Các nhân tố tác động đến vận dụng kế toán trách nhiệm và ảnh hưởng đến hiệu quả hoạt động của các công ty ngành dệt may tại việt nam TT TIENG ANH

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY
-------------------------

LY PHAT CUONG

FACTORS AFFECTING APPLICATION OF
RESPONSIBILITY ACCOUNTING AND IMPACTS ON
THE PERFORMANCE OF COMPANIES IN
VIETNAMESE TEXTILE AND GARMENT INDUSTRY

Major: Accounting
Code: 9340301

ECONOMIC DOCTORAL THESIS SUMMARY

HCMC – 2021


The thesis is accomplished at:
University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City

Science instructor:
Assoc.Prof. Dr. PHAM VAN DUOC
Assoc.Prof. Dr. TRAN VAN TUNG

Assessor 1: ...................................................................................

Assessor 2: ...................................................................................

Assessor 3: ...................................................................................

The doctoral thesis is defended before the university-level
Dissertation Grading Council meeting at: ...................................
At ………………………dated…………………………………
Thesis can be found at the library: ...............................................
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................


1

INTRODUCTION

1.

The necessity of the thesis
RA is a basic content of management accounting and is done
from the decentralization of managers based on organizational
structure classification. RA is used to evaluate the performance of
businesses because this is the concern of the shareholders & the
management. That is also the basis for evaluating the success of
policy implementation in each company.
The textile and garment industry is the main export segment in
the trade structure, playing an important role in the recovery and
economic growth of Vietnam.
Recognizing that problem, the application of RA in Vietnam's
textile enterprises is particularly important and meets the
development trend of current accounting activities.

Given the advantages and challenges that Vietnamese textile
companies have to face, effective use of responsible accounting is
especially important. Therefore, over the past time, there have been
many studies to evaluate the application of RA in different industries
and businesses both domestically and internationally.
The author chooses the research topic: “Factors affecting of
applying RA and impact on the performance efficiency of textile
companies in Vietnam” for four main reasons. They are (i) applying
RA to help improve business performance; (ii) the important role for
the economy of Vietnamese garment companies; (iii) fierce
competition in the international arena of Vietnam's garment and
textile; and (iv) there are few specific studies on the factors affecting
the application of RA and business performance of textile companies
in Vietnam.
2.
Research objectives & questions
2.1 General research objectives
Research on factors affecting the application of RA and
performance of companies in the textile and garment industry in


2

Vietnam. From that research results, the author proposes
management solutions.
2.2 Specific research objectives
(1) Identify the factors affecting the application of the RA for
companies in the textile and garment industry in Vietnam. (2)
Evaluate and measure these factors affecting the application of RA
for textile companies in Vietnam. (3) Evaluate and measure the

application of RA affecting the performance of textile companies in
Vietnam.
2.3 Research questions
(1) What factors impact the application of RA? (2) How does
the impact of these factors affect the application of the RA? (3) The
degree of influence applying RA to operational efficiency?
3.
Object of the study
Factors affecting the application of RA and affecting the
performance of companies in the textile and garment industry in
Vietnam.
4.
Scope of the study
The research scope is textile companies operating in Vietnam.
Research space: survey applying RA for companies in the
textile and garment industry in Vietnam.
Research period: primary data collected in 2019.
Research content:
- Factors affecting the application of RA for companies in
the textile and garment industry in Vietnam.
- Applying RA affects the performance of companies in the
textile and garment industry in Vietnam in terms of financial and
non-financial benefits.
5.
Research methodology
The mixed research method is used with a combination of
quantitative research method (playing a leading role) and qualitative
research method.

