Di sản bảo tồn chiếu chèo truyền thống huyên Yên Khánh docx

Bp VAN HOA THONG TIN
CHL/ONG
TRINH BAO TON
CAC Dl SAN VAN HOA PHI VAT THE
•
NAM 2005
Dl SAN BAO TON
MM
CHIEU CHEO TRUYEN THONG
HUYEN YEN KHANH
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VAN HOA THONG TIN NINH BINH
Thifc
hien-
2005

CHI DAO
THl/C
HIEN
Biii
Xuan
Cii:
Giam doc Sa Van hoa Thong tin Ninh
Binh
NHUNG
NGI/CII
THl/C HIEN
-Nguyen
Ditc
Long
Pho Giam doc So Van hoa Thong tin Ninh Binh
-Nguyen Quang Hdi
-Nguyen Trong
Vinh
CHf£U CHSO mUV£N IHONQ
HUYEN
V£N kCHANH
I. VUNG DAT NINH BINH
VA NGHE THUAT CHEO TRUYEN THONG.
Tinh
Ninh
Binh
thuoc
phia
Nam dong bang
BSc

Bo.
Phia
bac:
giap
tinh
Ha Nam,
phia
dong
bSc
giap
tinh
Nam Dinh,
phia
dong nam: giap bien Dong,
phia
tay va tay nam giap cac
tinh
Hoa
Binh
va Thanh Hoa.
Dien
tich
tu nhien: tren 1.380
km'.
Dan so: 905.000 ngudi
(tinh
den het nam 2004)
Tir
diem
cue BSc

(thuoc xom Lac Hong, xa
Xich
Tho, huyen Nho Quan)
den diem
cue
Nam (thuoc
viing
cua song Can, bai bien Con Thoi, huyen Kim
Son),
dai 65 km.
Tir
diem cue Tay (thuoc nui Dien d Rirng Qudc gia
Cue
Phuong, huyen
Nho Quan) den diem
cue
Dong (thuoc thon Phiing Thien, xa Khanh Thien,
huyen Yen Khanh) dai 58 km.
Dia
hinh tinh
Ninh
Binh
rat da dang: cd ddng bang, nhieu ddi mii, cd
nhitng
viing
ban son dia, viing chiem trung, vung ven bien.
Tinh
Ninh
Binh
tuy

khdng rdng
Idn
ve dien
tich
tu nhien so vdi nhieu
tinh
trong ca nudc, song ve dia
hinh tinh
Ninh
Binh
hau nhu la mdt "dia ban thu nhd" cua ca khu vuc Bac Bd.
Ve dan
toe:
tren 90% dan so cu
trii
tren dia ban Ninh
Binh
la ngudi
Kinh. Dan
toe
Mudng hien co khoang 20
nghin
ngudi (cu
trii
tap trung va rai
rac tren dia ban huyen mien mii huyen Nho Quan). O Ninh
Binh
con co dong
bao thuoc mot sd dan
toe

khac cu
trii,
nhu ngudi Tay, Thai, Hoa,
Niing,
Dao,
Ngai
nhung vdi sd luong
it.
Vua Minh Mang trong mot chuyen
tuSn
du ra Bac vao nam Tan Ty
(1821)
da cho rang:
"Ddt
Ninh Binh
Id
htai,
Id
co hong cua Bac Ky".
Dae
biet tren dia ban
tinh
Ninh Binh vao cudi the ky X, dau the ky XI co
Kinh dd Hoa Lu cua nudc Dai Co Viet, mot qudc gia phong kien tap quyen do
nha Dinh lap dung. Tdn tai trai qua hon bdn thap ky, vdi trieu dai nha Dinh,
K-HAOT/
• Trar]q
1
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IHONC;

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ICHANH
trieu dai nha Tien Le va 5 nam dau cua trieu dai Ly Thai To. Trudc khi nha Ly
ddi dd
tir
Hoa Lu ra Thang Long, Kinh dd Hoa Lu la trung tam chinh tri, kinh
te va van hoa cua ca nudc Dai Viet. Cho den ngay nay, biet bao dau
tfch
ve van
hoa vat the va van hoa phi vat the cua dan
toe
Viet Nam d the ky X, nhiing di
san van hoa gan vdi Kinh dd Hoa Lu cua nudc Dai Co Viet
vSn
cdn la
bi
an,
chua duoc kham pha, nghien cim, bao tdn va phat huy. Dd chang han nhu cac
di san van hoa ve kien
triic
xay dung kinh thanh, cung dien, nha cua, vat lieu
xay dung, nghe gdm su, phuc trang cua vua quan va thudng dan, nghe thuat ca
miia
nhac, van hoa am thuc dan gian, nhiing phong tuc tap quan trong
It
hdi tet
va ddi thudng v.v
Rieng ve nghe thuat ca
miia

