Buổi đầu truyền bá công giáo vào vùng dân tộc thiểu số Tây Nguyên

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<b>BUOI DAU TRUYEN BA CONG GIAO </b>

<b>VAO VUNG DAN TOC THIEU SO TAY NGUYiN </b>

V

iec t r u y e n b a Cdng giad vad v u n g
d a n tdc t h i e u sd' T a y N g u y e n dUde
cac n h a t r u y e n giac lUu t a m v a t r i e n k h a i
k h a sdm. V a e nila d i u t h e kf XVII. cae
linh m u c D e n g T e n tfl v u n g Q u a n g N a m ,
Q u a n g N g a i d a vfldt n u i d e n t r u y e n d a e
che d a n tdc H r e , X e D a n g , nhflng k h d n g
t h a n h cdng"'.

Cd le cdng cudc t r u y e n giae v a e T a y
N g u y e n thflc sfl sdi ddng va g a t h a i dfldc
n h i e u t h a n h cdng v a c t h d i ki c u a G i a m
m u c C u e n c t T h e , G i a m m u c dai dien
Tdng tda D a n g T r o n g (1840-1861). N a m
1841. G i a m m u c C u e n o t T h e t r i e u t a p
Cdng ddng Gd T h i (Tuy Phfldc, B i n h
Dinh) t r e n g dd cd k e b e a c h day m a n h h d n
viec t r u y e n giac vad vflng T a y N g u y e n .

N a m 1842, h a i vi thfla sai la Miche va
Duclds cflng m e t so' t b i y g i a n g t i m dfldng
len vflng d a t ngfldi G i a r a i t i n h P h u Yen,
nhflng bj b a t dfla ve H u e . Tiep nhflng
n a m s a u dd, cae thfla sai tim dfldng vad
t r u y e n dad che cae d a n tdc t h i e u sd' d P h u
Yen, B i n h D i n h , Q u i n g N g a i , Q u a n g
N a m , B i n h T h u a n , nhflng t a t ca cac ed'

g a n g dd deu b a t t h a n h .

N a m 1848 dfldc xem la thdi ki md d i u
cho q u a t r i n h t r u y e n giae vao T a y
N g u y e n , cd t i n h t e a n , c h u a n bi c h u d a e .
T u y n h i e n , viee t r u y e n giao v a p h a t t r i e n

,;; DANG LUAN'*'
dao t r e n g vflng d d n g b a e d a n tdc t h i e u sd
T a y N g u y e n luc b a n d i u k h d n g de d a n g
c h u t n a e . C a c n h a t r u j ' d n giao gap k h d n g
it k h d k h a n , trd n g a i , r a o c i n tfl n h i e u
p h i a . (J day, ed t h e n e u len m e t sd' khd
k h a n b a n d a u m a cac n h a t r u y e n giae
g a p p h i i nhfl; v a n de t h d i cudc, dja dfl.
chiing tee, xa hdi, t i n ngfldng.

1. V a n d e t h d i c u o c

Thdi d i e m C d n g giad t i m dfldng vad
T a y N g u y e n c u n g e h i n h la t h d i diem m a
t r i e u d i n h n h a N g u y e n d a b a n h a n h
n h i e u d a c d u c a m C d n g giad vdi mflc dp
n g a y c a n g g a y g a t v a khd'c liet.

T a i t i n h B i n h D i n h , ndi x u a t p h i t
t r u y e n giad vad T a y N g u y e n , cac dao du
n a y dfldc t h i h a n h q u y e t liet. N a m 1854,
mpi cd sd cua C d n g giad d t i n h n a y hi triet
h a , d a t d a i bj s u n g vao cdng khd'; t r u y

Iflng g a t gao cae l i n h m u c n g e a i qude
c u n g nhflng ngfldi c h a p chfla, b a e che.
Cac cd sd d a e la dia b a n de vao Tay
N g u y e n nhfl t r a m Gd, An Sdn, cd sd Ben
( T a y Sdn, B i n h D i n h ) bj p h d n g tea, t a n
p h a k h i e n c h e m e t sd'linh m u c ngoai qud'c
*. Ths., Trudng Chinh trj tinh Kon Tum.

