
Nghe An. Ket qud nghien cdu cho thdy, ngoqi triXyeu toDdo tqo vd thdng tie'n trong cdng viec, 
cdc yeu td cdn lai diu cd dnh hudng de'n mvtc do hdi long trong cdng viec cda ngUdi lao dgng. 
Trong dd, yeu td Qudn ly vd Md'i quan he dong nghiep cd dnh hudng ldn nhdt.

Tuf khoa: doanh nghiep nhd vd vda, Nghe An, mdi trudng ldm viec, thu nhap 
Summary

The research examines the relationship between satisfaction level of employees in the work and 
the elements of working environment including: Income; Working condition; Management; 
Colleague relationship; Nature of work; Training and promotion. These relationships are 
verified with a sample size of 178 employees working in small and medium enterprises in 
Nghe An province. The results show that except for the factor of training and promotion, the 
remaining factors affect the level of satisfaction in the work ofthe employees. In particular, 
the factor of Management and Colleague relationship have the greatest impact.

Keywords: small and medium enterprise, Nghe An province, working environment, income

Gidl THIEU

DNNVV la loai hinh doanh nghiep
chie'm ty le ldn va ddng vai trd quan
trpng trong tdng sd' doanh nghiep Viet
Nam ndi chung va tinh Nghe An ndi
rieng. Sif tdn tai va phat trien ciia loai
hinh doanh nghiep nay cd ddng gdp ldn
trong viec tao ra viec lam, thu nhap va
dn dinh nen kinh te tinh Nghe An, cung
nhff tren ca nffdc.

Tuy nhien, cd mdt thtfc te dang dien
ra la, mffe dp hai long trong cdng viec
tha'p chinh la mdt trong nhffng nguyen
nhan ehii ye^u anh hffdng den ket qua lao
ddng hien nay tai cac DNNVV d Nghe
An. De ed the hieu sau sac ve mffe dp

hai ldng trong cdng viec ciia lao ddng, dieu can thiet
phai tim hieu la nhffng ye'u td nao tac ddng den nd?
Chinh vi vay, bai viet thife hien nghien cffu cac yeu td'
anh hffdng den mdi trffdng lam viec va mffe dp hai ldng
trong cdng viec cua ngffdi lao ddng tai cac DNNVV
d Nghe An. Tren cd sd dd, tac gia dffa ra mdt sd' kien
nghi nham giup cac doanh nghiep nay thuc day ddng
life lam viec cho nhan vien td't hdn thdng qua viec tao
sff hai ldng trong cdng viec ciia hp, tff dd gdp phan

nang cao hieu sua't lam viec va hieu qua ciia td chffc.

CO s d LY THUYET VA PHU'ONG PHAP
NGHIEN CLfU

Casdly thuyet

Cd rat nhieu dinh nghTa khac nhau ve sff hai long cdng
viec va nd thffdng thien ve trang thai cam xiic hoac tinh

* ThS., Trffdng Dai hoc Vinh I Email:

Ngdy nhdn bdi: 25/10/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 10/11/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 19/11/2018

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HINH: MO HINH NGHIEN CCTU 
Thu nhap

Dieu ki^n 
l^m viec

Q u a n Iy

Q u a n he 
d o n g nghiep

Ban chat 
cong vifc

Oao tao va 
th3ng t i i n

Bien kiem soat:

Giffi tinh
D o tuoi

Mu-c a o hai long 
trong cong viec

Nguon: Dk xuat cua tac gia

BANG 1: DANH sACH CAC BIEN vA CHI BAO

STT 1 Code NOidune 
Ban chat cons viec (CV)

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6

CVl
CV2
CV3
CV4
CVS
CV6

Cong viec pliu hdp vcfi tilnli do ctiuyen mon va kv nang dao tao
Hieu ro ve cong viec

Cho phep suf dung tot cac nang lufc cua ca nhan
Du'dc kich thich de sang tao trong cong viec
Cong viec co nhieu thil thach thii vi

