Bàn thêm về giá trị của Tum Tiêu trong nền văn học Campuchia

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<b>BAN THEM VE GIA TRJ CUA TUM TIEU </b>

<b>• </b>

<b>TRONG NEN VAN HOC CAMPUCHIA </b>

N G U Y E N SY TUAN^*

C

au chuyen ve T u m Tieu diia theo
t a m t h a m kich cd t h a t xay r a vao
the ky XVI d v u n g Td-bdng K h d - m u m ,
thupc t i n h P r a y - v e n g . T a m t h a m kich nay
dupc luu t r u y e n t r e n g d a n gian sud't nhieu
the ky sau de. Den cud'i t h e ky XIX,
Ok-nha Xdn-tha Mdc diia vao cau chuyen nay
<i>viet t h a n h t r u y e n thd Tum Tieu. NhUng </i>
truyen thd nay ft dUdc biet den. N a m

1915, B c - t u m M a t - t h e Xom (1852-1932),
sU t r u tri d chua Kdm P r a u , h u y e n Xit-the
<i>Kon-dal, tfnh P r a y - v e n g viet lai Tum </i>

<i>Tieu theo the thd Pia p r a m - p i (the 7 </i>

chU)'".

<i>Ve cot t r u y e n , Tum Tieu thupc loai </i>
truyen phd bien giUa nhUng doi trai tai
gai s i c gap n h a u . ThUdng thi t i n h yeu cua
hp dii gap nhieu t r i e trd, phai t r a i qua
nhieu gian t r u a n , nhUng cue'i cung, t i n h
yeu va leng c h u n g t h u y da la lieu thue'c
dieu ky giup he chien t h a n g , dUdc h a n h

phuc vien m a n . Day la me tip phd bien d
nhieu nUdc t r e n g k h u vUc. Tuy nhien,

<i>Tum Tieu cd nhUng k h a c biet r a t 16n. Tum </i>

va Tieu yeu n h a u say d i m . Mdi tinh m a n h
bet cua hp da lay chuyen dUdc: vua
Ria-mia, ngUdi vd'n cung r a t yeu men va muen
Tieu trd t h a n h h o a n g h a u . Vua Ria-mia
cho phep hai ngUdi dUdc lam dam cUdi.
NhUng t i n h yeu ciia hp hi ba P h a n , me cua

Tieu ca'u ket vdi bo'con Or-chun, mpt vien
q u a n trong vung, n g a n can. T u m bi bpn hp
lap mUu s a t hai ngay trong ngay cUdi cua
Tieu va Mdn Ngudn - cdn t r a i ciia
Or-c h u n (ba P h a n da lUa gat va ep bupOr-c Tieu
phai la'y Mdn Ngudn). Tha'y ngUdi yeu bi
giet, Tieu ciing tU van theo. No, ngUdi h a u
gai cua Tieu ciing quyen sinh thee chit.
Hay tin T u m hi giet hai va n a n g Tieu vi
dau khd ma chet thee, n h a vua ndi gian,
ra lenh bat bo con O r - c h u n va ba P h a n '
chon sd'ng, d u n g bUa bUa qua cd, toan bp
dan lang Td-bong K h d - m u m , nhUng ngUdi
khdng lien can ciing bi b a t lam no le. Vi
ket cue bi t h a m nay ma nhieu ngUdi da gpi

<i>Tum Tieu la mpt Romeo va J u l i e t ciia dat </i>

nUdc Chua t h a p .

Bi kich T u m Tieu chUa dUng t r e n g dd
nhUng van de gi da tUng la cau hei dUdc
d a t r a tU h a n g t h a p nien qua tU khi nd
ra ddi.

