Những vấn đề đặt ra đối với biên soạn lịch sử phong trào giải phóng dân tộc ở Đông Nam á thời cận - hiện đại

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^ 
^

NHUNG VAN DE DAT RA

DOI VOI BIEN SOAN UCH SU PHONG TRAO

• •

GIAI PHONG DAN TOC 6 DONG NAM A

•

THOI CAN - HIEN OAI

• • •

DO THANH BINH*

L

ich sii Ddng Nam A ndi chung va - Hai la, viel ljch sit ndi chung va lich
lich sif phong trao giai phdng dan sif da'u tranh giai phdng dan tdc ndi rieng
tdc ciia khu vUc nay ndi rieng da dUde cac dfldi gdc do khu vfle hgc, nhfl cud'n "Lich 
nha nghien cflu Ddng Nam A trong va sd Ddng Nam A" cua D.G.E. Hall, "Ddng 
ngoai nflde viet kha nhieu dfldi nhflng gdc Nam A trong lich sd the gidi" cua X.N. 
do khac nhau; hoac dfldi dang mgt cud'n Rostopxki va E.O. Berzm, "Lich sd Ddng 
thdng sif, hoac la dfldi dang mdt cdng trinh Nam A" cua GS. Lfldng Ninh (cb),v.v... 
chuyen khao hay mgt bai nghien cflu, Qo^g ^ a m A la khu vfle dja If neng
v.v... Nhflng tUu chung, cac cong trinh ay biet, cac nUdc trong khu vilc cd nhflng net
dfldc tie'p can bdi hai each khac nhau; ^^^^g ddng ve dia If, ljch sit, van boa, kinh
- Mdt la, viet lich sif ndi chung va lich te. Tinh da dang ciia moi nflde nhflng lai
sif da'u tranh giai phdng dan tgc ndi rieng, trong mgt the tho'ng nhal. Tfl nifa sau the
cua tflng nflde Ddng Nam A rieng biet, ki XX trd di, trong xu the hgi nhap ciia the
nhfl cud'n "Inddnexia - nhflng chang dudng gidi, cac nflde trong khu vfle da tflng bfldc
lich sif" cua PGS. Ngd Van Doanh, "Ddt hgi tu vdi nhau trong mdt td chflc rieng

-nUdc Ldo • Lich sd vd vdn hod" ciia GS. ASEAN. Ben canh nhflng bd lich sif rieng

Lfldng Ninh (cb), "Lich sd Campuchia" cua tflng qud'c gia va nhflng cud'n lich sii 
cua PGS. Pham Dfle Thanh, "A short his- chung ctia khu vfle da dfldc khai pha thi

tory of Indonesia: The Unlikely nation" viet mgt bd sif tdm cd cita Dong Nam A,

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34

Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 5/2009

gianh ddc lap cua cac nUdc trong khu vfle
trong mdi lien he tfldng ddng, gdn ket la
dieu nen lam,

Lich sit phong trao giai phdng dan tdc
cua nhan dan Ddng Nam A la mdt trong
nhflng ndi dung Idn va cd ban trong toan
bg lich sif Ddng Nam A ndi chung, De cd
the gdp phan bien soan cd cha't lUcing ndi
dung nay, chung tdi xin gdi y va tfl va'n
mot vai diem sau.

- Danh gia nhflng cdng trinh trfldc dd
da thanh cdng d mflc do nao khi viet ve
phong trao giai phdng dan tdc d Ddng
Nam A trong thdi can - hien dai.

- Van de ngudn sii lieu sti dting.
- Van de noi dung va phan ki cuoc dau
tranh giai phdng dan toe, v.v...

1. Muc t i e u viet m o t c u d n t h o n g sut
ve D o n g N a m A Ian n a y la viet t h e o
each t i e p c a n t h i i h a i : lich suf Dong
N a m A, tijfc la lich sdt k h u vfle, chut
k h o n g p h a i la lich sut c a c niidc Dong
Nam A. Do dd ta't ca cac va'n de dUdc de
cap trong ngi dung cung phai dflcic the
hien dfldi gdc do khu vtic hgc, trong dd lich
sif ve phong trao da'u tranh giai phdng
dan tdc cung phai tuan thu theo each tie'p
can ay.

Theo each tiep can nay, hien nay 6
trong va ngoai nflde da cd nhflng cud'n
thdng sii dflcic viet nhfl the, ma tieu bieu
la cac cud'n;

2.