<i>1. Linh muc Nguydn Hoang Son. Tlidy sdu Do- con </i>

<i>ngudi tien phong md dao thdnh cdng viing Tdy Nguyen. </i>

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chay len Tay Nguyen lanh nan. Con dUdng
di vao vung truyen giao Tay Nguyen cei nbU
bj khda chat; v u n g truyen giao Tay Nguyen
bi cd lap. Sau dd, vua Tu Dfle cdn ra nhieu
dao du c a m dao m a n g t i n h c h a t rao n e t
va q u y e t h e t h d n nhfl cac d a c du cam dad
vad nhflng n a m : 1857, 1861, 1864, 1867
va Van t h a n If 5o.

L m h muc Nguyen Hdang Sdn, da md t i
ve thdi ki dd nhfl sau: "Dfle cha Cuenot
dang an n a u tai Gd Thi va cdn hai cha thfla
sai: Cha Armecx d a u n a n g vfla tfl cao
nguyen xud'ng, cha Verdier vfla tfl Phap tdi.
Dfle cha biet nguy hiem can ke, nen quyet
dinh dfla ngay cha Verdier len mien thfldng.
T b i y n a m B i d vang ldi Dfle cha vfla dfla
cha Armecx xud'ng Gd Thj, thi lai dfla ngay

cha Verdier len vflng truyen giao qua tram
Gd. Dem thfl hai luc ga gay, dang tim ndi an
nup va ngil nghi thi dfldc mdt giao dan bao
cho biet cd sd Ben nay sap bj tan pha. Cac
ngai vdi vang chay trdn dfldi mdt chiec ghe
nhd. Cudc tan pha cd sd Ben dien ra. T b i y
nam B i o dan cha Verdier len tram Gd, va
tram Gd vfla bj tan pha. An Sdn cung cflng
mdt c i n h tfldng: bj dap pha, giao dan bj
lung dudi. Cac ngai khdng cdn each nao nfla,
ra mat tim thflc a n se bj tdm cd va bj ket an.
Ba ngay trdn t r a n h , ddi khat, sd bi bat va
cudi cflng eac ngai d a n h tim dfldng len vflng
truyen giae tdi Kdnkdxam (Kon Tum) vdi
sflc kiet tan. Cac cha tai vflng truyen giao
Tay Nguyen nhfl hi nhdt, cd lap va hi lung
b i t . Cac cha tai v u n g B a n a nay du an tean
nhd sfl b i d trd cua dng Khiem, nhflng da
trai qua nhflng ngay t h a n g trdn t r a n h va Id
sd khd cfle: khd cfle vi thieu thdn, khd cfle vi
benh tat, khd cfle vi le au..."'"'.

Day la giai d d a n d i y khd k h a n va t h d
t h a c h ddi vdi Cdng giao Viet N a m ndi
c h u n g va cdng cudc t r u y e n g i i c d Tay
Nguyen ndi rieng, nhflng c u n g cbinh

t r c n g h o a n c a n h n a y ma cac thfla sai
cang quyet t a m day m a n h viec t r u y e n
giae len v u n g T a y N g u y e n . De sflc ep cam

dao r a o riet d ddng bang, t r d n g khi dd d
Tay N g u y e n , mdt vflng d a t rdng ldn.
tfldng ddi ddc lap, t r i e u dinh n h a Nguyen
<i>chfla k i e m s e a t b e t n e n viec "mO dao" len </i>
v u n g d a t mdi luc nay vfla t r a n h sfl truy
b a t cua Trieu dinh. vfla xam n h a p vao
v u n g d a t da cd t r e n g ke hoach cua cac
thfla sai vdi ki vpng dem "tin mflng" den
vdi cac d a n tdc Tay Nguyen va cd the md
rdng s a n g c i Lae. Trdng thfl viet cho Ban
tfl van T h a n h Be Dfle t m . de ngay 19
t h a n g 11 n a m 1838, Giam muc Cuenot da
the hien q u y e t t a m nay: " Mdt trong
nhflng n g u y e n vpng t h a thiet n h a t cua tdi
la md m e t cen dfldng cho tin mflng den
t a n sdng Ca d Lad. Va mac dfl da t h a t bai
20 l i n , mdi day tdi da thfl mdt l i n nfla.
Vd p h u c t h a y ! L i n n a y cung k h d n g hdn gi
l i n trflde"'".