nhac thi Kinh dd Hoa Lu duong thdi han la
trung tam cua ca nudc quy tu duoc nhung tinh hoa cua dan tdc (ma trieu dai
nao cung
the).
Cho den nay, cdng vdi cac dia phuong
tinh
d khu vuc ddng bang Bac Bd
thi Ninh Binh duoc xem la mot trong nhung "cai ndi" cua nghe thuat cheo-
loai
hinh ca
miia
nhac truyen thdng
dae
sac va tieu bieu, pho bien nha't cua dia
ban Bac Bd. Loai hinh nghe thuat cheo duoc cac nghe nhan, cac nha nghien
Clin
cho rang da hinh thanh, luu tdn va phat trien da qua nhieu the ky. Nghe
thuat cheo duoc hinh thanh
tir
bao gid va phat trien qua cac the ky cho den nay
nhu the nao thi chua va rat khd cd duoc su tudng trinh, ly giai thoa dang duoc,
vi day la mot di san van hoa phi vat the cd ngudn gdc da qua xa.
Dae
biet la
sir
bd sung, luu truyen cac lan dieu cheo, cac
tich
cheo co
each nay hang tram nam, dudng nhu khdng the ly giai, phan
tich

ma ca mdt
kho tang di san nghe thuat am nhac dan gian truyen thdng ham chua ca mot be
day lich dai khd xac dinh.
Dia ban tinh Ninh Binh, mot
viing
non nudc
phia cue
nam ddng bang
Bac Bd thi day khdng
chi
la mot viing dat cua nghe thuat cheo ndi chung. Vdi
Cd dd Hoa Lu - Kinh dd
ciia
nudc Dai Cd Viet
tir
cudi the ky X thi vung dat
Ninh Binh cdn la noi
timg
quy tu, luu tdn nghe thuat cheo truyen thdng cua
dan tdc Viet d Bac Bd,
dau
thdi gian a'y cdn d dang
thijfc
manh nha, phdi thai.
KHAOTA •
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I^HANH
Theo mdt sd nha su hoc thi the ky X la the ky diln ra nhirng dau an quan trong
nha't cua qua trinh chuyen hoa mot bd phan
Idn
dan cu tir Mudng
Viet
thanh
Viet Mudng- ma d kinh dd Hoa Lu la tieu bieu nhat.
Nhirng nha nghien
ciiru
lao luyen ve nghe thuat cheo d Viet Nam nhu
giao su Ha Van Cau, Giao su- Nghe sy nhan dan Tran Bang da timg tam huyet
va ra't day cdng khao sat thuc te, tim hieu, nghien
ciiu,
vdi
sir
phan
tich
cac gia
thuyet ve ngudn gdc
ciia
nghe thuat cheo, va hau nhu deu thdng nhat luan
diem: Nghe thuat cheo duoc bat dau hinh thanh tir the ky X.
Giao su Ha Van Cau viet: "Vao budi dau thdi Dinh, nhan dan ta da cd
vdn hat,
miia
nhung cdn le te tirng ngudi, timg dia phuong, da cd
nhiJng
ngdn

(y ndi ve am nhac- N.Q.H) nhung phan ddng cdn rdi rac, chua cd he thdng.
Khi mdt sd
Idn
trai trang gia nhap quan ddi thap dao (10 dao quan, theo bien
che quan ddi thdi Dinh- N.Q.H) thi ho mang theo vdn
miia
hat cua ho vao. Xa
nha, xa que huong, ho yeu cau duoc giai
tri,
lai cd ddi tuong tap trung, ho cd
dip dau vdn, dau tai vdi nhau de xay dung nen nganh nghe thuat tdng hop ca
miia
va trd nhai dan gian. Trudc tinh hinh dd, giai cap thdng tri da tuyen ca nu
diln vien vao quan ddi de gdp phan xay dung nghe thuat nay ".
(*)
Dae
biet, theo "Dai Viet sir ky toan thu", vao thdi nha Dinh cd Pham Thi
Tran la ngudi cd cdng truyen day
miia
hat cho quan
sT
va duoc nha vua phong
chiic
LTU
ba.
Dan gian dia phuong (xa Trudng Yen, huyen Hoa Lu,
tinh
Ninh Binh)
cdn truyen lai rang: Khoang nam Thai Binh (?) quan cai tri dem tien ba vao
cung. Ba duoc vua Dinh phong chiic LTu ba (Nhu danh hieu nghe sy thdi nay?-