O ngodi nddc:

• Lich sdDdng Nam A ctia D.G.E. Hall

• Dong Nam A trong lich sd thegidi ctia

tap the tac gia Lien Xd.

- Lich sd Dong Nam A cita tap the tac 
gia ngfldi Nga.

O trong nddc la cud'n: Lich sd Dong 
Nam A do GS. Lfldng Ninh chii bien.

Ve cud'n "Lich sd Dong Nam A" cua 
D.G.E.Hall, giao sfl danh dti cua bo mdn
lich sif Ddng Nam A, trfldng Dai hoc Luan
Don, dflcic xua't ban nam 1981, day 1293
trang. Day la cud'n lich sif khu vfle be the,
mgt cong trinh nghiem tuc va cd gia tri.
Ve cudc da'u tranh giai phdng dan toe cl
Ddng Nam A dfldc Hall de cap trong phan
thfl tfl cua cud'n sach. Dd la sii quat khdi
cua cac dan toe Dong Nam A trong cuoc
da'u tranh gianh dgc lap nita dau the ki 
XX. Sti bflng tinh cua tinh than dan toe da
lam nen mot cao trao dau tranh yeu nflde,
d i n tdi sii ra ddi cua nhieu quo'c gia doc
lap nifa dau the ki XX, khi ma cac sii kien
cita cudc da'u tranh giai phdng dan tgc cdn
dang tie'p dien vdi sti phflc tap cua cuoc
khang chie'n cl Inddnexia va cl Ddng
Dfldng, cudc da'u tranh ddi chit quyen thtic
sti d nhieu qud'c gia trong khu vtic. Hdn
nfla, each tie'p can cdn dflng cl quan diem
thtic dan

Cud'n sach "Dong Nam A trong lich sd

the gidi" cua tap the tac gia Lien Xd:

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Do Thanh Binh - Nhdng van de ddt ra ddi vdi bien sogn lich sd.. 35
phan III va phan IV cd de cap den cudc

da'u tranh giai phdng dan tgc ciia khu vilc
Ddng Nam A. Day la mdt cud'n sach viet
ve khu vfle kha tdi ca ve each tiep can va
ngi dung. Tuy nhien, cud'n sach cd 3 diem
chflng tdi ban khoan;

- Ve phan ki cudc dau tranh giai phdng
dan tgc d Ddng Nam A lai diia vao sfl phat
trien cua each mang Nga thi chfla thuyet
phtic va chUa dung vdi nhflng gi dien ra d
Ddng Nam A. Vf du nhU, cac tac gia viel
ve cudc da'u tranh cua nhan dan Ddng
Nam A chdng thiic dan da la'y mdc Cach
mang 1905 - 1907 va Cach mang thang
Mfldi (1917) cua Nga. Ngi dung nay dfldc
trinh bay trdng muc; "Cdc nUdc Ddng

Nam A trong thdi ki chdu A thdc tinh 
(1907 - 1917)"; Tie'p dd cac tac gia lai de

cap cudc da'u tranh giai phdng dan tgc cua
nhan dan Ddng Nam A tfl nam 1917 den
nam 1945.

- Cudn sach dflng lai vao nam 1945, tflc
la dflcic viet ve Ddng Nam A trong thdi ki

Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl hai va cudc da'u
tranh chdng Ach chiem ddng ctia Nhat
Ban (1939 - 1945). NhU vay, cac tac gia
mdi de cap den sti bat ddu cua cudc dau
tranh sdi ndi, quyet liet cua cac dan tgc d
Ddng Nam A. Bdi vi, sau Chie'n tranh the
gidi thfl hai, nhan dan Ddng Nam A mdi
bat ddu tran chie'n cuoi cflng vdi chu nghia
thflc dan de gianh dgc lap that sti. Giai
doan "quyet liet" ctia cudc da'u tranh a'y d
Ddng Nam A lai khdng cd trong cud'n sach.
- Do day cud'n sach khiem td'n, do dd,
cung khdng thfi' hi$n chi tigl, ki cang vi

cudc da'u tranh ciia cac dan tdc Ddng Nam
A; hay ndi each khac, nd mdi chi la nhflng
net cha'm pha dau tien ciia qua trinh lich
sil da'u tranh ddi ddc lap cua nhan dan
Dong Nam A.