<i>O Campuchia, Tum Tieu da n h a n dUdc </i>
nhUng d a n h gia, k h e n che khac n h a u .
NhUng ngUdi dUng tren q u a n diem n h a n
van thi cam t h e n g va chia se ndi dau cua
hai con ngUdi tre tudi. NhUng ngUdi khac,
<i>nhu Ok Xa-mon, lai p h a n xet Tum Tieu </i>
dudi n h a n q u a n cua l u a n ly truyen thd'ng
va dao dUc P h a t giao. Ok Xa-mdn cho
rang, trong cau chuyen nay, ca ba ngUdi

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12 <i>Nghien cim Ddng Nam A 5/2010 </i>

ba P h a n , T u m , Tieu deu sai. "Ba P h a n la
ngUdi me t h a m lam, coi, tien bac, cua cai,
dia vi, quyen l u c . l a nguon goc cua h a n h
phuc". Tieu la "con gai nhUng lai trai ldi
bd' me", da "tU bd dad dUc, nen nep t r u y e n
tho'ng" de "chay theo sU khoai lac" ("vUa
nghe ldi, tha'y m a t da yeu ngay"). Dac
biet, tac gia da " d a n h " chd T u m ldi phe
p h a n gay g i t nha't. T h e e tac gia, T u m la
ngUdi "da theo eifa P h a t nhUng k h d n g
vupt qua dupc cam do cua nhue due, la

ngUdi da tU bd mpi dao dUc, p h a m each,
quen dn quen tpi, q u e n ca hd t h e n de
chay theo tieng gpi cua t i n h yeu"'->. Rd
rang, theo tac gia, t a t ca bpn hp deu m a n g
tpi t h a m , san, si cua dao dUc P h a t giao.

<i>0 Viet N a m , Tum Tieu cung dUdc cac </i>
n h a nghien cUu don n h a n vdi mot t h a i dp
t r a n trpng, k h a c h q u a n . Tuy sac t h a i c6
khac n h a u , nhUng tUu t r u n g , cac n h a
nghien cUu, trong do co ngUdi viet bai nay,
<i>cho r a n g Tum Tieu la b a n tinh ca t h a m </i>
dam nudc m i t , ca ngdi nhiing k h a t vpng
t u dd yeu dUdng, rpng r a la tU dd dinh
ddat h a n h phuc ca n h a n ; la b a n cao t r a n g
khong the d a n h t h e p hdn te' cad che dp
chuyen che, m e t che dp ma d dd tieng ndi
cua ke t h e n g tri la c h a n ly, la tieng ndi
tuyet dei''". NhUng y kien d a n h gia t r e n
day, du it hay nhieu, deu chUa d u n g
nhUng h a t n h a n hdp ly cua nd, tuy t h e e
"che dUng" cua mdi ngUdi. Dudi day,
c h u n g tdi chi b a n t h e m mpt vai khia c a n h
<i>ve gia tri cua Tum Tieu trong nen van hpc </i>
C a m p u c h i a nhUng n a m dau t h e ky XX.

1. Cai thien va cai ac. Cd le hiem cd mot
tac p h a m nao m a tac gia cua no da d a n h
den bon t r a n g de t h u y e t giang cho muc
<i>dfch s a n g tac cua m i n h n h u Tum Tieu. </i>

Theo B o - t u m M a t - t h e Xom, con ngUdi
sinh ra da la k h d d a u (ddi la be khd),
nhUng Cdn ngUdi c u n g cd t h e h o a n toan

t r a n h difdc mpi k h d d a u , t h o a t dUdc mpi
benh t a t neu n h u hp dUdc che chd, dUdc an
n a p dudi bong cua cac d a n g uy vu be tren
n h u cha me. sU t h i y , ton giao va cad hdn
nUa la m a t t r a n g , m a t trdi Khdng chi la
ldi giao dau (qua ldi tUa), tU t u d n g nay cdn
dupc tai k h a n g d i n h qua ldi k e t ciia tac
p h a m :

"Hdi t a t ca t h i e n n a m tin nii
Sinh lam ngUdi hpc chU m a xem
Le thUdng q u a bao la n h a n hpc
Tu tri, tu t a m ay p h a i ren".