Thdi gian lam viec phii hdp

Thu nhap 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7

TNI
TN2
TN3
TN4
TN5
TN3
TN4

Lu'dng tu'dng xiJng vdi ke't qua cong viec
Lu'dng phii hdp vdi dong gop

Lu'dng phil hdp vdi nang life cua ban than

Lu'dng, thu'dng va phu cap phan phoi cong bang
Thu nhap dam bao cuoc song

Thu'dng xiJng dang vdi hieu suat lam viec
Phu cap trong cong ty hdp ly

Dao tao va thang tien 
1

2 
3 
4 
5 
6

DTI
DT2
DT3
DT4
DT5
DT6

Difdc dao tao day du cac ky nang chuyen mon
Difdc tao dieu kien hoc tap nang cao chuyen mon
Cd hoi phat trien ca nhan

Cd hoi thang tien cho ngifdi co nang life
Chinh sach dao tao cong bang

Chinh sach thang tien cong bang

Quan ly 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5

QLl
QL2
QL3
QL4
QL5

Lanh dao quan tam de'n cap dtfdi

Nhan difdc su' ho trd ciia lanh dao trong cong viec
Lanh dao do'i xii' cong bang vdi cap dtfdi

Lanh dao cd nang lu'c, tam nhin va kha nang dieu hanh tot
Ke' hoach va nhiem vu r5 rang

Quan he d6ng nghiep 
1

2 
3 
4 
5

DNl
DN2
DN3
DN4
DNS

Dong nghiep san sang giiip dd nhau
Dong nghiep phoi hdp tot khi lam viec
Dong nghiep rat than thien

Dong nghiep dang tin cay

Canh tranh lanh manh trong cong viec

Di^u kien lam vi§c 
1

2 
3 
4 
5

DKl
DK2
DK3
DK4
DK5

Moi tru'dng lam viec sach se, dam bao ve sinh
Lo lang ve viec mat viec lam

Lam viec trong dieu kien an toan

Lam viec trong moi tnfdng day du tien nghi h6 trd cho cdng viec
Ap life cdng viec khong qua cao

Hai long trong c6ng vi§c

1
2
3

HLl
HL2
HL3

Cam tha'y hai long khi lam viec
Can bd lau dai ciing cdng ty

Cam tha'y ttf tin khi gidi thieu ve cong ty

Tdng tidp nghien cu'u cua tac gia

than eua mdt con ngffdi. Locke, E. A. (1976)
cho rang, "Sff hai long trong cdng viec la
mdt trang thai cam xue thu vi hoac tich cifc
tff ket qua tham dinh cdng viec hoac kiiih
nghiem lam viec cua mpt ngffdi." Tffdng
tff nhff vay, Arnold va cdng sif (1986) nh&
manh, "Sff hai long trong cdng viec se difcfc

dinh nghTa la so Iffdng anh hffdng tich cifc
ndi chung hoac (cam xue), ma cac ca nhan
cd ddi vdi cdng viec cua minh."

Hackman va cdng sff (1976) trong
nghien cffu ddng life ndi tai cua nhan vien
da md ta trang thai trong do mpi ngffdi co
gang lam viec td't bdi cdng viec dang lam
va mang lai sff thda man nhff la mpt dong
life npi tai. Cac tac gia cho rang, yeu to
mang lai sif thda man cho nhan vien chinh
la ban than cdng viec, nhff: Cdng viec co
Slf phan hdi; Nhan vien dffdc tff chu trong
cdng viec; Cdng viec cd ket qua nhin thay
rd; Tam quan trpng cua cdng viec; Cong
viec phat huy da dang ky nang.

Spector, P. E. (1985) trong nghien cifu
ve mffe dp hai long trong cdng viec tog
dung trong cac td chffc dich vu va cac to
chffc phi ldi nhuan da xay dffng mo hinh
rieng, bao gdm: Lffdng; Cd hdi thang tien;
Dieu kien lam viec; Sif giam sat; Dong
nghiep; Cdng viec yeu thieh; Giao tiep
thdng tin; Phan thffdng bat ngd; Phiic Id.

Nghien effu eua Stringer va cpng sif
(2011) cho tha'y, ngffdi lao ddng cam nhan
khdng dffdc tra cdng xffng dang vdi nhiihg
nd life cua hp trong cdng viec va dieu nay

da anh hffdng den ddng life lam viec noi tai
cua hp. Tuy nhien, nghien cffu cua Chiu, R.
(1999) tim hieu mdi quan he giffa tam trang
tich cifc (positive effectivity) va ddng life
lam viec dffdc phan anh thdng qua sif tac
ddng gian tiep eua sff cam nhan ve cong
bang trong chi tra Iffdng, sif hai long ve tien
Iffdng va hai long ve cdng viec.