Cud'n sach thfl ba ma chflng tdi de cap
de'n d day la "Lich sd Dong Nam A" cua 
tap the cac tac gia Nga: D.V.Mdxiacd'p va
V.A.Chiurin do Dai hgc phfldng Ddng xua't
ban nam 2004. Day la cud'n sach viet cap
nhat ve cac ndi dung, trong dd cd de cap
de'n cudc da'u tranh chong thflc dan ciia
nhan dan Ddng Nam A trong cac chfldng
III, IV va V. each phan ki so vdi trfldc day
la khac, khdng la'y nam 1917 lam chuan

de phan ki cho lich sif da'u tranh ciia Dong
Nam A nfla, ma la'y moc ket thflc Chien
tranh the gidi thfl nha't va mdc chie'n
tranh Dong Dfldng phan ki cho lich sit
Ddng Nam A. Cach phan ki nay, chflng tdi
cflng khdng dam khang dinh la chuan,
tham chf cdn nhieu van de can trao doi,
tuy nhien day cflng la each tiep can mdi,
sat vdi nhflng dien bien cua cudc da'u
tranh giai phdng dan tdc d khu vfle. Cac
tac gia cflng da danh nhieu trang de trinh
bay cudc dau tranh giai phdng dan tdc d
khu vtic. Tuy the, do khuon khd va do day
cua cud'n sach, cho nen ndi dung cuoc dau
tranh giai phdng dan tgc cita cac dan tgc cl
Ddng Nam A cung khdng dflcic trinh bay
thoa dang.

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36 Nghien cim Dong Nam A 5/2009

mong ddi. Tuy nhien, dd la nhflng cdng
trinh cita ngfldi nflde ngoai. Dieu ma
chflng ta suy nghi nhieu va mong ddi la
mdt bd lich sii Ddng Nam A ddy du, ben
the, do ngfldi Viet Nam viet. Cudc da'u
tranh giai phdng dan tgc d khu vfle da
hoan thanh tfl lau (neu lay mdc nam
1975). Cdn cd mdt sU nhin nhan, danh gia
mdt each toan dien, ki Ifldng ve cudc dau
tranh nay. Do ddi hdi cua viec hgc tap,

nghien cflu va tim hieu ve khu vfle ciia cac
tang ldp tfl hgc gia den sinh vien, hgc
sinh,... gan day da cd mdt vai cdng trinh
khiem td'n ciia cac tac gia Viet Nam dfldc
cdng bd' nhfl cud'n "LUdc sd Ddng Nam A" 
do GS. Phan Nggc Lien chu bien. Tuy
nhien, cud'n sach mang tinh phd bien, qua
mdng, khdng du chfla dflng nhflng dieu
can thdng bao. Be the nha't la cud'n "lich

sd Ddng Nam A" ciia ba tac gia; Lfldng

Ninh (cb), Dd Thanh Binh, Tran Thi Vinh.
Day la cud'n lich sii Ddng Nam A dflcic viet
kha day du, chi tiet lich sit khu vfle vdi
gan 700 trang sach khd ldn. Ve phong trao
da'u tranh giai phdng dan tdc ciia khu vfle
dfldc cac tac gia danh met lfldng kien thflc
khdng nhd so vdi ti le ciia cud'n sach. Ngi
dung euge da'u tranh giai phdng dan tgc
dflcic trinh bay trong ca hai phan (phan
hai va phdn ba) d cac chfldng IX, X va XI.
Cud'n sach khdng chi trinh bay kha toan
dien ve cudc da'u tranh gianh dgc lap d
khu vtic ma con trinh bay cudc da'u tranh
tti ve trfldc dd cung vdi each phan ki cudc
da'u tranh theo mdt each tie'p can mdi.

Tuy nhien, do khudn khd va so' trang
dfldc qui dinh, cac tac gia khdng cd cd hgi

de -viet ki hdn, nhieu hdn ve cac ngi dung,
trong dd cd ngi dung ve cudc da'u tranh
giai phdng dan tgc d khu vfle. Nhflng viec
lam dflcic cua cac tac gia, theo chflng tdi,
la nhflng gdi y tdi de chflng ta phat trien,
bd sung trong mdt cdng trinh be the hdn.

2. Ngudn sif lieu ve phong trao giai 
phdng dan toe d Ddng Nam A kha 
phong phu bang t i e n g Viet, tieng 
Anh, tieng Nga, v.v...