3

Qualitative research is used to (i) determine the factors
affecting the application of RA for companies in the textile and
garment industry in Vietnam; and (ii) complete a scale of impact
factors, the application of RA, and operational efficiency.
Quantitative research is used to (i) analyze and test the factors
affecting the application of RA, (ii) test the relationship of the
application of RA with operational efficiency of garment companies
in Vietnam.
6.
Contributions
6.1 Theoretical contribution
Firstly, the study combines theories (e.g., management
accounting theory, random theory, sociological theory, economic
efficiency theory, agency theory, stakeholder theory) for the purpose
of explaining for the application of RA; factors affecting the
application of RA; controlling factors and the effect of the
application of RA on the performance of textile companies in
Vietnam.
Secondly, it helps to identify and adds to the theoretical basis
of factors affecting the application of RA in the textile industry in
Vietnam.
Thirdly, the study has supplemented the previous studies in the
following aspects (i) presenting the research model with factors
measuring the level of impact on the application of RA; (ii)
identifying controlling factors; and (iii) determining the impact of
RA application on the performance of textile and garment companies
in Vietnam through the combined approach.
6.2 Practical contribution

Contributing to promoting the application of RA in companies
in the textile and garment industry in particular, enterprises in
Vietnam in general through a research model of influencing factors.
Contributing to helping managers and accountants improve
awareness and responsibility in the organization and apply RA
through influencing factors and controlling factors.


4

The authorities need to develop specific regulations and
policies on RA. Because the legal environment is an important factor
affecting the application of RA. Companies applying RA need an
adequate regulatory framework.
To apply RA effectively, it is required that educational
institutions develop RA programs in accordance with reality in order
to improve the qualifications of accountants and managers'
awareness.
7.
Structure of the topic
Chapter 1: Literature review; Chapter 2: Theoretical basis;
Chapter 3: Research methodology; Chapter 4: Results and
discussion; Chapter 5: Conclusion and policy implications.
CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1 Overview of international relevant research
1.1.1
Studies on RA
To assist managers in measuring and controlling individual
performance, for example: Freeman (2004); Kellogg (1962);
Horngren and Foster (1991); Rowe et al (2008); Gordon (1963);

Garrison et al (2008); Mojgan (2012); Atu et al (2014); Melumad et
al (1992); Muthulakshmi (2014). Responsibility center is a part or
function of an organization such as Belkaoui (1981); Pajrok (2014);
Indjejikian et al (1999); Lindkvist and Liewellyn (2003);
Nwanyanwu (2006); Ojuye Thomas (2012); Sawabe (2015). RC are
evaluated for effectiveness based on such responsibility reports:
Gadave (2017); Belkaoui (1981); Kellogg (1962); Sarkar and
Yeshmin (2005); Ritika and Rani (2015); Albareza et al (2016);
Ocansey and Enahoro (2012); Meda (2003); Belkaoui (1981). RA is
applied based on resource and cost management with decentralized
responsibility in organizations such as Bloomfield et al (1992);
Higgins (1952); Vogel (1962); Dowd (2001); Gerald (1995); Shih
(1997); Lin and Yu (2002); Larmande and Ponssard (2007); Antle
and Demsk (1988); Kellogg (1962).


5

Comments: (1) RA is applied more and more in many fields
and countries around the world; (2) Applying RA to control costs
and assess manager responsibility, etc. (3) RA forms RC. In which,
the manager of each responsibility center is responsible for managing
and reporting to upper management through a responsibility report.
1.1.2
Studies on factors affecting the application of RA
Researches on factors affecting the application of the RA, for
example, Rugby (2004); Rezi (2007); Mohamed et al (2015); Amiri
et al (2013); Dunn (2002); Al-Gharaybeh et al (2011); (Mohammed,
2005); Okoye et al (2009); Bhagat (2012); Jaradat et al (2012); Fakir
et al (2014); Ramadan (2016); Tuan (2017); Nguyen et al (2017);

