Báo cáo " Phân tích thực trạng lao động nhập cư tại khu công nghiệp Vĩnh Long " docx

DDD
THONG TIN
D D D D
PHAN TICH THL/C TRANG
LAO
DONG NHAP
CLf
TAI KHU CONG NGHIEP ViNH LONG
Huynh Truldng Huy *
The Vinh **
1.
Gidi thieu
Di efl lae dpng gan lien vdi qua trinh do
thj hda va eong nghiep hda eua vflng hoae
dja phfldng nao dd. Sfl di cfl lao dpng nay
xuat phat tfl nhflng nguyen nhan sau: thd
nhdt, sfl chuyen ddi nen kinh te theo hfldng
tang din ty trpng cong nghiep va djch vu
dan den Iflc Ifldng lao dpng cflng djch ehuyen
tfl linh vflc ndng nghiep sang phi ndng
nghiep; thd hai, sfl phat trien mat can doi
gifla thanh thi va ndng thdn dan den chenh
lech ve thu nhap va viec lam gifla hai khu
vflc nay dan den ddng di efl tfl ndng thdn ra
thanh thj ngay eang tang; thd ba, de td'e dp
tang trfldng cua ngdnh ndng nghiep tha'p so
vdi cac nganh khae nhfl cdng nghiep va djch
vu nen thu nhap tfl linh vflc ndng nghiep
tha'p dat binh quan 2 trieu ddng/thang so vdi
tren 3 trieu ddng/thang cua nganh cdng
nghiep va djch vu (NGTK, 2008).

Theo udc tinh tfl cac cd quan quan ly cac
khu cdng nghiep cua vflng DBSCL, hien nay
toan vflng ed hdn 100 khu ccng nghiep chii
yeu d cae tinh Lcng An va Tien Giang. Day
la nhflng dja phfldng giap ranh vdi TP.HCM
nen cd nhieu thuan Ipi trong viec thu hut
nha diu tfl trong va ngoai nfldc. Cho den
nay, cae khu cdng nghiep tai Vinh Long
dang trong qua trinh boat dpng va tiep tue
dflpe md rpng; trong do, khu cong nghiep
Hda Phfl vdi 120ha da thu hut 16 dfl an diu
tfl,
ehu yeu heat dpng trong linh vflc may
mac,
giay dep, che bien thflc pham va sin
pham thii cdng my nghe.
De di vao boat dpng thi hau het cac khu
cdng nghiep phai thu hut dang ke mpt lUc
lupng lao dpng tfl cac dia phUPng khac de
lam viec. Ddng gdp cua lao dpng nhap cU tai
cac khu cdng nghiep ddi vdi kinh te d nPi den
cflng nhfl hp gia dinh cua lao dpng nhap cfl
da trd thanh va'n de dflpe quan tam ddi vdi
eae nha lap chinh sach va nha nghien cflu.
Hiu het cac nghien cflu trflde day tap trung
phan tieh ddi song va thu nhap ciia lao dpng
nhap cfl tai nOi de'n noi ehung nhfl dieu tra
di cfl cua Td'ng cue Thd'ng ke nam 2004; Di
efl treng nfldc d Viet Nam: thflc trang hien
nay ciia Quy dan so' Lien hpp Quo'c tai Viet

Nam nam 2007 nhin ehung thie'u ving
nhflng nghien cflu chuyen sau ve lao dpng
nhap cfl dae biet la d vflng DBSCL noi ehung
va Vinh Long noi rieng.
Vi vay, bai viet nay nhim muc tieu: (i) mo
ta lae dpng nhap cfl lam viec tai cac khu
cdng nghiep Vinh Long; (ii) phan tich cac
ye'u to' anh hfldng de'n thu nhap lao dpng
nhap cU. Bai viet gdm cac phin npi dung
sau: mue 2 trinh bay tdng quat ve ngudn so'
lieu dupc thu thap va doi tupng nghien cflu.
Muc 3 trinh bay phUOng phap phan tich
dupe sii dung trong bai viet lien quan den
cac muc tieu de xua't. Muc 4 trinh bay va
thao luan ket qua do ludng dUpc trong qua
trinh phan tich. Cuoi cflng la ke't luan.
Huynh Triidng Huy, nghien citu sinh tai Dai hoc
Antwerpen, Vudng quo'c Bi.
The Vinh, sinh vien Kinh te Tai chinh ngan hang
Khoa 31, TrUdng Dili hoc Can Thd.
J
QUAN LY KINH
T£
SA
28 (9+10/2009)
PHAN
TICH THUC TRANG LAO OPNG
NHAP CU
TAI KHU CONG
NGHIEP VINH