M. Ruble va cpng sff (2014) da chi ra
mdi quan he giffa phong each va ddng life
cua ngffdi quan ly. Ket qua nghien cifu cho
tha'y, yeu td chi phdi cho ddng life ciia nha
quan ly la sif tham gia cua hp vao viec ra
quyet dinh, khien hp cam tha'y cd trach
nhiem. t h e m vao dd, hp tha'y phan diifdng
vat chat la yeu td thuc day dang ke, dong
thdi cac nha quan ly d eac cap quan ly khae
nhau ed cac phong each lanh dao khac
nhau phan ffng khac nhau vdi tac ddng cua
cae yeu to quan trpng cua ddng life.

Ed Michael wi cpng sif (2000) trong 
nghien cffu ciia minh ciing da dffa ra cac
de xua't ed gia tri cho nha quan ly, do la:
(1) Thiet ke cdng viec linh ddng, tao cho

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Kinhte

va DiTliao

nhan vien tinh chu ddng trong sap xep
cdng viec, giam ap life giup hp cd the
can bang giffa cdng viee va eupc sd'ng
gia dinh; (2) Nha quan ly cap trung la
quan trpng, can xay dffng mdi quan he
giffa cac cap trong cdng ty va van hda
phdng ban cd y nghTa quan trpng.

Difa vao ed sd ly thuyet tren, tac gia
de xua't md hinh nghien cffu nhff Hinh.

Phuang phdp nghien cdu

Nghien cffu sff dung phffdng phap
phan tich dinh Iffdng, tren cd sd muc
tieu, nghien cffu tien hanh xay difng
phieu khao sat danh gia mffe dp hai ldng
cua ngffdi lao ddng. Quy md mlu bao
gom 178 lao ddng den tff cae DNNVV
khac nhau tren dia ban tinh Nghe An. Sd
phieu phat ra 202 phie'u, so' phieu thu ve
va hdp le la 178 phie'u. So lieu khao sat
sau khi lam sach, chay phan mem SPSS.
Thdi gian nghien cffu tff thang 09 den
thang 10/2018 (Bdi vie't sddung cdch vie't

sd thdp phdn theo chudn qud'c te).

Nghien cffu sff dung thang do Likert

vdi 7 bien va 5 mffe dp danh gia. 7 bien
bao gdm 1 bien phu thudc (Hai ldng trong
cdng viee) va 6 bien ddc lap (Thu nhap;
Dieu kien lam viec; Quan ly; Quan he
ddng nghiep; Ban chat cdng viec; Dao
tao va thang tien) (Bang 1).

KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU
Kiem dinh Cronbach's Alpha

Ket qua phan tich kiem dinh Cronbach's
Alpha cho tha'y, he so Cronbach's Alpha
cua ta't ca cac bien deu thda man yeu cau
(>0.7). Dieu nay chffng td, dp tin cay cua
thang do Iffa chpn trong md hinh. Tuy nhien,
chi bao DTI cd he sd Cronbach's Alpha la
0.851 ldn hdn he sd Cronbach's Alpha cua
bien DT (0.849), do vay bien nay bi loai bd
(Bang 2).

Phdn tich nhdn to khdm phd (EFA)

Qua trinh phan tich EFA dffdc thffc
hien hai lan. Ket qua phan tich cho tha'y,
cac chi bao TN4, TN7, CV6, DK2, DK5,
DT5, DT6, TN6 bi loai do cd dp tin cay
khdng cao (Bang 3).

Sau khi phan tich EFA va loai bd cac
chi bao khdng thich hdp, tac gia tien hanh

danh gia lai dp tin cay cua thang do. Ket
qua cho thay, dp tin cay ciia cac thang do
cdn lai phu hdp (he so Cronbach's Alpha
deu ldn hdn 0.7).