N.Q.H),
chuyen day
miia
hat cho quan ddi ba'y gid. Tuong truyen: Ba Huyen
Nil
Pham Thi Tran phong tu
mi
le, gidi ve ca hat, miia va lam trd trong dam hy
phudng, ndi tieng. Cd tho truyen lai (trong khu vuc Trudng Yen, Hoa Lu) ve
ba Pham Thi Tran rang:
(*): Ddn
theo tdc gid An Viet
Dam trong
bai "Nghe thuat
cheo
tren que
huang
Dinh
Bo
LTnh "-
Tap chi Vdn
hod
Ninh
Binh,
sdXudn
Dinh
Sicu-1997,
trang
32.
KHAOTA

•
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k^HANH
"Hai
tay
dim
len
nhu
mua qud bdn ddo
Cdt tieng hat nhu moi mdy, giuc gio
Keu van
1dm
roi le qudn sinh
Thet mdng
Idm
bo via ke dc ".
Theo
saeh
Da cd luc (mot saeh cd ndi ve phep danh trdng cac thdi xua)
thi
each
danh trdng cua quan
sT
thdi Dinh la theo phep "Cd am hoai thanh" (la
md phdng tieng va

Idi
ndi xua bang tieng trdng- N.Q.H), ma theo dd, cac am
thanh theo
van
bang duoc the hien bang each gd vao mat trdng, va nhirng am
thanh theo van trac thi duoc the hien bang
each
gd vao tang trdng. Theo
saeh
nay thi thdi Dinh, quan
sT
cd bai trdng de bieu hien ndi dung loi nhu sau:
"Nam binh sdt Bac tudng, diet Bac tudng.
Nam thien sinh
vuong.
Nam
thien sinh vuang, thdnh.
Thdnh Dinh Vuong sinh de "
Day cung chinh la
Idi
hieu trieu ciia trieu Dinh vdi than dan thien ha ma
khang dinh ddc lap,
chii
quyen va y
chi
quyet tam chdng lai su xam luoc va
ach thdng tri cua ngudi phuong Bac.
Theo cu An Viet Dam (hien da hon 70 tudi, nguyen la Phd giam ddc Sd
Van hoa Thdng tin Ha Nam Ninh, la mot tac gia kich ban cheo rat ndi tieng d
Ninh Binh va tren ca nudc), neu phien

am
ndi dung
Idi
bai trdng nhu tren theo
Idi
"tinh tinh tinh chat" dan gia cua trdng cheo truyen thdng thi se la:
"Tinh tinh, chdt chdt chdt,
hue chdl
chdt.
Tinh tinh tinh tinh, tinh tinh tinh tinh, chdt.
Chdt tinh tinh tinh chdt "
Neu luoc bd nhiing "hoa la" thi day chinh la doan luu khdng tam cua am
nhac cheo ngay nay. Day la mdi lien he - bang chiing giira mot net nghe thuat
am nhac qua nhip trdng tir thdi Dinh vdi am nhac cheo truyen thdng qua ngdt
mudi the ky.
KflAOTA • Trang
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Ciing theo
saeh
Da cd luc, nam Minh Dao
thii
hai (trieu
Ly-1043)
ghi lai
cac loai vai dien, nhung trd nao ciing cd nam loai vai la: he, lao, mu, nam. nir.