Mohamed and Abdallah (2020) .; Dunn (2002); Festus et al (2020);
Garrison et al (2009); Gharaibeh (2008); Al-Gharaybeh et al (2011);
Jonas et al (2016); Rezi (2007); Nawaiseh et al (2014); Rezi (2007);
Joda et al (2009); Mohamed and Abdallah (2020); Fowzia (2011);
Fakir (2015); Dunn (2002); Mohesn and Mohammad (2009).
Comments: (1) The application of RA is studied in many
fields; (2) Factor studies affecting the application of the RA are
usually in manufacturing companies worldwide.
1.1.3 Studies on the relationship between RA and corporate
performance
RA is used as a tool to control departments to improve
business management and profitability, such as: Lin and Yu (2002);
Rikita and Rani (2015); Al Mutairi (2011); Antle and Demski
(1988); Vogel (1962); Arya et al (2007); Pajrok (2014); Larmande
and Ponssard (2007); Kellogg (1962); Ocansey and Enahoro (2012).
At the same time, enterprises apply RA to evaluate performance, for
example: Okoye et al (2009); Gerald (1995); Shih (1997); Dunn
(2002); Horngren and Foster (1991); Meda (2003); Mohammed
(2005); Rowe et al (2008); Joda et al (2009). RA helps improve
operational efficiency through management responsibility
assessment and the company's reward and encouragement regime. ,
for example, Indjejikian et al (1999); Lindkvist and Liewellyn


6

(2003); Freeman (2004); Nwanyanwu (2006); Ojuye (2012);
Albareza et al (2016); Belkaoui (1981). In addition, the application
of the responsibility of RA also aims to improve the management
efficiency of managers at all levels, for example, Ramadan (2016);

Fakir et al (2014); Mohamed and Abdallah (2020); Tuan (2017);
Rezi (2007); Gharaibeh (2008); Jaradat et al (2012); Akenbor and
Nkem (2013); Al-Gharaybeh et al (2011); Amiri et al (2013);
Mohamed et al (2015); Nawaiseh et al (2014); Alshomaly (2013);
Mojgan (2012); Sarabhemati and Jamshidinavid (2016); Festus et al
(2020); Mohesn and Mohammad (2009); Wahdan and Emam (2017);
Nguyen et al (2017).
Comments: (1) The application of RA to control profit, control
and manage costs. (2) The application of RA affects operational
efficiency from a financial and non-financial perspective.
1.2 Overview of domestic relevant research
1.2.1
Studies on RA
In recent times, RA has been researched by many authors
through dissertations, journals, and scientific topics, for example,
Pham Van Duoc (2009); Pham Van Duoc et al (2009); Tran Van
Tung (2010); Nguyen Thai An and Vuong Thi Bach Tuyet (2017);
Nguyen Thi Minh Phuong (2013); Hoang Thi Huong (2016); Tran
Hai Long (2014); Dam Phuong Lan (2014); Ho My Hanh (2015);
Dang Thi Bac (2016); Pham Van Dang (2017); Nguyen Huu Phu
(2014).
Comments: (1) Research is usually about the organization of
the accountability reporting system. (2) The research direction of
applying RA is based on organization of RC according to the
decentralization of management. (3) KM - Star model or BSC, EVA
method is often used to evaluate the effectiveness of RC.
1.2.2
Studies on factors affecting the application of RA
Currently in Vietnam, the research on the factors affecting the
application of RA has not had many studies done, for example, Tran

Trung Tuan (2015); Nguyen Thi Ngoc Lan (2017); Nguyen Ngoc


7

Tien (2018); Le Phuoc Hung et al (2018); Cao Thi Huyen Trang
(2019); Vu Thi Van Anh (2019).
Comments: In general, in recent years in Vietnam, although
not many, but the research trend of the authors is mainly on the
factors affecting the application of RA in companies in
manufacturing and industry.
1.2.3
Studies on the relationship between RA and corporate
performance
Currently, many authors are interested in the relationship
between the application of RA and business performance, for
example, Nguyen Thi Minh Phuong (2013); Tran Trung Tuan
(2015); Nguyen Ngoc Tien (2018); Le Phuoc Hung et al (2018);
Nguyen Huu Phu (2014).
Thus, with the main topic of this study is about the factors
affecting application of RA and impacts on the performance of
companies in Vietnamese textile and garment industry, the author
has not found any research in Vietnam that has done.
1.3 Research gap
From the comments mentioned in sections 1.1, 1.2 shows:
RA has been interested.
Researches around the world have found many factors
affecting the application of RA in the industrial sector.
Research on RA in Vietnam mainly focuses on applicationoriented research. Current researchers tend to study the influencing
factors.