2. V a n d e d i a dfl - k h i h a u

Trd ngai dau tien tren bfldc dfldng
t r u y e n giae cua cac vj thfla sai ngeai qud'c
d v u n g Tay Nguyen, cd le la dja h i n h each
trd va b e n h t a t .

Dja h i n h T a y Nguyen bj cbia cat bdi
n h i e u sdng sudi r a t hiem trd, dfldng giad
t h d n g h a u nhfl k h d n g cd. chu yeu la

dfldng mdn hdac p h i i tfl md dfldng b a n g
qua rflng gia, nfli t h a m va phfldng tien di
lai duy n h a t la b a n g cbinh ddi chan. Tren
dfldng di gap vd v a n sfl nguy hiem.

Linh m u c D e u r i s b o u r e , mdt t r e n g
nhflng vi thfla sai cd m a t d i u tien d Tay
N g u y e n , d a n d i v e sfl k h d n h e c t r e n
2. Linh mue Nguyen Hoang San. Tai heu da dAn.
phan cudi.

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dfldng vad Tay Nguyen treng hdi ki eua
minh nhfl sau "Ddi luc nui nen qua hiem
trd den ndi mud'n lee len, ngfldi ta p h i i
dung tay bam tfla thee cac re cay ldn. Te
bdn nfla la khi da len den dinh nui, lai
phai tiep tuc lee xud'ng sfldn nui ben kia...
va khi da xud'ng dfldc tan chan nui lai
p h i i led len, de rdi p h i i di xud'ng va led
len nfla..."''". "Ndi day chang cd vet dfldng
mdn nad va sfldn nui thang dflng nhfl bflc
tfldng thanh..."'^'.

Trdng b i n bad eac thfldng nien cua
Giam mue Gallibert nhan dip kinh li vac
dau nam 1880 ve vung truyen giad Bana
gdi chd Hdi Truyen giao hai ngoai Paris
nhfl sau: "Chung tdi len dfldng va mot
t u i n sau, chung tdi da den d vdi tin hflu
cua chung tdi. Cudc hanh trinh cfle ki vat

va, sudt ngay p h i i lee nhflng cen dfldng
ngean ngee, qua rflng ram va chieu tdi
chung tdi ngii ngeai trdi. Chung tdi dd't
quanh chung tdi nhflng ddng lila td phai
gifl ludn sudt dem de dudi thu dfl qua
nhieu trong cae rflng nui nay...Sau cudc
hanh trinh nay chflng tdi bean tean xac
tin rang cdn va can cap bach thiet lap vai
tram trung gian gifla Viet Nam va cfl dan
Bana, khi eac tram nay xay dflng xong,
cen dfldng se an tean hdn. Cac cha ed the
chuyen den tan mien rflng ru cua ho
nhflng dd dflng c i n thiet nhat ma eae ngai
den nay cdn thieu thdn, dd tinh trang
dfldng sa xau va sd vi mat an ninh""''.

Khi den Tay Nguyen, mdt vung dat
dfldc menh danh la vflng "rflng thieng,
nfldc ddc" cac thfla sai phai del mat vdi
benh tat ciia xfl nhiet ddi, nha't la benh
sdt ret rflng. Day qua la met trd ngai khd
khac phuc va da t r i gia bang mang sd'ng
cua cac linh muc thfla sai nfldc ngoai. "...
Ban ngay sflc ndng cang gay git, ci bflc
bac nbieu thi ngflpe lai ban dem cang

lanh bud't bay nhieu. Khdng hiem khi
tha'y nhiet k e b a xud'ng 2°e. cd khi den 0°c
vac 5 gid sang va tang len 37"c tham chi
cao hdn nfla vao k h e i n g trfla. Sfl thay ddi