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<i>Nguyen SyTiid'n - Bdn them ve gid tri ciia Tum Tieu trong nen van hoc... </i> 13

tpi ac, c h a n g t h e bien m i n h . T h e nhUng
tac gia lai cd^ t i n h nhin n h a n nd d mdt gdc
dp khac: lam dieu ac n h a n d a n h cai thien:
Mucn d a n tha'y l u a t h i n h nghiem n g a t
Bao n h a u song lay dUc cho toan
Chd hpc thoi b a t n h a n bac ac
Ludi gUdm kia c h a n g k e t tpi oan.
Hdn the, tac gia con bien m i n h t h e m
r a n g dd ddn gian la "vi nudc vi dan":
"NgUdi vi nUdc vi d a n tri nUdc / L u a t mUdi

dieu nghien cUu t h e m sau". N h u t h e ma
tac gia van che r a n g "DUc vua trd ve kinh
de cu / Tri t u e v a n cae dUc van day" (!).
Khdng, bat ky ai, du b a t ky ly do gi, bat
ky dUng t r e n q u a n niem dao dUc nao
(quan niem dao dUc P h a t giao lai cang
khong) cung k h d n g t h e ddng t i n h ve q u a n
niem cung n h u muc dich s a n g tac n h u vay
cua tac gia (mac du n a m mUdi n a m sau,
quan niem nay lai dUdc Ok Xa-mon chia
se qua viec t h a bdng cho nhUng h a n h dpng
tan bad ciia vua R i a - m i a qua cdng t r i n h

<i>Nghien ciiu Tum Tieu (tai lieu da dan)''*'. </i>

NhUng neu chi n h u vay ce le T u m Tieu
da k h e n g dUdc n h a n dan C a m p u c h i a yeu
men va d a n h gia cae den vay suot may
chuc n a m qua, ke tU khi nd ra ddi (1915).
Bdi le, "tuyen ngdn" la vay, nhUng dieu
l i n g dpng trdng ldng dpc gia khdng phai la
thU triet ly m a n g d a m s i c m a u P h a t giad,
khd cUng. Hp se q u e n ngay nhUng t h u y e t
giang luan ly nay de de'n hien thiic sdng
dcng khi dpc nhUng cau thd day h i n h a n h
va bieu cam:

Ldi Tieu l a p t r e n g riing hdn d i m
Tdc em day m a y t h a m bdng b e n h
Mdi em nd ndng n a n hda t r a i

NgUc em t r a n len ca mei anh"^'.

Va ngUdi dpc chi con tha'y vi mot sac
dep me hdn cua n a n g Tieu ma vi no, Tum,

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14 <i>Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 5/2010 </i>

hdi. Chfnh vi the, cai chet cua Tum va
Tieu kheng phai la sU ket thuc ma chinh
la sU khdi dau, nd khdi gdi bad nhieu van
de, bad nhieu cau hdi: tinh yeu hay cua
cai, bao lUc hay tU do; ve bao moi quan he:
b6' me va con cai, gia dinh va xa hpi, cai cu
va cai mdi..., nhUng van de chi co the dUdc
dat ra va giai quyet "rot rao" trong van
chUdng hien dai. Va nhu vay co the ndi,
<i>vdi Tum Tieu, Truyen thd Campuchia da </i>
phat trien thee chieu hudng giai phdng
van hpc ra khdi cac muc dich phi van hpc
- muc dich giao ly (ta't nhien la dan dan
va chua triet de) de tiem can vdi nen van
hpc hien dai.

2. Budc tien mdi ve tinh hien thuc
<i>trong Truyen thd. Vdi Tum Tieu, Truyen </i>
thd Campuchia da di dUdc mpt budc tien
dai tu the gidi than linh de'n the gidi cua
loai ngUdi va tU the gidi ngUdi vdi tU each
la Idai den cen ngUdi ca the, c6 ddi sd'ng va
quan he rieng ciia nd. Ve van de nay,