Vietnam's textile and garment industry is a manufacturing
industry that plays an important role in exports. But the author has
not found any studies in Vietnam conducted related to the factors
affecting the application of RA.
With the above reasons and at the same time aims to test the
factors affecting the application of RA, as well as discover more and
consider the factors affecting the application of the RA affecting the
applied relationship of RA with the performance of companies in the


8

textile and garment industry in Vietnam, the author chose the topic
"Factors affecting application of RA and impacts on the performance
of companies in Vietnamese textile and garment industry".
CHƯƠNG 2: THEORETICAL BASIS
2.1 Theoretical basis for RA
2.1.1
The nature of RA
The nature of RA is shown as follows: basic content of
management accounting; information systems used to control and
evaluate the performance of each department in an organization;
responsibility and authority for each individual and department.
2.1.2
The role of RA
RA is used in the following aspects: (1) Determining the
benefits of the company based on the contribution of each unit or
division; (2) Segment managers can be assessed on a RA basis; (3)
Helping managers change the way they perform their behaviors
based on measured management results; (4) The managers of each

department change the style of executive management in accordance
with the organization's strategy.
2.1.3
The classification of RA
According to Hansen and Mowen (2005), the RA model is
determined by four basic factors: (1) Assigned responsibility (2)
Metric-based performance assessment, (3) Performance evaluation;
and (4) Distribution of rewards.
2.1.4
RC
2.1.4.1
Cost center
The cost center is the source and control over the cost of the
manager for indirect service or production activities.
Cost centers are measured against cost reports and using cost
comparison and variance analysis methods.
2.1.4.2
Revenue center
Revenue center is where revenue is generated, not responsible
for profit or investment.


9

Revenue centers are measured using sales comparison method
and variance analysis.
2.1.4.3
Profit center
Profit center is where the manager is responsible for the profits
achieved in the unit as it is responsible for controlling both revenue

and costs.
Profit centers are measured using the method of comparison of
returns and variance analysis.
2.1.4.4
Investment center
Investment center is where the manager is responsible for the
company's investments.
Investment center performance is measured by financial ratios
such as ROI, RI, EVA, and ROCE.
2.2 Theoretical basis for operational efficiency
2.2.1 The essence of performance
Operational performance is an important aspect of RA based
on stakeholders' expectations, in areas such as financial health,
performance of activities, and business strategies based on monetary
measures.
2.2.2
Operational efficiency measurement
2.2.2.1
Measurement methods
Objective measurement methods
Objective measurement method is based on data collected on
the stock market or the accounting data provided by businesses.
From there, researchers can calculate the necessary indicators.
Subjective measurement methods
Subjective measurement method based on the comparison with
the previous period / year and with competitors in the industry or the
industry average. This method is often used mainly by researchers
worldwide.
2.2.2.2
Relationship between two measurement methods

Researchers argue that the limitation of the two methods is
related to the data collected by the companies. Because both methods


10

are valid and reliable (Wall et al., 2004; Björkman and Budhwar,
2007). Therefore, the combination of both methods is the choice of
many researchers.
2.2.2.3
Measurement criteria
Prior to 1980, performance was measured primarily on
financial measures. However, Kaplan & Norton (1992) and Banker
et al (2000) pointed out the limitations of financial measures, i.e.,
narrow evaluation scope, outdated data, using historical data, not
supporting forecasting, not supporting decision making due to
incomplete information provided.
In order to overcome the limitations, after 1980, the
measurement of performance using additional non-financial
measures. According to (Neely, 1999) pre-1980 performance using a
financial measure is known as the traditional performance
measurement system. This is to distinguish it from the modern post1980 performance measurement system that uses financial and nonfinancial metrics.
Operational efficiency has been studied by many researchers
in terms of financial and non-financial indicators.
2.3 The relationship between RA and corporate performance
RA with key elements is the basic tool to improve the
efficiency of organizations in terms of financial information and nonfinancial information (Hawkins et al., 2004), assess the performance
of enterprises (Martin, 2012), and help businesses improve
communication between departments, creative skills and innovation
(Okoye et al., 2009).