nhiet dp qua dot ngdt nay. thee eon nghi,
la met treng nhflng nguyen nhan lam
che khi hau het sflc ddc hai ddi vdi nhflng
ngfldi ngoai qud'c..."'^'. Benh tat da lay di
nhieu sinh mang cua eac nha truyen giae
khi mdi dat chan len vung da't nay. De
khdng quen vdi thd nhfldng, khi hau ma
sau met thdi gian ngan da lam benh va
nhieu vi da vinh vien nam lai ndi nui
rflng. Trdng giai ddan 1850-1888, benh
tat va thdi tiet da lam nga guc 15 vi
truyen giac: "Trong so' 17 vi thfla sai va 5
linh muc Viet Nam thi 15 vi da nga guc
trong thdi gian nay. Con sd' ngfldi truj^en
giae khdng hdn 1.000 ngfldi, hau nhfl
dflng yen tai chd. Dd la ndi dau khd lam
that vpng chd viec lean truyen tin ngfldng
trdng giai ddan hien nay"'®'.

Benh sdt ret rflng la can benh khung
khiep nhat, khdng nhflng lay di nhieu
sinh mang cua cac nha truyen giac ma
cdn tan pha sfl sd'ng eua cac dan tdc thieu
sd' Tay Nguyen, mai che den g i n day mdi
dfldc kiem scat. Thfla sai Dourisboure da
thfla nhan chua xdt rang: "... Trong chdn
nui rflng tfl do, trong cai xfl dec lap tuyet
ddi nay cd mdt Nfl hoang bao chua, khat
khe ma khdng ai thoat khdi ach thdng trj
cila Ba Nfl hoang ay chinh la benh sdt ret

rflng. Chinh nhflng ngfldi dan b i n .xfl
thinh t h d i n g cung tra mdn nd nay. Cdn
nhflng ngfldi ngoai qud'c, khdng ai t r a n h

<i>4. P. Dourisboure. Ddn king Ho. Sdd, tr. 46. </i>
<i>5. P. Dourisboure. Ddn Idng Hd. Sdd, tr. 61. </i>

6. Linh mue Nguydn Hoang Scm. Tai lieu da dan.
phin eudi.

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khdi. Da so bi nd d a n h guc... T h e thi, ddi
vdi t a t ca nhflng ai dfldc sai den mien
t r u y e n giao d a n tdc eua c h u n g tdi, tdi hfla
la hp se dfldc tfl dao, t d dao k h d n g bao
q u a n g , k h d n g gdng cum, k h d n g ddn vpt,
k h d n g t r a t a n , k h d n g dd m a u , nhflng viec
td dao dd k h d n g k e m p h i n d a u ddn va
dai lau hdn nhieu..."'^'.

-Nhflng kbf h a u k h i c n g h i e t da k h d n g
the lam cac giao si t r u y e n giao dflng lai
hoac bd cudc n d a chflng.

3. V a n d e c h u n g t o e

Sfl k h a c n h a u ve c h u n g tdc, ngdn ngfl
cua cac thfla sai vdi cfl d a n t h i e u sd', cung
la "vach tfldng" n g a n trd viec t r u y e n giae,
ft n h a t la t r d n g budi d i u ddi vdi cac n h a
t r u y e n giao.

Thfl n h a t , la sfl k h a c biet ve c h u n g tdc.
Bfldc d i u , k h i x a m n h a p v a e vflng ddng
bao d a n tdc t h i e u so', de tiep xuc vdi dan
lang, ngfldi ta t h a y cac vj thfla sai vdc
d a n g te ldn k h a c thfldng, nfldc da t r a n g ,
r a u tdc r a m r a p t r d n g r a t k h a c vdi ngfldi
dia phfldng, N e n h a u h e t ngfldi d a n ai
ngai, nghi ngd va t h a y khd g i n . T r d n g
thdi gian k h a dai, c a n h cila eua cac lang
ma cac vi thfla sai den d e u ddng s a p va tfl
chcl tiep xuc. N g a y k h i Bek Khiem m e t
ngfldi ndi t i e n g k h a p v u n g ngfldi B a n a va
Tay N g u y e n , nhflng k h i tiep xuc vdi cac
thfla sai v i n ai ngai, k h d n g d a m ket
nghia a n h em vdi he; "Bek Khiem td r a
k i n h trpng, p h a lan c h u t sd set trflde m a t
hai cha ngfldi Au, k h d n g d a m mdng dfldc
vinh dfl k e t n g h i a a n h em vdi cae ngai m a
chi xin k e t t i n h b i n g hflu va ket nghia
a n h em vdi T b i y s a u Do thdi"""'; Yeu td
ngfldi Au cdn la trd n g a i m a i ve s a u nay,
khi cac n h a t r u y e n giad da d a t dfldc cd sd
t r u y e n giao b a n d a u d Kdn T u m va t r o n g
sudt hdn 100 n a m t r u y e n giao len Tay