chung ta tha'y, tU Truyen thd dau tien
mang ten "Ld-b6c Angkor Voat" (1609),
<i>cac truyen Banh-nhg-xa Xe-ra-xa, Pre </i>
<i>Xa-mut cua Ok-nha Khd-leng Nong (dau the </i>
<i>ky XVII 1) den Truyen Ndng Ca-cdy cua </i>
Ang Uudng (1815), cac nhan vat chinh
deu la cac vi than linh day quyen phep.
Den truyen M6-ra-na Mia-da cua Thom
Banh-nha Uk (1877) thi con ngUdi da
dong vai tro nhan vat trung tam**''. Mac
dau vay, "con ngUdi" trong truyen nay chi
<i>mdi dUdc "cha'm pha" b mUc dp "loai". </i>
<i>Nhung den Tum Tieu, con ngudi mdi dUdc </i>
khac hpa mpt each kha ro net. NhUng
nhan vat chinh nhU Turn, Tieu khong con
la con ngUdi "nha't phien" ma la con ngUdi
CO ddi sdng npi tam phong phu, phUc tap,
bi giing xe, chia se giUa mpt ben la bdn
phan lam con, lam phat tif, than dan...,
vdi mpt ben la khat vpng, la tieng gpi cua

tinh yeu...

<i>Va, ciing c6 the noi ring, vdi Tum </i>
<i>Tieu, the gidi ky ao ndi thUdng gidi hay </i>
nhUng dia danh xa x6i tan xU sd an Dp da
dUdc thay the bang nhUng ten dat, ten
lang, ten chua than thupc, gan gui, vdi
<i>nhUng con ngUdi cu the. Hdn the, Tum </i>
<i>Tieu cung bat dau hudng tdi mot xa hpi </i>

hien thuc, vdi day ray cam bay; vdi tat ca
dac tinh thien - ac, ngay - gian - tham lan
Ipn; vdi day du mpi loai ngUdi, tU binh
dan de'n quy tpc, vua quan, tU t6n giao den
the tuc v.v...

<i>3. Su each tan ve ngon ngii. Vdi Tum </i>
<i>Tieu Truyen thd Campuchia da c6 budc </i>
phat trien theo hUdng tU ngon ngii mang
phong each "bac hoc" (Sangskrit, Pa-li)
chuyen sang ngon Khmer, mpc mac, gan
gui vdi dan chung "binh dan". Dac biet, la
mdt nha sU nhUng tac gia da sif dung mpt
ngdn ngU rat tran tuc va tUdi rdi cupc ddi.
Tuy d6i luc nhu6'm mau nhue due nhUng
phai ndi rang Xom da m6 ta moi tinh cua
Tum va Tieu het sUc s6ng dpng va tran
day sUc sdng. NhUng cau thd sau day mac
du dUdc chuyen sang Viet ngU rat hay
nhung cung chUa lot ta dUdc tinh than
nguyen ban: Tum sung sUdng pha niem sd
hai / Gat Tum ra mat lanh trach chang /
Rifng mdn mdn kia ai nd pha / Ma phan,
ngiic day, tay dUa ngang*'".

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<i>Nguyen SyTud'n - Bdn them ve gid tri ciia Tum Tieu trong nen vdn hoc </i> 15

em n h u sao trdi / Con a n h yeu quy nhU
m a t t r a n g / Sao mpc r a i rac k h a p bau trdi
/ Vay q u a n h m a t t r a n g khdng xa vdi".

N h u n g t h u d n g t h i tac gia sif d u n g 16'i so
sanh cu the, g a n giii: " T h a n a n h n h u sU tif
/ Con em k h a c nao h a n g da / Su tif dUdc
ndi d tdt / C h a n g bad gid lai m u o n rdi ra".
Hdac: "Anh n h u cdn vdi / Em khac nad
cay mia / Dudc m a t ngpt c h a n g chiu ddi
chan / Voi co bao gid bd mia..". Con ndi ve
n6i budn r a u cua Tieu khi p h a i xa T u m ,
thi: "ThUc a n nUdc u o n g kh6ng tUdng den
/ Thit ldn, t h i t ga, t h i t vit day b a t / De
nguoi ngat, an c h a n g dUdc /N6i budn ve sU
chia li lam bee ldng". N h u n g khi c i n , thi
tac gia cung h e t sUc y nhi, bdng bay: "Em
tiia dda hda t h d m / A n h k h a c nao con ong
m a t / Em la b e n dd /Anh nhU con t h u y e n
xuoi ngUdc. B o - t u m M a t - t h e Xom
Cling thfch diing cac t h a n h ngU, tuc ngU
va sif dung c h u n g mot each "dac dia":
b a n h ldn hdn khuon", "chin trUdc khi
chua" (tUdng tii "trUng k h o n hdn vit", "an
cdm trUdc keng" t r d n g t h a n h ngii Viet),
"ngUdi (chet) de tie'ng, vdi (chet) de nga",
"lam rupng xem ce, cudi ga cdn c h a u xem
ky ndi chen", "tha ma't mpt t h u n g bac chd
de m a t ldi ndi" v.v... *'^'