LONG
THONG
TIN
2.
Thu thap dit lieu
- Sdheu sd cap: dflpe thu thap tfl 101 lao
dpng nhap cfl dang lam viec tai khu cong
nghiep eiia tinh Vinh Long; treng dd; 50
trfldng hdp la lad dpng nhap efl tfl cac tinh
khiie trong vflng DBSCL va 51 trfldng hpp la
lao dpng di efl trong tinh Vinh Long. Thdng
tin thu thap bae gdm: dae diem nhan khiu
hoe eua lao dpng nhap efl, trinh dp hpc van,
chuyen mdn, cdng viee va thu nhap.
- So' lieu thfl ca'p: ehu ye'u dflde thu thap
tfl eae ngudn sau: Bp LDTBXH, Nien giam
tho'ng ke tinh Vinh Long, Nien giam tho'ng
ke ca nfldc va eae nghien cflu treng va ngoai
nfldc ed lien quan.
3.
PhUOng phap phan tich
- Ddi vdi mue tieu nghien cflu (1): thfle
trang lao dpng nhap efl lam viee tai khu
cong nghiep cua tinh Vinh Long dflde md ta
thong qua sii dung eae ehi tieu thd'ng ke md
ta doi vdi cac ehi so'dae diem nhan khiu hpc
ciia lao dpng, chuyen mdn tay nghe, cdng
viec va thu nhap ciia lao dpng nhap efl.
- Ddi vdi muc tieu nghien cflu (2): eae yeu
td iinh hfldng den thu nhap eua lao dpng

nhiip cfl dflpe xae djnh thdng qua md hinh
tUdng quan gifla thu nhap (li) va cac yeu td
giai thieh (Xj) den thu nhiip. bae gdm: kmh
nghiem lam viee (nam), ehu.yen mdn, gidi
tinh, hdp ddng lao dpng, hinh thfle sd hflu
ciia eong ty. Md hinh flde Iflpng ed dang tdng
quilt sau:
/,=/?„+/?,
A-,
+ + P„X„+e (1)
Thdng thfldng, cae nha nghien cflu ed xu
hfldng chuyen md hinh tfldng quan sang
dang logarithm de hai nguyen nhan sau: thfl
nha't, ddi khi cae bien giai thich trong mo
hinh tfldng quan tuyen tinh lai khdng tuyen
tinh; thfl hai, gdp phin lam tang he sd tfldng
quiin (R2) trong md hinh. Mpt sd tac gia sii
dung phfldng phap nay nhU Diep (2007), Le
(2004),
Diing (1997), David (1969), Nguyen
(2008) de Ude lupng xu hudng di eU gifla eae
tinh va tac dpng cua tien gfli ve ddi vdi thu
nhap eua hp gia dinh. Vi vay, phfldng trinh
(1) dflpe chuyen sang dang logarithm
nhfl sau:
LogI,=p,+[),
log J, +
+ p„
logA',, +e (2)
Trong dd, I la thu nhap cua lao dpng nhap