2.4 The background theories
The background theories are management accounting theory,
economic efficiency theory, stochastic theory, representation theory,
sociological theory, stakeholder theory.


11

2.5 Summary of factors affecting the application of RA
Table 2.3: Summary of factors affecting the application of RA
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Variable
Independent variables
Organizational structure
Decentralized management
Distribution of expenses & revenue
Budget estimate
Responsibility report

Performance evaluation
Reward system
Managers' awareness (at all levels)
Expertise of accountants
Competitive factor
Competitive strategy
Controlling variables

12

Business size

13
14
15

Measurement techniques
Cognitive level
Competition level

2.6

Background theory
Representative theory
Representative theory
Management accounting theory
Sociological theory
Management accounting theory
Theory of economic efficiency
Random theory

Theory of economic efficiency
Random theory
Management accounting theory
Random theory
Theory of economic efficiency

Source: Author’s summarization
Development of proposed research hypotheses
Table 2.4: Proposed research theory

No. Hypothesis
Description
Independent factor affects the application of RA for companies in the
textile and garment industry in Vietnam
1
H1
Organizational structure is positively related
2
H2
Decentralization is positively related
3
H3
Cost & revenue distribution is positively related
4
H4
Budgeting is positively related
5
H5
Responsibility reporting is positively related
6

H6
Performance evaluation is positively related
7
H7
The reward system is positively related
8
H8
Manager's awareness at all levels is positively related
9
H9
Accounting staff qualifications are positively related
10
H10
Competitive factors are positively related
11
H11
Competition strategy is positively related
The controlling factor affects the relationship between the independent
variable and the responsibility of RA for companies in the textile and
garment industry in Vietnam.

Expectation

+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+


12
Business size affects the relationship between
organizational structure, decentralized management
12
H12
and the application of RA for companies in the
textile and garment industry in Vietnam.
Measurement techniques affect the relationship
between cost and revenue allocation factors, budget
13
H13
estimates, accountability reports, performance
evaluation and the application of RA for companies
in the textile and garment industry in Vietnam.
The level of awareness affects the relationship
between the reward system factor, manager
awareness at all levels, and the level of accountants
14
H14
with the responsibility of accounting responsibility
for companies in the textile and garment industry in
Vietnam.
The level of competition affects the relationship
between competitive factors, a competitive strategy

15
H15
with the responsibility of accounting responsibility
for companies in the textile and garment industry in
Vietnam.
The application of RA affecting the performance of companies in the
textile and garment industry in Vietnam
16
H16
Applying RA is positively related

Significantly
affect

Significantly
affect

Significantly
affect

Significantly
affect

+

Source: Author’s summarization
2.7 Proposed research model
2.8 Recommended scale
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research design

3.1.1
Research approach
In the thesis, the mixed method is used with quantitative
research method (with the leading role) and qualitative research
method.
3.1.2
Research framework
In order to achieve the set objectives, the research framework
consists of two parts: theory and practices.
3.2 Research Procedure
Stage 1: General theory; Phase 2: Preliminary research; Stage
3: Formal research.


13

3.3

Qualitative research
Qualitative research is used to explore the factors affecting the
application of RA and affecting the performance of companies in the
textile and garment industry in Vietnam.
3.3.1 Research procedure
Step 1: Research objectives; Step 2: Research method; Step 3:
Determine the research sample; Step 4: Collect and process data;
Step 5: Analyze the results.
3.3.2
Methodology and measures
The GT method is used.
3.3.3