Day la cac vai
van
dang cd d trong cac vai cheo truyen thdng.
Theo cac nghe nhan cheo d Ninh Binh cho biet: cac vi td su cua nghe
thuat cheo duoc cac ddi sau thd ciing la: Pham Thi Tran, Dao Van Sd, Dang
Hdng Lan, Sai At, Tir Dao Hanh, Chinh Van Can, Dao Nuong Trong sd nay
thi Uu ba Pham Thi Tran tir thdi Dinh la vi td su xa xua nhat. Nam 1993, nhan
dan viing thi xa Ninh Binh da ciing cac nghe nhan, nghe sy cheo
tinh
nha trang
trong lam ll
rude
bai vi LTu ba tir den vua Dinh (xa Trudng Yen) ve thd tai den
thd Mau (canh Trung tam Van hoa
tinh
va tru sd Doan Nghe thuat cheo Ninh
Binh hien nay) de thuan tien cho cac nghe nhan, nghe sy va nhan dan xa gan
den day chiem bai.
"O Ninh Binh chua suu tam duoc cac tai lieu, dau
tich
ve nghe thuat
cheo d cac thdi ky: Tien Le, Ly, Tran, Hau Le. Nhung den thdi Nguyin thi
bang chirng cho thay nghe thuat cheo phat trien rat manh"
(*).
Nhieu lang, ddng ho d viing dat Ninh Binh thdi Nguyen cd ganh hat
(cheo) thudng di bieu diln trong cac dip ll tet, hdi he, trong cac cuoc hieu hy
ciia
quan lai, nha giau cd d nhieu noi. Duong thdi, mot trong nhirng ganh hat
ndi tieng la ganh hat cua nghe nhan An Van Muoc (cdn goi la "Cd Muoc") va
con trai la Ky Thieng d lang Phiic Son (nay thudc xa Ninh Tien, thi xa Ninh

Binh).
Ganh hat nay timg bieu diln d rat nhieu noi trong va ngoai
tinh,
dae
biet
da timg vao kinh dd Hue bieu diln trong hoang cung
Tir sau Cach mang Thang tam, trong nhiing nam khang chien chdng
thuc dan Phap cac "phudng cheo", "hdi cheo", "chieu cheo" duoc hinh thanh
vdi
sd
luong phong phii va phd bien d hau het cac virng que
(ciia
ngudi Kinh)
tren dia ban tinh Ninh Binh. Trong nhirng nam 50 cua the ky trudc, mot sd
nghe nhan cheo ndi tieng duoc mdi tham du cac dot giao luu trao ddi ve nghe
thuat cheo truyen thdng d Trung uong, nang cao chuyen mdn nghiep vu nghe
(*}Theo
tdc gid An Viet
Dam-
sdeh
dd
ddn,
trang
32.
K-HAOTA
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I^HANH
nghiep de trd ve dia phuong phd bien, truyen day nhiing
Idi
hat,
Id'i
diln.
Sau hoa binh lap lai d mien Bac (1954) va trong sudt nhirng nam thang
chdng My, d Ninh Binh phong trao bieu diln va thudng thiic van nghe cheo
phat trien kha rdng. Thdi ky nay, cac phudng cheo, hdi cheo lang chuyen dan
thanh cac ddi cheo cua
hgp
tac xa ndng nghiep (ma ban dau hop tac xa cd quy
md lang, ve sau cd quy md lien thdn lang).
Hdu
nhu khdng cd may lang xa d
tinh
Ninh Binh lai khdng cd ddi van nghe, ma goi la ddi van nghe
tiic
dd la ddi
cheo (ddi vdi ngudi Kinh)
Nhiing ddi cheo hinh thanh va ndi tieng thdi chdng My
ciia
cac dia
phuong tinh Ninh Binh la: Nam Dan (xa Thuong Kiem, huyen Kim Son); ddi
Khanh Thinh (huyen Yen Md); ddi cheo Thuy Lgi (huyen Gia Viln); cac ddi
cheo:
Yen Phong, Tam Duong, Yen Thd, Yen Mac, Yen Ddng (Huyen Yen
Md);
Khanh Cdng, Khanh Tien, Khanh Thien, Khanh Trung, Khanh Hdng,
Khanh Lgi (huyen Yen Khanh); Gia Trung, Gia Minh, Gia Lap, Gia Phong,