Nguyen, Cdng giao cflng chi p h a t trien
chu yeu t r o n g 2 d a n tdc B a n a va Xddang
d Kdn T u m . Do vay. cae n h a t r u y e n giao
da c h u t r p n g xay dflng dpi ngfl t r u y e n

giae la ngfldi b i n dja tai chd, vdi sfl r a ddi
trfldng dad tad giad p h u (1908) de dad tad
dpi n g u giae li vien den tflng lang d a n tdc
vdi phfldng c h a m cflng an, d. lam va
t r u y e n dae; dad tad eac linh muc ban xfl
la c i n thiet, nhfl n h a n d i n h cua Linh muc
C u r e n u p t ve vai trd cua Linh muc C h a u
p h u t a dac t r a c h ngfldi tin hflu Giarai:
"Cae linh m u c B a n a c h u n g ta biet hda
hdp sfl hien dien cua h e vdi cac dan tdc
ma cac n g a i r a o giang, nhd de thich nghi,
cac ngai de t h a n h cdng hdn cac vj tdng dd
trflde kia k h d n g the d a t dfldc. T h a t vay,
vj thfla sai dfl "trd nen nhfl mpi ngfldi"
van gap khd k h a n , dd la "vach tfldng
c h u n g tdc m a u da". Nhfl vay, tdi s u n g
sfldng biet r a n g cdng viec cua cha Bana,
cha C h a u , q u a n t a m dac biet cac tin dd
ngfldi G i a r a i m a n g n h i e u ket q u i ma tdi
k h d n g the d a t dfldc t r e n g giao te b a n g
ngay cflng nhfl trong thflc h a n h tdn
giao <b>• ( 1 1 ) </b>

Thfl bai, la ngdn ngfl b a t ddng. Hieu va
sii d u n g dfldc ngdn ngfl cua cac dan tec
b i n dja de phuc vu che cdng viec truyen
giao vao Tay Nguyen da dfldc tfnh trflde
va d a t trdng chfldng t r i n h chd mien truyen
giao nay, nhflng khi vao mdi dan tdc, mdi
n h d m cua m e t d a n tdc, hpc dfldc ngdn

ngfl cua hp k h d n g p h i i ddn g i i n , ddi bdi
cd thdi gian va dac biet ed dfldc thdi gian
s d n g , t r a i n g h i e m , t h d n g q u a c a c m d i
<i>9. P. Dourisboure. Ddn Idng Ho. Sdd. tr. 238-239. </i>

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quan he dfldc xay dflng, khi dd mdi cd
dieu kien de hpc, tim hieu met ngdn ngfl
khdng ed chfl viet nhfl cae dan tdc d Tay
Nguyen. Nhan thflc dflpc r i n g , hieu biet
dflpc tieng ndi eua eac dan tdc se la
phfldng tien vd cflng hflu hieu ddi vdi viee
truyen dao, nen khi den vflng nae thi eac
nha truyen giao bat tay vae hpe tieng
vung dd ngay: "... Met treng nhflng phan
sfl thiet yeu eua ngfldi thfla sai la ed' hpc
cho minh ngdn ngfl ma vi nay phai dflng
de giang day, de ban phep giai tdi, de thi
hanh thfla tae vu cua minh... thinh
theang, khi met vi thfla sai da b i t d i u cd
the lam che ngfldi dfl tdng hieu minh thi
vi thfla sai ay bi cam dd ngflng lai, mudn
bd ngay \dec hpc ngdn ngfl, vd'n khd nhpc
va khd khan nay. Tdi xin phep ndi ngay
r i n g dd la mdt sai l i m nghiem trpng, r a t
thiet thdi che p h i n cflu rdi cac lmh
hdn""-'. De hpe dfldc met thfl tieng dan
tdc nao dd la met cdng viee rat khd khan,
bdi d day chfl viet chfla cd, khdng cd sach
vd, tfl dien, khdng cd ngfldi hfldng din,
khdng khac nae di vad rflng ma khdng cd