Phdn tich tUOng quan

Ket qua phan tich tffdng quan cho
tha'y, ta't ca cac bien deu cd tac ddng ddc

BANG 2: D A N H GIA DO TIN CAY CUA THANG DO THONG QUA
HE SO CRONBACH'S ALPHA

STT 
1 
2 
3 
4 
S 
6 
7

Bien

Ban chat cong viec
Thu nhap

Dao tao va thang tien
Quan ly

Quan he dong nghiep
Dieu kien lam viec
Hai long trong cong viec

Ky higu

CV
TT
DT
QL
DN
DK

HL

H^ s6' Cronbach's Alpha

0.808
0.834
0.851
0.840
0.888
0.732
0.852

Nguon: Ket qua nghien cifu cua tac gia
BANG 3: KET QUA PHAN TICH NHAN TO EFA

PhSn tich 
EFA

Lan 1
Lan 2

He so KMO

0.877
0.869

P-value

0.000
0.000

Phffrfng sai 
trich

66.988
67.513

H$ s6' tai 
nh&n td'

Ta't ca >0.5
Ta't ca >0.5

Kg't luan

Loai bd 8 nhan to'
Du dieu kien phan tich

BANG 4: HE SO TUdNG QUAN GICJfA CAC BIEN TRONG MO HINH

Hai long trong CV

Quan he dong nghiep
Quan ly

Ban chat cong viec
Thu nhap

Daq tao va thang tie'n
Dieu kien lam viec

DN
.567"

OL
.638"
.444"

CV
.470''
.323"
.360"

TN
.456"
.338"
.418"

.275"

DT
.517"
.405"
.563"
.365"
.383"

DK
.563"
.447"
.488"
.434"
.330"
.402"

Nguon: Tdng hdp tLf ket qua phan tich

lap den mffe dp hai ldng trong cdng viec, giffa cac bien
cd md'i tffdng quan kha chat vdi nhau (Bang 4). VT vay,
de dam bao mffe dp chinh xac, can phai xem xet ky lai
vai trd cua bien ddc lap tren md hinh hdi quy da bie^n
bang each xem xet mffe dp tac ddng cua tffng bien ddc
lap den bien phu thudc.

Ket qua phan tich hdi quy cho tha'y, khdng cd hien
tffdng da cdng tuyen, vi he so phdng dai phffdng sai VIP
deu nhd hdn 2. Dieu nay chffng td, mffe dp chinh xac ciia
ket qua kiem dinh md hinh va dff lieu thu thap (Bang 5).

Nhff vay, ket qua phan tich hdi quy cho tha'y, ngoai
trff bien Dao tao va phat trien (gia tri Sig. >0.05), cac
bien cdn lai, bao gdm: Quan he ddng nghiep; Quan ly;
Ban chat cdng viec; Thu nhap; Dao tao va thang tien;
Dieu kien lam viec deu cd anh hffdng de'n mffe dp hai
long trong cdng viec ciia ngffdi lao ddng (gia tri Sig.
deu < 0.05). He sd'R^hieu chinh la 0.575. Dieu nay cd
nghTa la, cac bien ddc lap dffa vao anh hffdng 57.5% sff
thay ddi ciia bien phu thudc (hai ldng trong cdng viec).

Phffdng trinh hdi quy thu dffdc:

HL = 0.234*DN + 0.297*QL-^ 0.147*CV + 
0.122*TN-{-0.176*DK

De danh gia cd hay khdng sff khac nhau ve mffe dp
hai ldng trong cdng viec ciia ngffdi lao ddng theo tffng
nhdm dp tudi va gidi tinh. Nghien cffu, sii" dung kiem
dinh ANOVA va T-Test. Md hinh kiem dinh ANOVA
sff dung vdi bien nhdm tudi, nhdm I tff 21 den 30 tudi,
nhdm II tff 31 den 40 tudi, nhdm III tff 41 den 50 tudi,
nhdm IV tren 50. Vdi kiem dinh T-Test sii" dung cho
bien gidi tinh. Ke^t qua cho tha'y, khdng cd sff khac biet

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BANG 5: KET QUA PHAN TICH HOI QUY CAC NHAN TO TAC DONG DEN 
MCfC DO HAI LONG TRONG CONG VIEC CUA NGtfCil LAO DONG 
STT

1
2

3
4
5
6

BiS'n ddc l$p

Quan he dong nghiep
Quan iy

Ban chat cong viec
Thu nhap

Dao tao va thang tie'n
Dieu kien lam viec

H$ sd' h6i quy chu^n 
hoa Beta

.234
.297
.147
.122
.084
.176

Sig.