Gia Thinh, Lien Son (huyen Gia Viln); Lang Phong,
Xich
Thd, Gia Thuy, thi
tran Nho Quan (huyen Nho Quan)v.v
Hdi bay gid, cac ddi cheo lang, xa dugc quy tu bdi hau het cac hat nhan
van nghe dia phuong, bao gdm nhiing "con nha ndi" ciing nhiing ngudi cd
khudu ca hat, diln xudng, dan, trdng, sdi ndi hang hai tap luyen. Ve ddi sdng
cac diln vien, nhac cdng dugc hgp tac xa tri tra, hd trg bang cdng diem tua nhu
vdi xa vien lao ddng san xuat. Cac khoan chi
phi
mua sam nhac cu, trang phuc,
phuong tien bieu diln do hgp tac xa trich quy (nhu bang thdc,
Ign,
dc, bd )
de dau tu trang bi.
Ngay cac budi tap diln
ciia
cac ddi van nghe cheo ciing dugc nhieu
ngudi dan tdi xem. Hang nam,
cii
vao dip tet nguyen dan, dip dai hdi xa vien,
dip lang xa cd
"sir
kien" vui thi dudng nhu khdng the thieu dem van nghe cheo
do chinh cac nghe sy que nha
bi^u
diln. Phuong tien cdn thd so: son phan
nhieu khi dugc tu tao bang nhirng nguyen lieu san cd trong ddi thudng; anh
sang bang lira cui, den bao, sau nay cd den mang-sdng. Noi bieu diln la san
KHAOTA • •

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HUYEN YEN
kCHANH
dinh lang, la "san ddi" (san tap ket
liia,
khoai cua ddi san xuat) hoac la san kho
hgp tac xa
O nhirng lang que cd md hdi,
cii
mdi dip hdi lang (thudng la vao dip
mua xuan), cac ddi cheo hay trong viing thudng dugc mdi
(rude)
ve diln trich
doan vd cheo cd hoac hoat canh cheo, vd cheo ngan cd de tai phan anh duong
dai,
bieu diln d san dinh, de
vira
"thir thach", vira la vui xuan.
Phong trao hoc hat cua cac "nghe sy" thdn que d Ninh Binh trong cac
thap ky 50,
60
the ky XX kha rdng rai vdi nhu cdu
Idn
ve
saeh
va tai lieu
hudng dan. Ty Van hoa Ninh Binh da bien soan va phat hanh 03 cudn

saeh
day
hat cheo (cd cudn gidi thieu tren mdt tram lan dieu cheo), phat hanh tdi 30
nghin cudn trong mdt thdi gian ngan.
Cd ddi cheo quy md lang nhu ddi Nam Dan (huyen Kim Son)) vdi nhieu
vd diln hay, nhieu diln vien gidi nghe timg di bieu diln nhieu noi trong va
ngoai
tinh,
rS't
duge ham md, cam tinh.
Cd nhirng ddi cheo nhu: Ninh Phong (thi xa Ninh Binh), Lang Phong
(Nho Quan), Lien
Sc^n
(Gia Viln) timg nhieu nam la dien hinh va lam ndng
cdt phong trao van nghe (cheo) cua huyen, thudng xuyen tham gia cac hdi diln
van nghe quan chiing cua huyen,
tinh,
Trung uong, gianh nhieu giai thudng
cho tiet muc, diln vien.
Ve nghe thuat cheo chuyen nghiep tinh Ninh
Binh;
Nam 1958, Doan Cheo Sdng Van dugc thanh lap, dugc
vi
nhu mdt
sir
ket
tu tinh hoa cua nghe thuat cheo Ninh Binh, mdt "tham hoa"
nlc
rd tren "manh
dat cheo Ninh Binh". Cac diln vien, nhac cdng dugc tuyen

lira
tir nhiing ddi
cheo ndi tieng trong ca
tinh.
Cac vd diln thdi ky dau cua Doan Cheo Sdng Van nhu:
"Virdn
Cam",
"Hirong
lua
tinh
que", "Chi Tham anh Hong", "Tam Cam", "La cd nam
xua", "Ngudi dng khac mau" Vd diln dau tien ma Doan tham gia Hdi diln
nghe thuat san khau chuyen nghiep toan qudc (mien Bac) nam 1962 la vd
"Nang tien
niii
Thuy" gianh Huy
ehuong
Bac.
KHAOTA •
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CHtEU
CHEO
TRUYEN
JHONQ HUYEN YEN
ICHANH
Vay la cac vd diln thdi gian dau cua Doan Cheo Sdng Van- dai dien cho
nghe thuat cheo chuyen nghiep
ciia tinh
Ninh Binh hau het la nhirng vd cheo
duong dai (khdng phai la cheo cd) nhung lai vii "cheo" ma dugc ddng dao