Co the noi, cung vdi nhUng c a n h hudng,
nhiing t a m t r a n g , nhUng t i n h tiet da dupc
tac gia d u n g cong xay diing thi nhUng
each so s a n h , vf von t r e n day thUc sii lam

say d i m mpi gidi dpc gia C a m p u c h i a qua
cac thdi ky. Q u a n t r p n g hdn, Idai ng6n ngU
nay r a t gan vdi ngdn ngii v a n xudi va la
mpt trong nhiing t i e n de cho viec h i n h
t h a n h n e n v a n xuoi n g h e t h u a t cuoi
nhiing n a m b a mUdi cua t h e ky trUdc.

4. Mot budc tien mdi ve each thifc ket
<i>ca'u. Vdi Tum Tieu, T r u y e n t h o </i>
Campuchia da co nhUng budc t h a y ddi ve
each thiic k e t ca'u. TrUdc day, mpt t r u y e n

thd dUdc viet theo nhieu t h e thd khac
n h a u . M6i t h e thd d u n g de bieu dat nhUng
npi dung khac n h a u . Vi du: the B r a h m a
-kit (5-6-5-6) d u n g t r o n g viec dan do
k h u y e n r a n , m a n g t i n h c h a t t h a thiet t i n h
cam; the K a - k a - t e (4-4-4-4-4-4-4) dung
de t h u a t lai cac cau chuyen; the P h u
-chu6ng-li-lia (6-4-4) d u n g de dien ta cac
cupc h a n h t r i n h hoac luc dUa tien n h a u ;
t h e P u m - n61 (6-4-6) dung trong cupc
t r a n h l u a n d6'i thoai... '^'. Cac the thd nay
khdng chi dUdc sif d u n g de the hien npi
dung cu the ciia tUng trUdng doan ma con
dam nhiem vai tro chuyen c a n h hay to
chUc, lien ket ciia tac pham'^"'. Nay vdi

<i>Tum Tieu, cau chuyen chi dUdc viet theo </i>

mpt thd thd (the Pia p r a m - p i , the 7 chU)
se la met khd k h a n ddi vdi tac gia. NhUng
m a t khac, dd se la "da't dien" de tac gia cd
the t h e hien tai nang, de "tung tay" ngoi
b u t cua minh, nha't la trong viec mieu ta
nhUng cam xuc t a m t r a n g n h a n vat, trong
viec lien ke't tac p h a m , lien ket mach
<i>chuyen. Tuy nhien, vdi Tum Tieu, tac gia </i>
cung chUa t h o a t khdi t i n h c h i p khue v6'n
cd cua T r u y e n thd (vf du, de chuyen sang
mpt trUdng ddan khac, tac gia thudng
d u n g "ring....", "vi rang.... " liic d6....".
Dieu nay cung tUdng tU nhU each nei cua
cu Nguyen Dinh Chieu: "ThU nay de'n Luc
<i>Van Tien" trong Luc Vdn Tien). Tuy </i>
nhien, day cung co t h e la mpt each "dien
dat" p h u hdp do'i vdi mpt do'i tUdng ceng
chung von "thich lam k h a n gia hdn dpc
gia, thich boat dpng hdn la suy tU, thich
hdat dpng gifla trdi hdn la t h u m i n h vad
phdng hep...".