- Nhflng cdng trinh ve lich sif khu vUc
da cdng bd' nhfl: "lich sd Ddng Nam A" cua 
D.G.E.Hall - cung cap mdt ngudn set lieu
tdt, phong phfl, chi tiet, tin cay; "Ddng

Nam A trong lich sd the gidi" va "lich sd 
Ddng Nam A" ctia cac tac gia Lien Xd va

Nga (ban tie'ng Nga); "lich sd Ddng Nam

A" (History of South - East Asia) ciia

Joginder Singh Jessy (Kedah Malaysia,
1985), "lich sd hien dgi Ddng Nam A" (A 
Modern History of Southeast Asia
-Decolonization, Nationalism and
Separation) cua Clive LChristie,

Singarpore, 1996; "lich sd Ddng Nam A

hien dgi" (A History of Modern Southeast

Asia) cua John Bastin Harry, London,

1968, V.V....

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Do Thanh Binh - Nhdng vdn de ddi ra ddi vdi bien sogn lich sd.. 37

cdng t r i n h b d n g tie'ng Anh, tie'ng Nga
hoac ngdn ngfl cac nflde sd tai. Uu diem
cua ngudn tfl lieu nay khi viet ve cudc da'u
t r a n h gianh ddc lap d a n tdc ndi rieng va
lich sii ctia qud'c gia ndi c h u n g dfldc viet ti
mi, chi tiet, cung cap ngudn sif lieu phong
phfl, da dang. C h a n g b a n nhfl cac cud'n:

"Uch sd Philippin" cua lU.O.Leptdndpva,

Matxcdva, 1979; "Lich sd Mien Dien" cua 
I.V.Mddaycd va A.N.Udiandp, Matxcdva,
1973; "Phong trdo ddu tranh gidi phdng

ddn tdc d Inddnexia (1942 - 1945)",

Matxcdva, 1970; "Lich sd Malaixia" ciia 
V.A. Chiurin, Matxcdva, 1980.v.v... dfldc
viet b a n g tie'ng Nga.

0 Viet N a m , lich sif tflng qud'c gia
Ddng Nam A cflng da dfldc nhieu tac gia
the hien qua cac cdng t r i n h nghien cflu
ciia minh, nhfl cac cdng t r i n h ciia Nguyen
The Anh (Lich sif cac qud'c gia Dong Nam
A, Lifa thieng, Sai Gdn, 1972), Lfldng

Ninh (Nflde Lao - Ljch sif va van boa, Nxb
Chfnh trj qud'c gia, Ha Ndi, 1996), P h a m
Dfle T h a n h (Lich sif Campuchia, Nxb
Van hoa Thdng tin. H a Ndi, 1995), Ngd
Van Doanh (Inddnexia - nhflng chang
dfldng lich sif, Nxb Chinh tri qud'c gia. Ha
Ndi, 1995), H u y n h Van Tdng (Lich sif cac
qud'c gia Ddng N a m A, 2 tap, Nxb T P Hd
Chf Minh, 1994), Vu Dfldng Ninh (Lich sif
Vfldng qudc Thai Lan, Nxb Giao due. Ha
Ndi, 1994).v.v...

Cd the ndi, day la nhflng tai lieu qui,
gdi y nhieu van de cflng nhfl cung cap
nhflng sti lieu cd gia tri khi viet ve cudc
dau t r a n h giai phdng dan tdc d khu vUc.

- Loai thfl ba la cac bai bao nghien cflu
ve phong trao giai phdng dan tgc d Ddng
Nam A dang trong cac t a p chf; Nghien cflu
lich sif, Nghien cflu Ddng N a m A,... hoac
cac chuyen de chuyen s a u khi b a n ve van
de nay. Vf du nhfl cac cud'n chuyen khao;

"Mdy van de liqh sd chdu A vd Hch sd Viet 
Nam - mdt cdch nhin" ciia Nguyen Van

Hdng, Nxb Van boa dan tgc. Ha Ndi, 2001;

"Su thdnh lap vd phdt trien ciia Ddng 
Cdng sdn Nam DUdng" ciia D.N.Ai Dfch,

Nxb Sfl t h a t . Ha Ngi, 1958 hay cud'n

"Problems of the Indonesia Revolution",

DEMOS, 1963; "Cdc con dUdng cdu nUdc

trong ddu tranh gidi phdng ddn tgc d mdt 
sd nddc chdu A" ciia Dd T h a n h Binh (cb),

Nxb Dai hgc Qud'c gia. Ha Ndi, 1999; "lich

sd phong trdo gidi phdng ddn tgc the'ki XX 
- mdt cdch tie'p can" cua Do T h a n h Binh,

Nxb Dai hgc Sfl p h a m , 2006.