cfl,
Xj bao gdm cae bien nhfl ehuyen mdn,
gidi tinh, hpp ddng lao ddng, kinh nghiem
lam viee (ndm), hinh thflc sd hflu eua
cdng ty.
4.
Ket qua va thao luan
4.1 Mpt so dde diem cua lao dpng nhap cit
Ket qua khao sat eho tha'y lao dpng nhiip
efl lam viee tiii khu cdng nghiep ed dp tuoi
kha tre, binh quan la 23 tuoi; trong dd lao
dpng ed dp tudi tfl 21 - 25 chiem bdn 64%
tdng lao dpng dflde khao sat. Bdi vi, lao dpng
nhiip efl ehu yeu lam viec trong cae linh vflc
sfl dung nhieu lao dpng, ehu yeu ddi hdi lao
dpng cd sflc khde nhfl nganh may niiie, giay
dep,
ehe bien thfle pham. Hdn nfla, ty le lao
dpng chiem deii 75% tdng sd lao dpng dflde
khao sat do tinh chat cdng viee \>\\d hdp vdi
lao dpng nfl; ngoai ra, cdng vice d khu vflc
ndng thdn bien nay hau nhfl it ed sfl tham
gia eua phu nfl. Vi viiy, hp thudng den eae
khu cdng nghiep tim viec lam tUdng ddi it
vat va so vdi cdng viee ddng ang d gia dinh.
Ngoai ra, phin Idn lao dpng nhap cU eon
dpe than chiem den 86% tdng sd nhflng lao
dpng dflde khac sat. Nghien cflu di efl nam
2004 eua Td'ng cue Thd'ng ke eung eho ket
qua tfldng tfl. Bdi vi, nhflng lao dpng da ket

hdn it chap nhan di lam xa, dae biet la nfl vi
hp cdn phai cham sdc gia dinh.
Phan tieh ve trinh dp hpe vii'n eua lao
dpng nhap efl cho thay ring ed hdn 50% lao
dpng nhap efl diidc khao sat diU trinh dp cap
3.
Bdi vi, qua khao sat eho thii'y ed dC'ii 39%
trong sdhp vfla tdt nghiep phd thdng trung
Sd'28 (9+10/2009)
QUAN LY KINH it
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THONG
TIN
PHAN TICH THUC
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NHAP CU
TAI KHU CONG NGHl£P VINH LONG
hpe phai tim viee de tfl lap va phu giup gia
dinh. Ben canh dd, ty le lao dpng chi dat
trinh dp cap 1 cflng kha cao hdn 10%o. Tuy
nhien, ban ehe ve trinh dp khdng anh hfldng
Idn den qua trinh tim viec cua hp tai cac khu
eong nghiep; bdi vi cac cong ty chu yeu tuyen
lao dpng phd thong. Ne'u dUdc cha'p nhan
tuyen dung, lao dpng vfla lam vfla hpc nghe
tfl 2-3 tuin thi cd the bit diu quen
cdng viec.
Hinh 1. Phan phdi trinh do hoc van cua lao dpng nhap cif
?—^
Cap I

cip
Cip
Nguon: Sd lieu khiio siit, 2009.
4.2 Thong tin ve viec lam
Trflde khi di cfl, hiu bet ngfldi lae
dpng deu quan tam de'n thdng tin ve viee
lam d ndi den. Vi the, ngfldi lad dpng treng
lin dl eii ddu tien thfldng chpn nhflng ndi
lam viee trong Tinh. Nghien cflu eua Cfl Chi
Lpi (2005) ehe thay lae dpng di cfl lin diu
khdng dl xa qud 500km.
Thee tap quan lau ddi cua ngfldi dan, dd
la thfldng ed xu hfldng lam thed nhflng gi ma
Sd ddng ngfldi dan trdng cflng dja phfldng
dang lam nhfl trdng trpt, chan nudi, ke ea
ket hdn vdi ngfldi nfldc ngoai. Hay ndi each,
phin Idn ngfldi dan tie'p can thdng tin tfl
nhflng ngfldi xung quanh (ngfldi than, ban
be) la chu yeu so vdi kenh thdng tin ehinh
thflc tfl cae cd quan chflc nang. Ke't qua khao
sat eho tha'y cd den 66% trong tdng so' lao
dpng nhap efl dflpe khae sat eho ring hp tiep
can ve thdng tin viec lam d nOi den tfl nhflng
ngfldi thiin treng gia dinh hoae ban be trong
Trung cap Cao
ding,
nghe dai hoc
cflng dja phflOng. Mdt nghien cflu khac diipc
thflc hien tai Tra Vinh nam 2007 eua chinh
tac gii eung eho thay ed den 86% lao dpng di