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16 <i>Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 5/2010 </i>

p h a m d a n h da'u mpt sii each m a n g t h a t sU
cua Truyen thd C a m p u c h i a , kh6ng chi d
sii ket t h u c m a n g t i n h bi kich n h u n h a n
xet cua T d - r a n g N g h i a " ", m a cen dUa den
cho ngUdi dpc sU cam thong, chia se ve
moi t i n h t h u y c h u n g cua doi t r a i tai gai

s i c vdi nhflng cau thd me hdac ldng ngUdi.
Va q u a n trpng hdn no con c h u a n bi nhUng
tien de de t h a m gia vao dUdng hien dai
h6a nen van hpc C a m p u c h i a s a u nay, t r e n
ta't ca cac phUdng dien tfl npi d u n g den thi
p h a p " - ' . Nhflng p h a n tich, ly giai t r e n
day, c h u n g t6i hy vpng co nhflng ddng gdp
nhd trdng viec d a n h gia m e t trong nhflng
•tac p h a m ldn cua n e n v a n hpc t r u y e n

tho'ng Campuchia./.

<b>C H U T H I C H </b>

1. Nam 1942, can chuyen dan gian nay mot
lan nfla difdc Nu Kon viet lai theo the thd
Pia pram-bay (the 8 chfl) difdi tieu de

<i>"Tieu Ek". </i>

<i>2. Nghien ciiu Tum Tieu. Ok Xa-mon, Phnom </i>
Penh, 1966, tr. 224-225 (tieng Khmer)
<i>3. Xem them: Vdn hoc Campuchia qua nhiing </i>

<i>chang diidng lich sii. Vu Tuyet </i>

<i>Loan-Nguyln Sy Tuan. Nxb. KHXH, H. 2000 vd </i>

<i>Vdn hoc Dong Nam A. Lifu DUc Trung </i>

(chu bien), Nxb. Giao due, H. 1998.
4. Trong cong trinh nay. Ok Xa-mon chi ket

tpi ba nhan vat: ba Phan, Tum, Tieu (nhif
da noi), con vua Ria-mia khong he difdc
nhae tdi.

<i>5. Tum Tieu, ban dich cua Phung Huy Thinh, </i>
Nxb. KHXH, 1987, tr. 58

6. Chuyen viet ve mpt moi tinh rat manh liet
va tham khoc: Kdom-pi dem long yen say
dam mpt co gai. Hai ngifdi bo trdn de'n
sinh song d mot viing da't xa xoi. Khi da
trd nen giau co, ngu'di chdng da giet chet
ngifdi vp da mpt thdi chung song luc ban

vi de song vdi mpt ngifdi dan ba khac, bd
lai ngifdi con gai bd vd.

7 Nguyen van cau 425 trong nguyen ban:

<i>"ddm hon len md, sd len vu\ </i>

NhUng cau thd nay chung toi dich (nghia) tif
nguyen ban tieng Khmer, khong tuan
theo diing nguyen t i c van luat cua the
thd Pia pram-pi.

<i>8. Xem them: Nghien ciiu Tum Tieu, Sdd, tr. </i>

226-227.

<i>9. Xem Kien Rem: Thii tim hieu nen thi ca </i>

<i>ciia dong bdo Viet goc Mien. Luan dam, </i>

1963, Bp III, sd 1, tr. 65-70.

<i>10. Vi du trong Truyen thd Ndng Ca-cdy, </i>
Ang-DUdng, da sfl dung 4 the thd xen ke
nhau (tuy tUng trifdng doan): Ka-ka-te,
Pum-nol, Brah-ma-kit,
<i>Phii-chuong-li-lia. Con Riem Ke, mpt tuyet tac khac cua </i>
van hpc Campuchia cung viet theo nhieu
the thd: tfl chifdng 1 de'n cbifdng 10, theo
cac the Ka-ka-te, B r a h - m a - k i t ,
Phii-chu6ng-li-lia, Pum-nol, B6n-t6-la-ka, tif
chifdng 75 den chifdng 80 lai difdc viet
theo the Pia pram-mudi, v.v

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