Research sample
3.3.3.1
Number of samples
On the intentional sampling technique, the thesis determined
that the sample size 10 is appropriate.
3.3.3.2
Criteria of the expert selected
The author discusses and consults with experts who are
knowledgeable or researcher of RA.
3.3.4
Discussion outline and expert opinions gathering
3.3.4.1
Discussion outline
The questions are divided into 03 parts: (i) the questions about
the impact factors, (ii) the questions on determining the application
of RA affects performance and (iii) the questions whether any other
factors besides the above factors.
3.3.4.2
Expert opinions gathering
The questionnaire is available by the author using interviews
from experts to collect data.
3.4 Quantitative research
3.4.1
Research procedure
Step 1: Formal research model; Step 2: Research method; Step
3: Determine the research sample; Step 4: Collect and process data;
Step 5: Analyze the results; Step 6: Research results and discussion
3.4.2
Research design

14

Research design through two phases: Phase 1: preliminary
quantitative research; Stage 2: formal research.
3.4.3
Research sample
3.4.3.1
Survey object
Respondents are the financial directors, executive directors,
production directors, department heads, chief accountants, general
accountants and accountants who are knowledgeable and aware of
the RA. The survey channel is textile companies in Vietnam.
3.4.3.2
Preliminary research sample
The author collects the number of 200 survey questionnaires to
conduct for preliminary inspection.
3.4.3.3
Form of official research
Sampling method
The author chooses 2 methods: Convenience sampling and
Snowball sampling.
Sample size
The author prepared 500 survey forms.
3.4.3.4
Data gathering
Approach of data gathering
Respondents received survey forms through the following
channels: (1) Directly, (2) Email, online link.
Period of data gathering

Survey period is 05 months (February 2019 - June 2019).
Data gathering in preliminary study
Data for the preliminary study were collected. In which, the
author obtained 155 survey forms, removed 5 invalid and kept 150
valid.
Data gathering in official research
The collected data included 398 survey forms. Of which, 13
are invalid (excluded) and the rest are 385 valid.
3.4.3.5
Data analysis in quantitative research
Data analysis in preliminary study
Follow 2 techniques: (1) Crobach's Alpha; (2) EFA analysis.


15

Data analysis in official research
Step 1: Descriptive statistics; Step 2: Evaluate the reliability of
the scale; Step 3: Analyze EFA; Step 4: CFA analysis; Step 6: Test
Bootstrap; Step 7: Analyze the hierarchy.
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Qualitative research results
4.1.1
Factors identification
Most experts agree on factors and scales affecting the
responsibility of accounting responsibility for companies in the
textile and garment industry in Vietnam.
Interview with experts about adding more factors affecting the
application of RA of companies in the textile industry in Vietnam
shows that the percentage of experts agreeing on the factor "Business

characteristics" and "Legal environment" is 80% (8/10 experts),
while the factors "Cost of applying RA" and "Obstacles when
applying RA" are very low (less than 10%). Therefore, the author
added two new factors "Business characteristics" and "Legal
environment" proposed by experts into the official survey. The
remaining two factors "Cost of applying RA" and "Obstacles when
applying RA" proposed by experts, the author did not add to the
official survey.
The author adds the following hypothesis:
H17: Business characteristics have a positive impact on the
application of RA of companies in the textile and garment industry
in Vietnam.
H18: The legal environment has a positive impact on the
application of RA by companies in the textile industry in Vietnam.
4.1.2
Assessing the appropriateness of the scale
4.1.2.1 Assessing the appropriateness of the scale of
independent factors
Experts agree with the author's proposed scale on the
following factors: Cost & revenue allocation, Budgeting,


16

Responsibility reports preparation, Actual & budgeting variance
assessment, Competitive strategy.
Noting expert comments, the author has added and adjusted
the scale of factors: Organizational structure, Decentralization of
management, Reward system, Awareness of managers, Expertise of
accounting staff, Competitive advantage, Business characteristics,