eu tiep can thdng tin viee lam tfl ngudn tren.
Ngoai kenh thdng tin tren, co den 20% lao
dpng dflpe khao sat tiep can thong tm tfl
phfldng tien truyen thdng (nhfl Tivi, bao ehi)
va 10% tiep can trfle tiep tfl cdng ty tuyen
dung. De giai thich ve va'n de nay, phin Idn
ngudi lao dpng eho ring thdng tin tfl hai
ngudn tren thfldng khdng chinh xac din den
hp mat thdi gian va ehi phi di lai de tim
hieu. Ngflpe lai, thong tin tfl ngiidi than
heac ban be thfldng chinh xac hdn bdi vi
nhflng ngfldi nay dang lam tai cac cong ty
eho nen hp bie't nhieu thong tin ve dieu kien
lam viec, thu nhap va tuye'n dung eiia
cdng ty.
QUAN LY KINH it
56 28(9+10/2009)
PHAN
TiCH THUC TRANG LAO DpNG NHAP CU TAI KHU CONG NGHlfP VINH LONG
THONG TIN
[]7Jj1
Hinh 2. Phan phdi kenh thong tin viec lam cua lao dpng nhap cu
PhLPCcng tien
truy§n thong
20%
Cong ty tuyen
dting
10%
Trung tam
gicyl thieu

viec lam
2%
Ngirai
than,
ban be
66%
Ngudn:
So'
lieu khao sat, 2009.
4.3 Moi quan he giUa thu nhap vd cdc
dgc diem cda lao dpng nhap cU
Trong phin nay, chflng ta phan tieh thu
nhap hang thang va khoan tien giii ve gia
dinh trong mdi quan he vdi eae dae diem eua
lao dpng nhap efl lam viee tai khu cdng
nghiep. Muc dich eua phan tich la lam rd
sfl khae biet ve thu nhap lien quan den
gidi tinh, tinh trang hdn nhan, trinh dp
ehuyen mdn va binh thfle sd hflu cua cdng
ty ndi hp lam viee. Ket qua ehi tiet dflde
trinh bay d Bang 1.
Bdng I. Mdi quan he giua thu nhap va dae diem cua
lao dpng
DVT: ddng
Dae diem
Gidi tinh
Hon nhan
Hdp ddng laodpng
Hinh thflc sd hflu
Chuyen mdn

Binh quan
Nam
Nfl
Dpe than
Ket hon
Lidi
Cd
Khdng
(ja the
Tfl nhan
Co phan
Nfldc ngoai
Khdng ed
Chflng ehi nghe
Trung cap trd len
Thu nhap/thang
1.603.160
1.442.092
1.481.965
1.473.500
1.600.000
1.496.646
1.200.000
1.200.000
1.469.977
1.650.000
2.020.000
1.385.060
1.445.889
2.540.000

1.481.960
Tien giii ve/nam
4.320.000
5.806.579
5.544.186
4.607.143
8.000.000
5.520.833
3.860.000
3.860.000
5.515.556
4.000.000
6.400.000
5.277.38-1
5.888.889
6.625.000
5.438.G14
Ngudn:
S6'
lieu khiio siit, 2009.
80 28(9+10/2009)
QUAN LY KINH li
vim
THONG TIN
PHAN
TICH THUC TRANG
L^O
DONG
NHAP
CU