khan gia, nhan dan tan thudng. Vi tat ca trong dd:
- Cai "tam hdn cheo",
sir
say me nghe thuat cheo truyen thdng cua cac
tang
Idp
nhan dan trong va ngoai
tinh
Ninh Binh.
- Tai nang, tam huyet,
sir
lang dgng ma nen "hdn cheo" cua cac tac gia,
dao diln, diln vien, nhac cdng Doan Cheo Sdng Van (cac tac gia cua cac vd
diln cheo neu tren hau het la: ngudi Ninh Binh).
Vdi con mat nhin hien nay ( 2005) thi dd qua la do: thien thdi, dia lgi,
nhan hoa. Trong nhirng nam 60 va nhiing nam dau thap ky 70 cua the ky XX,
Doan Cheo Sdng Van lien tiep dan dung thanh cdng cac vd:
"NhCrng
ngirdi
chien thang", "Chuyen doi ngan", "Tam voc dai hong", "Sgi to vang",
"Luu Binh Duong Ll", "Suy Van", "Hoa Trudng Son", "Cd Hira Ddng
Giao",
"Huong budi", "Cd Son", "Thai hau
Dirong
Van Nga" (vd dugc phat tren Dai
Truyen hinh Viet Nam) Nhieu ngudi trong gidi cheo ndi rang dd la thdi
hoang kim
ciia
Doan Cheo Sdng Van. Trong cai "be cheo" cua Ninh Binh,
Doan da hdi tu dugc mdt ddi ngii diln vien sung

sire
tai nang va dugc dao tao,
bdi dudng kha cdng phu. Dd la nhiing ngudi hat hay, dan gidi, lai chiu dung
dugc nhiing khd khan, thieu thdn trong thdi ky chdng My vdi tinh than hang
hai,
vd tu.
KHAOTA
•
TraY^q^
&
CHiEU CHEO
JRiUYEN
JHONQ HUYEN YEN
fCHANH
II.
NHtJNG
BIEN DONG, MAI MOT
CUA CHIEU CHEO TRUYEN THONG.
Tir nhirng nam cudi thap ky 70 the ky XX, nghe thuat cheo d Ninh Binh
bi mai mdt dan ciing vdi nhiing bien ddng chuyen ddi cua ddi sdng nhan dan.
Nhin chung, tir khi hgp tac xa ndng nghiep d mien Bac "md rdng quy
md" tir hgp xa cap thdn thanh lien thdn, nang sua't ndng nghiep giam dan (do
nhieu nguyen nhan: co che quan ly, tam ly cua ngudi ndng dan ).
Ve ddi sdng: sau khi giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat Td
qudc.
Lien
Xd, Trung Qudc cat giam vien trg, dae biet la luong thuc (trong khi ta chua
the nao tu
tiic
dugc) nen ddi sdng nhan dan ra't khd khan, thieu ddi. Ddi sdng

vat chat qua thieu thdn va cd be tac, nen ddi sdng tinh than ciing gap nhieu khd
khan. Nhu cdu thudng thirc nghe thuat cheo ndi rieng va nghe thuat ndi chung
tuy khdng khac trudc, song dieu kien bieu diln va thudng thiic nghe thuat
(cheo) 0 cac viing thdn que hdu nhu khdng cdn. Ba con ndng dan (chiem han
80%
dan sd)
chi
cd the dugc nghe hat cheo tren loa truyen thanh
ciia
Dai
Tieng ndi Viet Nam vao nhirng budi trua va nhirng budi tdi
thii
bay. Vay la,
nghe thuat cheo trong thdi ky ay vdi nhan dan "tuy gdn ma xa", do
sir
giao luu
gian tiep, vi "nghe ma chang thay". Chieu cheo
san
dinh, nhirng man cheo tren
san
khau van nghe thdn lang, hgp tac xa
liii
ddn vao
dT
vang.
Ve khdng gian cua nghe thuat cheo truyen thdng: trong nhirng cudi thap
ky 70, ddu thap ky 80 cua the ky XX, phdn nhieu cac dinh, den thd d cac lang
que mien Bdc bi dd bd (sau ca mdt thdi ky dudng nhu bi bd quen). Cac ngdi
dinh lang, den thd bi bd mac ndng mua, mdi trudng huy hoai ddn, rdi trd nen
"vd hdn", "vd cam" trong nhirng

liic
ma khdp noi dang tien len hgp tac xa cap
cao de "lam an
Idn".
Quan niem
ciia
khdng
it
ngudi cd trach
nhiem
vdi dan,
vdi nudc khi ay la: Dinh lang, den thd la hien than
ciia
che do cu, lac hau,
me
tin,
phong kien v.v
chi
la
sir
can trd, hoac
chi it
la "het vai trd", "khdng
cdn thiet", "de lam gi" Do vay ma ngay nay, bieu tugng cua cac lang que
KflAOTA
> Tranq
9
CHtEU CHEO
JRUYEN
JHONQ HUYEN YEN