and Legal environment.
4.1.2.2 Assessing the appropriateness of the scale of controlling
factors
Experts agree with the author's proposed scale on the factors
of Firm size, Awareness level.
Noting expert comments, the author has added and adjusted
the scale of factors: Performance measurement techniques,
Competitiveness.
4.1.2.3 Assessing the appropriateness of the scale of factors
relating to RA and operational efficiency
Experts agree with the author's proposed scale on the factor of
Using RA.
For the Performance factor: experts agree with the author's
proposed scale.
4.2 Quantitative research results
4.2.1
Preliminary research results
4.2.1.1
General information
4.2.1.2
Descriptive statistics
4.2.1.3
Analysis of scale reliability
Results Cronbach's Alpha (KTTN; HQHD; QMDN; KTDL;
DTTT; MDNT; TDKT; YTCT; MDCT; CLCT NTQL; DDDN;
MTPL) has the total variable correlation coefficient ≥ 0.3 and
Cronbach's Alpha> 0.6.
The scales with Cronbach's Alpha> 0.6 meet the requirements
but need to remove the variables to increase the reliability of the
scale (CCTC; PQQL; DTCP; BCTT; DGDT; DTTT; HTKT).

17

4.2.1.4
EFA analysis
EFA analysis aims to test the correlation between observed
variables: (1) Impact factors. (2) Controlling factors. (3) Factors
applying RA and (4) Operational efficiency.
4.2.2
Official research results
4.2.2.1 General information
4.2.2.2
Descriptive statistics
4.2.2.3
Research scale testing
The scale is tested based on evaluating Cronbach's Alpha and
EFA analysis: (1) Test the scale of the impact factors. (2) Test scale
of controlling factors. (3) Test the scale using RA and (4)
Operational efficiency.
4.2.2.4
CFA analysis
CFA analysis
Testing of discriminatory validity
Test reliability and total variance
4.2.2.5
Analysis of SEM model
SEM model
Test factors with interaction relationships
4.2.2.6

Bootstrap testing
4.2.2.7
Hierarchical analysis
SEM model
Test the controlling factors relationship
4.3 Discussion
4.3.1
The reliability of the scale
The author evaluates the scale using a variety of evaluation
methods, including Cronbach's Alpha; EFA analysis, CFA analysis
and SEM model analysis.


18
Business
size
Organizational structure

+0.129

Decentralized management

+0.143

Distribution of exp. & rev.

+0.099

Budget estimate

+0.122

Responsibility report

+0.088

Performance evaluation

+0.109

Reward system

+0.159

Managers' awareness

+0.164

Expertise of accountants

+0.258

Competitive strategy

+0.101

Competitive factor

+0.094

Business characteristics

+0.126

Legal environment

+0.107

Measurement
techniques

Applicati
on of
responsi
bility
accounti
ng

+0.380

Operati
onal
efficien
cy

Cognitive
level

Competition
level

Source: Author’s summarization
Figure 4.4: The official model
4.3.2
Factors affecting the application of RA and affecting
the performance of companies in the textile and garment
industry in Vietnam
The model with relationships is tested through 04 parts. First,
the indexes Chi-square / df = 1,320 ≤ 3; P = 0,000; TLI = 0,959 and
CFI = 0,962> 0,9; RMSEA = 0,029 <0,08 => consistent with actual


19

data, statistical significance (P <0,05). Second, the regression weight
shows the impact level of the factors that affect and affect the
performance of the operation. Third, testing of the Boostrap method
also confirmed this relationship. Fourthly, the hierarchical analysis
shows that the factors QMDN, MDNT, KTDL, MDCT affect the
theoretical model.
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
The analysis results of the SEM model show that the factors
affecting the application of the RA are accepted as originally
proposed with the level of contribution of each factor.
Hierarchical analysis shows that the regulatory factor affects
the relationship between the independent factor and the application
of RA.
5.2 Policy implications
Firstly, based on short-term and long-term vision and goals,

companies in the textile and garment industry are organized based on
their specific business characteristics.
Second, the decentralization of management with specific
powers is to manage and take responsibility based on results and
performance.
Third, companies in the textile and apparel industry need to
further improve the cost accounting system tool.
Fourth, the budget estimates are made based on financial and
non-financial indicators.
Fifth, a responsibility report is prepared with a reporting
template designed to ensure relevance and ease of application.
Sixth, it is necessary to measure performance with a method of
comparing the performance achieved between actual performance
and plan.
Seventh, the reward system is built in accordance with the
actual situation of the business, reviewed and adjusted periodically to
ensure an objective and effective reward system.