TAI KHU
CONG
NGHlgP
VINH
LONG
Nhfl da de cap trflde day, muc dich ciia di
cfl lao dpng la tang thu nhap va cai thien
eupe sdng. Ket qua khae sat eho tha'y thu
nhap hien tai cua lao dpng nhap cfl cao hdn
khoang 40%) so vdi thu nhap cua cdng viee
trflde day; eu the thu nhap eua nam ed xu
hfldng cao hdn nfl do sfl khae biet ve dae
diem cdng viec; trong khi dd, nfl cd xu hfldng
giii tien ve gia dinh trong ndm nhieu hdn
nam. Nghien cflu ve di efl eua Tong cue
Thdng ke nam 2004 va eua Quy Dan so'Lien
Hdp Quo'c nam 2007 cflng che ke't qua
tfldng tfl.
Ngdai ra, thu nhap eiia lao dpng nhap cfl
cflng ed sfl khac biet ve tinh trang hen nhan.
Cu the la nhflng lae dpng doc than ed xu
hfldng eae hdn lae dpng da ed lap gia dinh.
Dieu nay dflpe mpt so' lae dpng nhap cfl eho
biet nhfl sau: "neu nhfl hp da lap gia dinh thi
hp giip khd khan treng viee tang ca vao budi
tdi do phai chdm sdc con eai". Vi vay, ddy
ehinh la nguyen nhan dan den sfl khae biet
ve thu nhap tren. Hdn nfla, lad ddng da ky
hop ddng lao dpng vdi eong ty ed thu nhap
cae hdn triidng hdp lao dpng chfla ky hdp

ddng. Bdi vi, khi ky hpp ddng cd nghia la lao
dpng dflpe hfldng lUdng ehinh thUe 100% va
cpng vdi eae khoan phu cap khac; treng khi
dd, lao dpng chfla ky hpp ddng chi dflpe
hfldng mflc Ifldng thii viee va khdng cd eae
khoan phu cap.
Ben Ciinh dd, ket qua khae sat cflng cho
tha'y cd sfl khdc biet ve thu nhap cua lao
dpng gifla cac hinh thflc sd hflu cua cong ty
vdi mflc y nghia 0.05 qua kiem djnh Kruskal
Walhs Test. Tfldng tfl nhfl sd heu thdng ke
cua ca nfldc thu nhap trong cac cong ty nfldc
ngoai thUdng cac hdn cac thanh phin kinh
te khac. Tuy nhien, sd lUpng lao dpng diidc
khac sat lam cho cong ty nfldc ngoai tai khu
cdng nghiep chiem ty le khoang 5%. Hiu het
lae dpng lam viec eho cac cong ty tfl nhan vdi
mflc thu nhap binh quan gin 1,5 trieu ddng.
Ket qua phan tich kha phfl hpp vdi ly
thuye't ve lao dpng, hay ndi each khac thu
nhap cua lao dpng ty le thuan vdi kha nang
ehuyen mdn cua hp. 80% lao dpng nhap cfl
dflde khao sat tai khu cdng nghiep khdng ed
trinh chuyen mdn cho nen thu nhap binh
quan cua hp chi dat 1.385 ngan ddng/thang
tha'p hon mflc binh quan. Dang Iflu y la lao
dpng ed trinh dp chuyen mdn trung cap trd
len cao gin ga'p hai lin lae dpng khdng
ehuyen mdn. Day la tin hieu tich ciic khuyen
khich lae dpng nhap cfl tham gia hpe tap de

nang cao tay nghe.
4.4 Phdn tich cdc ye'u to dnh hitdng
den thu nhap cua lao dpng nhap cit
Nhfl da de cap d phan phflOng phap phan
tich, cae yeu to'inh hfldng de'n thu nhap eiia
lao dpng nhap cfl dflpe do Ifldng bdi cac yeu
to'
giai thieh. Ket qua flde Iflpng theo
phfldng trinh (2) dflpe trinh bay d
Bang 2 ben dfldi.
Bdng 2. Ket qua uuc lupng mo hinh thu nhap cua ho
Mo hinh
Constant
Chuyen mdn
Gidi tinh
Hpp ddng lae dpng
Kinh nghiem
Loai hinh cdng ty
Giai thich
Hang so'
1:
ed; 0: khong
1:
nam; 0: nfl
1:
co: 0: chfla
So nam lam viee
1:
tfl nhan; 0: khac
He so

6.945
0.266
6.r36
0.408
0.055
-0.252
Sai so ehuan
0.090
0.050
0.044
o.iie
0.025
0.079
Miic y nghia
0.000
0.000
0.003
0.001
0.033
0.002
Ngudn: Sd lieu khiio siit, 2009.
QUAN
LY
KINH
it
sa'28
(9+10/2009)
PHAN
TICH THUC
TRA>;G