la ban ehi dan. De hpc dfldc tieng ddng
bao, cac thfla sai phai tfl may md, gdp
nhat va rat khd luyen. "Tren ddi nay it cd
dieu gi khd hdn la hpc mdt ngdn ngfl ma
khdng ed sach vd, khdng cd tfl dien,
khdng cd sach ngfl phap, khdng cd ngfldi
thdng dich, nha't la nhflng ngfldi ndi ngdn
ngfl dd lai la nhflng ngfldi dan khd'n khd,
hieu biet ban che, tri khdn cham phat
trien..."'^^'.

Ve sau, van de ngdn ngfl khdng cdn la
trd ngai ddi vdi eac nha truyen giac ngdai
qud'c nfla, hp da hpc dflpc tieng ndi cua
ngfldi dia phfldng, hdn nfla hp cdn tac ra
chfl Viet che met sd dan tdc d day. Chinh
nhd ndi dfldc tieng ndi eua ddng bad,
khdng nhflng giup cho eac thfla sai trong

viec truyen dao, ma d i n tae dfldc uy tin
trdng lang cd dao va ca nhflng lang chfla
tdng giae. "Da qua rdi thdi ki ma cac lang
dan tdc ludn ddng cdng lang vdi chung tdi,
thdi ngfldi dan tdc cdn sd'ng cd lap, ludn
chay trdn khi tha'y bdng dang chung tdi
tfl xa. Bay gid chung tdi nhan thay d
khap mpi nPi khdng nhflng de dang tiep
xuc ma cdn tiep ddn niem nd, kfnh trpng
va quy men chung tdi nfla. Tfl khi chung
tdi ndi dflpc tieng dia phfldng va cd the

trad ddi, ban luan ve de tai mdi xay ra...
va khdng ehi nhflng lang chung tdi cfl tru
da h a n h dpng nhfl vay thdi dau, ma cdn
nhieu lang dan tdc khac d xa, hdan tdan
ngdai dao, cung td ra tin can khdng
kem..."'"'.

Nhin chung treng xa hdi cd truyen cua
vflng ddng bae dan tdc thieu sd' Tay
Nguyen, den d i u the ki XX, ehi tdn tai
duy nha't met td chflc xa hpi gpi la
"lang"-plei, budn, sdc... tuy theo each gpi cila mdi
dan tdc. Va mdi lang cd thiet che rieng,
dec lap vdi lang khac. Day la td chflc tfl
quan cae, mdi lang deu ed met "bd may tfl
quin", dflng dau la met "Gia lang", thay
mat dan lang quan xuyen mpi viee de dan
lang uy nhiem. Ngfldi dan ehi biet sd'ng,
s i n xuat, sinh heat treng pham vi ranh
gidi eua lang minh, ngoai ranh gidi ay,
ngfldi ta it quan tam den cac lang khac.
Met td chflc cd tinh khep kin nhfl vay, cd
tac dung ciing cd, cd ket cdng ddng rat
cae, nhflng de md rdng, giae Iflu vdi eac
cdng ddng khac thi cd mat ban che. Trflde
day, trong quan he gifla cac lang, cac dan
tdc tren dia ban, cd luc xay ra xung ddt va
dan den chie'n t r a n h , vdi r a t nhieu li do.