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38 Nghien cim Dong Nam A 5/2009

bd sung n a m 1995; Hiep fldc bf m a t gifla
Xiem va Anh n a m 1897; Thoa fldc bien
gidi (1889); T u y e n b d K e l a n t a n va

T r e n g g a n u (1902).v.v...

Cac bao cao; - Hoat dgng each m a n g ciia
Viet kieu d Thai Lan, trong dd cd ndi d u n g
Viet kieu "hfldng ve each m a n g Ddng
Dfldng gdp p h a n vdi n h a n dan Lao gianh
lai nen dgc lap nudc Lao (1938 - 1946).

- Bao cao tdng ket thdi ki 1930 - 1946
ve each m a n g Lao, tai lieu lflu trfl Vien
Lich sif q u a n sfl, v.v...

3. Van de dat r a doi vdi viec p h a n ki va
ngi d u n g phong t r a o da'u t r a n h giai phdng
dan tdc d Ddng N a m A. Lau nay, do each
tiep can khac, q u a n diem k h a c n h a u nen
each p h a n ki cung k h o n g giong n h a u . Day
la mdt van de d a n g dat ra trfldc cac n h a
nghien cflu. Chflng ta can phai b a n bac,
thao l u a n dfla t r e n nhflng cd sd li l u a n va
thtic tien dien ra d Ddng N a m A de cd each
tiep can thd'ng n h a l va di tdi chan li.
Chflng tdi xin t r i n h bay y kien cua minh
de gdp p h a n vao cudc t h a o l u a n nay; Ve

phddng phdp ludn, khi b a n ve p h a n ki,

chflng ta cdn cd q u a n diem cdi md, viec
p h a n chia cac mdc lich sif ndi chung, lich
sif phong trao giai phdng d a n tgc ndi n e n g

chi m a n g tfnh tfldng ddi. Bdi vi, lich sit la
ddng chay lien tuc, khdng dflt doan, do dd,
ta khong the t u y e t ddi hda, neu tuyet del
boa se khdng the nao p h a n ki dflcic. Hdn
nfla, khi p h a n ki can dfla vao ngi d u n g
ljch sif va dac trflng lich sii cua giai doan
ay de p h a n chia mdc.

Ve thiic tien, can cfl vao lich sif phong

t r a o da'u t r a n h chdng thflc d a n cua cac
d a n tdc Ddng N a m A cflng nhfl ndi dung
ciia cudc da'u t r a n h n a y de cd each p h a n ki
cho sat hcip. Dfla vao phfldng p h a p l u a n va
can cfl vae thtic tien cudc da'u t r a n h ehd'ng
thtic d a n d Ddng N a m A, c h u n g tdi dfla ra
q u a n diem p h a n ki ciia m i n h nhfl sau:

- Thcfi ki td the ki XVI de'n nhdng ndm

cudi the ki XIX - ddu tranh chdng xdm 
lUdc, bdo ue dgc lap ddn tdc. D a y cflng la

giai doan cac nflde thflc d a n c h a u Au tflng
bfldc den x a m Ifldc cac nflde Ddng N a m A
va dd vay, xen ke vdi q u a t r i n h xam Ifldc
ay cua thflc d a n la q u a t r i n h cac n h a nflde
phong kien cflng vdi n h a n d a n dflng len
chdng x a m Ifldc de bao ve chu quyen quo'c
gia va ddc lap cua da't nflde. Chflng toi

nghi r a n g can p h a i t r i n h bay van de nay
mdt each he thd'ng.