LAO
OONG
NHAP CU TAI KHU
CONG NGHIEP
ViNH LONG
THONG
TIN
llJ.'.li
Ghi chu:
N = 101; R' = 0,382; F^ll. 753; Sig. =
0,000.
Chung ta cd the thay ring thu nhap cd
mdi quan he chat ehe vdi cae dae diem cua
lao dpng nhap cfl. Cu the la, md hinh flde
Ifldng chl ra ring 38,2% sfl bien dpng ve thu
nhfip hang thang cua hp ed the dflpe giai
thieh bdi cac yeu to' Ude lUdng trdng md hinh
ed y nghia ve mat thdng ke (p-value =
0,0000). Treng sdcac yeu to'giai thich, kinh
nghiem va trinh dp chuyen mdn ddng gdp
tich eUe va ed y nghia ve thd'ng ke ddi vdi thu
nhap eua lao dpng nhap efl. Ben eanh dd,
viee dflde ky hdp ddng ed y nghia quan trpng
ddi vdi thu nhap eua hp nhfl da phan tieh d
muc 4.3. Nhu da phan tieh d mue tren, gin
90%
lad dpng dupe khac sat lam viec che eae
eong ty tU nhan va 80% trong sdhp khdng ed
ehuyen mdn tay nghe eho nen thu nhap eua
hp tha'p hdn mflc binh quan cua tdng

quan sat.
5. Ket luan
Qua qua trinh khae sat va phan tich ve di
efl nhap cfl tai eae khu cdng nghiep eua tinh
Vinh Long, ehung ta ed the dUa ra mpt sd
ket luan sau:
- Di eU lao dpng eo dp tudi ni't tre va nfl
ehiem flu the hdn nam dd dtie diein ccng viec
tiii cae ccng ty nhfl ddng gdi san pham, may
giay dep, dan kit hang thu eong.
- 80%) lao ddng khdng cd trinh dp chuyen
mdn tay nghe va hp ehu yeu Kim viee eho cae
eong ty tfl nhan trong khu eong nghiep. Hau
bet trong sd lae dpng lam viee ed ky hdp
ddng lao dpng vdi chii deanh nghiep.
- Thu nhiip binh quan eua lao dpng
khoang 1,5 trieu ddng/thang, thu nhap eiia
nam ed xu hfldng eao hdn nfl. Di cfl gdp phan
tang thu nhap khoang 40%; cu the neu nhfl
lao dpng cd ehuyen mdn tay nghe thi thu
nhap eua hp ed the tang len gin hai lan.
Dieu nay gdp phin quan trpng ddi vdi ddi
sdng cua hp gia dinh thdng qua khoan tien
gui ve binh quan hdn 5 tneu ddng/nam.
- Nhin ehung, thu nhiip eua lao dpng
nhiip eU ed mdi quan he chat ehe vdi cac yeu
to'nhu kinh nghiem, gidi tinh, chuyen mdn,
hpp ddng lao dpng va binh thUc sd hflu.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
• Bo Lao dong, ThUdng binh va Xa hoi (2007),

Dieu tra lao dong va viec lam.
• CU Chi Ldl (2005). Rural to Urban Migration
in Viet Nam. Institute of Developing
Economies, Japan External Trade
Organization.
• Dang, N.A, Sidney, G and James, Mc (1997),
Internal Migration and development in
Vietnam, International Migration Review,
Vol. 31, No 2, pp 312-337
• David F. Bramhall; Herrington J. Bryce
(1969),
Interstate Migration of Labor-Force
Age Population. Industrial and Labor
Relations Review, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 576-583.
• Diep, P and Ian, C (2007), Inter-Provincial
Migration and Inequality During Viet Nam's
transition. Staff Paper, No 597, University of
Wisconsin-Madison.
• Huynh TrUdng Huy (2007), ThUc trang di cU
lao dong ciia dong bao dan toe Khdme tai
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