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n h i e u khi chi vi m e t n g u y e n cd r a t nhd
c u n g de l a m hflng p h a t b a n thfl gifla hai
lang. Cac n h a t r u y e n giao n h a n tha'y, day
la mdt "rao c i n " cho viec t r u y e n giao.
G i a m m u e C h a b o n i e r k h i k i n h li v u n g cao
n g u y e n n a m 1880 da n h a n xet "(...) Mdi
mdt vj thfla sai chi cd t h e giang day t r o n g
mdt l a n g m a thdi, vi cac bd lac va budn
lang thfl djeh n h a u , h i u nhfl thfldng
xuyen, h e n tue, ne'u n g a i mud'n thflc thi
muc vu ndi k h a c , cen chien trflde eua ngai
c h a n g m a y chd'c n h i n n g a i nhfl ke t h u va
k h d n g cdn n g h e ldi n g a i nfla""'". Trdng
bflc thfl cua Linh m u c Cdmbes, thfla sai
tien khdi p h u t r a c h vflng B a n a gdi chd
cac linh m u c t r e n g b a n giam dd'c c h u n g
vien Hdi Thfla sai, n g a y 29/9/1883, da
p h a n a n h t i n h t r a n g t r e n ; "Thfla quy cha
va quy ddng n g h i e p , t h e e nhflng gi con
vfla ke t r e n day, thi chien t r a n h la mdt
trong nhflng tai boa gay d a u khd n h a t
cho xfl nay: vi t h e , ngfldi t a thfldng xuyen
sd'ng t r o n g sd h a i va c a n h giac cao dp, di
dau c u n g m a n g t h e o vu kbf... H i u nhfl
t a t ca cac lang, ft n h i e u deu cd xay cdng
sfl, t h a n h luy day va dfldc bad hoc bdi
h a n g n g h i n c h d n g t r e nhpn h e a t , t u a tua
k h i p mpi hfldng"'"''.

Trflde m e t td chflc va t h i e t che xa bdi
nhfl vay, cac n h a t r u y e n giac ngdai qud'c
" l i m luc nhfl k h d n g t h e vfldt qua", de
k h i c p h u c v a n de nay, n h a n sfl dja
phfldng la giai p h a p lau dai. Cac n h a
t r u y e n giad biet r a n g de p h a t trien d a e
t r d n g nhflng cdng ddng k h e p kin nhfl vay
thi viee d a e t a e cen ngfldi tai chd chd viec
t r u y e n giad la r a t c i n thiet. Trfldng dad
tao giao li vien (trfldng Cuenot), k h a n h
t h a n h n a m 1908 d Kon T u m la n h i m dap
flng n h u cau t r e n .

5. Y e u t o t i n n g U d n g

Tdn giao. tin ngfldng vflng dan tdc
t h i e u sd T a y N g u y e n , t h e e nhieu n h a
n g h i e n cflu, la tin ngfldng "van vat hflu
linh". C h u n g q u a n h ddi sd'ng cua be la
t h e gidi t h i n linh (Yang) cd tac ddng cbi
phdi s a u sac den ddi sd'ng cdng ddng va
cua tflng t h a n h vien. Tfl q u a n niem dd,
da h i n h t h a n h nhflng quy tac flng xfl. ldi
sd'ng, nhflng cam kj. k i e n g cfl mudn h i n h
v a n t r a n g t r e n g ddi sdng. Viec dfla giao
t h u y e t che r a n g t r e n ddi n a y cbi cd met
C h u a duy n h a t (tdn giae ddc t h i n ) v a e
t h a y t h e cac "vj t h a n b a n dja" d v u n g d a n
tdc t h i e u sd Tay Nguyen, dfldng nhfl la
k h d n g t h e . Day q u i la met chfldng ngai

vat khd vfldt q u a cua cac n h a t r u y e n giao.

Trong budi d i u , cac thfla sai bj dan lang
phan flng quyet liet khi " xuc pham" den
tap tuc, tin ngfldng cua ho. "Khi chung tdi
bay td cho a n h em Thfldng thay sfl vd bd
cua dieu luat gifl, khi chung tdi mud'n lam
che bp bd nhflng t a p tuc me tin cd bai, thi
bp ludn ludn tra ldi: d, nhflng ma se x i y
den tai fldng nay, m a t m a t cai kia, benh tat
np; nhflng vu m u a cua chung tdi se hdng,
con cai c h u n g tdi se chet. Tdi se thiet m a n g
mdt each khdn nan""^.