- Thdi ki thfl hai la ddu tranh gidi

phdng ddn tdc td nhdng ndm cudi the ki 
XIX de'n ndm 1975. Day la thdi ki cac nflde

Ddng N a m A tien h a n h cudc d a u t r a n h
giai phdng s a u k h i bi cac nflde thtic dan
thdn t i n h h o a n toan. T r o n g thdi ki nay, do
tfnh chat va bfldc p h a t t r i e n cua cudc dau
t r a n h , do dd cd t h e chia phong t r a o giai
phdng d a n tdc r a t h a n h cac giai doan khac
n h a u . Chflng tdi xin thii n e u r a cac giai
doan sau:

+ Giai dogn nhdng ndm cudi the'ki XIX

de'n ndm 1920. Day la giai doan ddu tien

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DS Thanh Binh - Nhdng vd'n de dca ra dc'n vdi bien sogn lich sd.. 39

cung m a n g tfnh qua do; phong trao m a n g
y thflc he phong kien - phong trao theo xu
hfldng tfl s a n - phong t r a o tfl san.

-t- Giai dogn td ndm 1920 de'n ndm

1945. d giai doan nay, phong trao giai

phdng dan tgc chuyen s a n g mdt na'c t h a n g
p h a t trien mdi va cd nhflng dac diem mdi.
Dd la sfl p h a t trien song song gifla hai loai
phong trao; do giai cap vd san l a n h dao va
do giai cap tfl san dflng ddu. Day cflng la
giai doan "ban le" cho toan bg qua trinh
da'u t r a n h gianh dgc lap, n h a l la cho giai
doan tfl sau n a m 1945 trd di. Bdi vi, giai
ddan nay vfla tich luy lflc lfldng, c h u a n hi
cd sd va tao dieu kien cho viec gianh t h a n g
ldi d nhflng giai ddan tie'p thee; vfla la sfl
tim kiem, Itia chgn con dfldng giai phdng
dan tgc. Chinh viec Ifla chgn dd quyet
dinh ca con dfldng di len trong xa hgi hien
dai cua moi qud'c gia trong k h u vilc sau
khi gianh dfldc ddc lap d a n tdc. Neu nhfl
trong nhflng n a m cudi the ki XIX va hai
thap nien ddu the ki XX, nhflng n h a lanh
dao cita cac d a n tdc Ddng N a m A cdn chfla
tim ra dfldc con dfldng di dflng ddn, phfl
hgp vdi dan tgc de di tdi ddc lap, thi den
day, hg da tim cho m i n h mdt hfldng di,
mgt giai p h a p phfl hdp vdi dac diem, dieu
kien cua dan tdc m i n h de dat dfldc muc
tieu: d a n h dd chu nghia thflc dan, gianh
dgc lap chinh tri.

Trong giai dogn 1920 - 1945, do dac 
diem ciia cudc da'u t r a n h va ke thfl khac

nhau, nen cd the lai chia t h a n h hai giai
doan nhd hdn; giai dogn 1920 - 1940 - da'u 
t r a n h chdng thflc d a n phfldng Tay, giai
phdng dan tgc va giai dogn 1940 1945

-ket hdp da'u t r a n h giai phong dan tgc vdi
da'u t r a n h chdng p h a t xit.

+ Giai dogn td ndm 1945 de'n ndm

1975: ddu tranh gidnh, cung cd vd bdo ve 
ddc lap ddn tdc.

0 giai doan nay khdng cd mo'c chung
cho ca k h u vUc n h u nhflng giai doan trUdc,
ma cd nhflng con dfldng khac n h a u de di
tdi dgc lap dan tdc. Neu n h u cd moc chung
thi chi dflng vdi nhdm nflde Ddng Dfldng.
Tuy nhien, day la giai doan hoan t h a n h
cudc da'u t r a n h giai phdng dan tgc. Trfl
nhdm nflde Ddng Dfldng, B r u n a y va Ddng
Timo, cac nflde Ddng Nam A cdn lai deu
gianh dflcic dgc lap vao nifa sau nhflng
n a m 40 hoac nifa sau nhflng nam 50 cua
the kl XX. Sfl p h a t trien cua phong trao
giai phdng dan tdc d Ddng Nam A da lam
sup dd hoan toan he thd'ng thudc dia cua
chu nghia thflc dan d khu vilc nay. Cac
con dfldng khac n h a u di den dgc lap dan
tdc cho tha'y sfl da dang cua cac quo'c gia

Ddng Nam A trong cd ca'u giai cap xa hgi,
xu hfldng p h a t trien ngi tai va tac dgng
ciia cac cfldng qud'c ben ngoai doi vdi tflng
nflde trong k h u vfle.

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