.000
.000

.010

.031
.181
.005

H$ s6' phong dai 
vrfefng sai VTP

1.434
1.795
1.329
1.307
1.623
1.574
Nguon: Tdng hdp ttf ke't qua phan tich

ve mffe dp hai ldng trong cdng viec ciia ngffdi lao ddng
theo gidi tinh va dp tudi (gia tri Sig. deu > 0.05).

KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHj

Ke't qua nghien cffu cho tha'y, cd 5 yeu td' tac ddng
de^n mffe dp hai long cua ngffdi lao ddng tai cac DNNVV
d Nghe An, gdm: Quan he ddng nghiep; Quan ly; Ban
chat cdng viec; Thu nhap; Dao tao va thang tien; Dieu
kien lam viec. Trong dd, yeu td' Quan ly ed tac ddng
manh nha't. Nghien cffu cung cho tha'y, yeu td Dao tao
va thang tien khdng cd tac ddng den mffe dp hai ldng

ciia ngffdi lao ddng tai cac doanh nghiep nay.

^ Nghien cffu cung chi ra rang, khdng cd sff khac biet
ve mffe dp hai long trong cdng viec ciia ngffdi lao ddng
theo gidi tinh va dp tudi. Day la nhffng ddng gdp cd gia
tri giup cac nha quan ly nang cao nhan thffc va dffa ra
cac giai phap hffu hieu hdn nham tang ket qua thffc hien
cdng viec thdng qua viec thda man tdt hdn nhu cau va
dem lai sif hai long cho ngffdi lao ddng. Tren cd sd ket
qua nghien cffu, tac gia dffa ra mdt sdkien nghi, dd la:

Thii nhdt, vi qudn ly, can chu trpng hdn tdi viec nang

cao nang life quan ly, dieu hanh trong cac DNNVV. Xay
difng cac ke hoach, nhiem vu rd rang. Cac chinh sach,
quyet dinh phai dffdc thdng bao cdng khai, cu the den
toan bd nhan vien trong cac DNNVV. Nha quan ly cung
can quan tam va hd trd tdt hdn tdi nhan vien cap dffdi va

ngffdi lao ddng tren ed sd tim hieu nhu cau
va muc tieu thffe te ciia tiihg ca nhan trong
cae DNNVV.

Thd hai, vi quan he dong nghiep, cln

thuc day cac rndi quan he giffa cac dong
nghiep frong td chffc. Tao ra van hoa lam
viec chuyen nghiep, xay dffng bau khong
khi than thien, tang cffdng sff hd trd va phoi
hdp tdt trong cdng viec giffa cac ca nhan va

bd phan trong td chffc. Ngoai ra, nha quan
ly cung can tao ra mdt mdi trffdng canh
tranh lanh manh, giam thieu cac yeu to
mang tinh tieu cffc trong cac mdi quan he.

Thd ba, vi diiu kien ldm viee trang bi

day du eac phffdng tien hd trd cho qua
trinh lam viec, tao mdi trffdng lam viec
ludn sach se, dam bao ve sinh va an toan
nham giup ngffdi lao ddng cam thay an
tam hdn de tang cffdng nd life cho qua
trinh lam viec.

Thd tu, vi bdn chd't cdng viec, tang tinh

hap din trong cdng viec cua nhan vien,
kich thich sif sang tao trong cdng viec. Bo
tri lao ddng hdp ly, phu hdp vdi tiinh dp
chuyen mdn va ky nang nham giup nhan
vien sff dung td't cae the manh, nang life
cua ea nhan va ddng gdp cho td chffc.

Thd ndm, ve thu nhap, cac DNNVV

can cd chinh sach tra Iffdng va thu nhap
hdp ly dffa tren ket qua thffc hien cong
viec, ddng gdp cua hp cho td chffc va
nang li^c cua ban than. Cac nha quan ly
cung can quan tam den nhu cau cuoc sdng

cua ngffdi lao ddng. Dam bao nguon thu
nhap ma hp nhan trong cdng ty cd the can
bang dffdc vdi eupc sd'ng cua ca nhan va
gia dinh nham tao ra hai ldng va gan bo
lau dai vdi cdng ty cua ngffdi lao dong.O

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dung trong nghien cuu, Nxh Bai hoc Kinhte Quoc dan Ha Ndi

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thP^To?<?.?°f ^;- ^' i^^^^^- ^^a^"^^"ment of Human Service Staff Satisfaction: Development of

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