Khi n g h i e n cflu ve h e a t ddng t r u y e n ba
Cdng giae v u n g d a n tdc t h i e u sd d giao
p h a n Kon T u m , N g u y e n Hdng Dfldng da
n h a n dinh: "De t h e e Cdng giao, met tdn
giae dec t h a n , t a n tin dd budc p h i i tfl bd
cac vi t h a n cua b u d n lang. Do trong lang,
tin dd chi la sd' it n e n bp hi cdng ddng cfldi
che, t h a m chi tfl bd, k h i e n t a n tin dd de
d a n g bd dao, nhflng t h i e n tai, djeh benh
x i y r a thfldng dfldc d a n l a n g lien he dd la
15. Linh muc Nguydn Hoang San. "B6I giao phu".
Tai lieu da din, phan II.

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sfl trflng phat eua t h i n dc lang ed ngfldi
thed Cdng giad. Vi vay ma viec phat trien
tin dd trong budn lang truyen thd'ng

khdng dat ket qui...'^®'. Day la mdt "bflc
tfldng ngan can" r a t ldn cho viee truyen
ba Cdng giae vae vung dan tdc thieu sd' d
thdi ki d i u . Dd vay, trdng thdi gian dai,
sd' tin dd tan tdng r a t it, viee phat trien
dac gan nhfl "dam chan tai chd". Trcng
vdng 5 nam (tfl 1848 den 1853) lam phep
rila tdi chi dfldc 3 tan tdng, thdi gian sau
dd khdng kha quan hdn, tfl nam
1848-1888, 40 nam tfl khi cac vi thfla sai den
vflng dat Tay nguyen, nhflng chi khdng
den met nghin ngfldi tdng giao"*'.

De vfldt qua "bflc tfldng" nay, trdng
qua trinh sd'ng va truyen giad, cac thfla
sai da tim each "dung hda" sfl khac biet
gifla tin ngfldng ban dia vdi tdn giac mdi,
hay ndi each khae hp da linh heat "ban
dia hda" mdt sd tin dieu trdng giad li cua
Cdng giad, cho g i n va phfl hdp vdi tam
thflc tdn giio cua ngfldi dja phfldng. Nhfl
lam chd met sd' cau chuyen treng Kinh
Thanh g i n vdi chuyen ed tich cua ngfldi
dan tdc; bien Chua Giesu nhfl met "yang"
tdi cae treng dien T h i n eua ddng bae ban
dia'^"'. Hay hdi nhap le nghi Cdng giao vdi
luat tuc va van hda b i n dja*^".

Qua mot sd' sfl kien va sd' lieu neu tren,
chung ta nhan thay rang viec truyen ba

Cdng giao va sau nay cd chd dflng trong
vflng ddng b a o d a n tdc t h i e u sd' T a y

Nguyen la qua trinh lau dai. thdi ki dau
gap nhieu trd ngai, rad c i n tfl nhflng
khae biet ve dja li, Ijeh sd, van hda, tin
ngfldng. Nhflng trong qua trinh truyen
giao. eac thfla sai da cd nhflng phfldng
thflc de dfla Cdng giao vao tflng lang.
tflng dan tdc d i n dan tflng bfldc nhflng
that chac chan. Nguyen Hdng DflPng, kbi
de cap den heat ddng truyen Cdng giao
trong vung dan tdc thieu so d giad phan
Kdn Tum da neu ra cac phfldng thflc
truyen dae nhfl: Thanh lap cac lang Cdng
giae/ giae xfl/ giao hp va cac giae diem lay
dd lam ndng cdt phat trien dae ra cac
lang xung quanh; Hdi nhap le nghi Cdng
giad vdi luat tuc va van hda b i n dia; Pha
than tac than; Sang tad ra chfl viet; Dao
tao giao phu lam ndng cd't cho heat ddng
truyen giae; Tich cfle heat ddng xa bdi tfl
thien'^^'. Cae nha truyen giae da van
dung linh heat nhflng phflpng thflc nay
vae dieu kien cua mdi dan tdc de ed ket
q u i td't nhat./.