20

Eighth, managers are aware of the benefits when textile
companies apply RA, for example increasing revenue, reducing
costs, increasing customer satisfaction, etc.
Ninth, it is necessary to improve the expertise of accountants
by allowing employees to participate in specialized courses or
organizing internal training courses to share experiences and
qualifications among accountants.
Tenth, companies in the textile industry need to choose
strategies in the direction specifically for each type of customer,

meeting flexible needs, designs, etc.
Eleven, to improve efficiency, companies in the textile
industry need to improve their competitive advantage.
Twelfth, to use RA effectively, textile companies should rely
on the characteristics of their businesses.
Thirteenth, textile companies develop business rules in
accordance with their operational characteristics, organizational
structure and being consistent with relevant Laws, Decrees and
Circulars.
Fourteenth, companies need to find the right trend in the era of
strong multilateral cooperation to increase the size of the business as
well as the efficiency of its operations.
Fifteenth, textile companies need to use a variety of technical
tools to measure the performance of each responsibility center.
Sixteenth, the level of corporate awareness will be raised to
help the apparatus effectively, raising awareness of employee
responsibility or satisfaction.
Seventeenth, companies in the textile industry need to have a
specific business strategy based on the advantages that their business
has.


21

5.3 Contribution
5.3.1
Theorical contribution
The paper has combined to research the theory to explain the
application of RA, the factors affecting the operation of the
companies in the textile and garment industry in Vietnam.

The research has contributed to supplement the theoretical
basis, helping to discover and supplement the factors affecting the
application of RA for companies in the textile and garment industry
in Vietnam.
The research has complementary studies before building up a
research model.
5.3.2
Practical contribution
This research contributes to promoting the application of RA
in textile companies in particular, and enterprises in Vietnam in
general.
This study contributes to helping managers and accountants
improve awareness and accountability in the organization and apply
RA.
This study contributes to supporting the State to develop
specific regulations and policies on RA.
This study supports training institutions to build a practical RA
program.
5.4 Limitations & further research perspectives
The author has tried however there are still some shortcomings
and limitations:
5.4.1
Limitations
The study reviewed and found 11 independent factors, 04
controlling factors affecting the application of RA and the results
showed that there are some factors that have not been discovered.
Research on factors is only done in the textile industry, so it is
necessary to re-test in other industries because there are many
differences in research between industries.

22

With the number of questionnaires eligible to carry out
quantitative research, but overall, this number is still quite small.
This result may be true for this sample size but may differ with larger
sample size.
5.4.2
Further research perspectives
Adding an impact factor to the application of RA of textile
companies in Vietnam through qualitative method, changing the
scope and sample size.
Implementing the research model of factors affecting the
application of RA for other businesses in Vietnam.


23

LIST OF PUBLISHED PAPERS
1.
Ly Phat Cuong, 2018. Responsibility accounting in textile
companies listed on the stock market of Vietnam, Financial
magazine, April 2018 (period 2), pp. 37-39.
2.
Tran Van Tung, Ly Phat Cuong, 2018. Factors affecting the
organization of the responsibility accounting system in textile
companies listed on the stock market of Vietnam, Journal of Industry
and Trade, April 2018 (5+6), pp. 473-481.
3.
Tran Van Tung, Ly Phat Cuong, 2020. Responsibility

accounting organization affects the performance of in textile
companies listed on the stock market of Vietnam, City-Level
Scientific Workshop – Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology,
May 2020, pp. 121-135.
4.
Tran Van Tung, Ly Phat Cuong, Tran Phuong Hai, Ngo
Ngoc Nguyen Thao, 2020. Research about factors affecting the
implementation of responsibility accounting to improve the
performance of listed textile companies in Vietnam, Finance –
Accounting for Promoting Sustainable Development in Private
Sector (FASPS 2020) - University of Finance – Marketing,
December 2020, pp. 1010-1025.