y^HANH
Viet Nam: cay da, ben nudc, san dinh cdn rat hiem (cd giai doan, hien trang
nay dugc bien hd la: do chien tranh ac liet tan pha)!?
Vay la: cdng ddng lang, thdn, noi hinh thanh va luu tdn nghe thuat cheo
truyen thdng bi suy yeu, nen nhirng chieu cheo bi mai mdt va vdng bdng sudt
may thap ky. Nhieu nghe nhan cheo d Ninh Binh da timg thdt len bang mot
cau
trong Truyen Kieu rdng:
'Trdm
ndm do mot trdn cudi nhu
khong".
Nhieu
cu cdn ndi: diln cheo u? khac nao
''Day
thdng dm ddnh vdt". San dinh da bao
ddi timg la noi diln ra viec lang hang nam, noi hdi
11,
noi quan tren kinh ly
qua day chang cdn thi chieu cheo lang lam sao khdng vdng bdng. Day la thuc
trang dau sdt khdng rieng d dia ban
tinh
Ninh Binh.
Ve thi hieu nghe thuat;
Trong nhirng nam cudi thap ky 70 trd di, nghe thuat cheo truyen thdng
tren nhirng
san
khau cheo lang, xa (cd sd) dugc coi la vdng bdng, tan lui ddn.
Vi:
ddi, va khdng cdn thiet, vi lac hau, vi: "chdng ai cdn hoi dau ma hat hay
nghe nhiing bai, dieu

i
a". Cd nhirng ngudi hoan thanh nghia vu, tir
phia
Bdc
trd ve (khoang nhirng nam 80 ) ke rdng: dan tdc thieu sd nghe cheo bao la "hay
thi cd hay nhung ma 1dm hi qua!? Lai cd nhirng vi tri gia tam
sir:
khdng hieu vi
sao tdi chang thich cheo, vi "cheo" vira lac hau lai chdng ra lam sao. (Dd la
vao nhirng nam cudi thap ky 70, nhirng nam ddu thap ky 80 cua the ky XX).
Thdi ky nay, bieu diln
san
khau tren dia ban nhieu
tinh
d mien Bdc cd
"ban ve" thi ed cai luang va ca nhac.
Ve cai luong: Day la loai hinh truyen thdng Nam Bd luu hanh ra Bdc Bd
sau giai phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat dat nudc. Hang thap ky, cac khan gia
mien Bdc xem dd la "mdn an la,
miii
mdn". Cai luong mdi la mdt thdi thugng
bay gid. Vdi nhirng
cau
"trd" ma nay kha quen thudc rdi thi khi dd dugc coi la
tuyet dieu. Cac nghe sy cheo tir bao nam cua que huong xir sd "nhan hdng,
mft
mat" danh nhudng chd cho nhiing
"xoai
tugng, sdu rieng". Nhirng bang
cassette ghi gigng cua Thanh Tuan va Thanh Kim Hue la mdt cua khdng ft

KHAOTA ——— •
Trang 10
CHtEU CHEO
JRUYEN
JHONQ HUYEN YEN
fCHANH
ngudi mien Bdc, dae biet la nhirng ngudi cd dieu kien "qudn
loe,
tdc dai". Theo
do,
cai luong mdi la hay vi cai luong mui mdn. Cdn cheo la lac hau, chi loan
i
a.
Cung that la nghich canh, vi trudc dd, khi chien tranh chdng My chua
ket thuc, cd ngudi da ndi (theo giai thoai) rdng (dai de) d mien Bdc ti vi chay
day dudng!?
Khdng hieu vi sao ma sau giai phdng, thdng nhat dat nudc, tdc dai, qudn
loe,
xe dap (rdm) va cai luong tran ngap cac
tinh
Bdc Bd nhu vay. Au dd cung
la
sir
giao thoa. Nhieu diln vien cheo, kich ndi d mien Bdc hat cai luong kha
mui mdn, nhung d mien Nam thi cheo vdn la mdt "cai gi dd" xa
Idc
xa lo.
Ve nhiing ddng nhac khac, dugc the ma luu truyen ra mien Bdc thdi ay
la "nhac vang" va "nhac xanh". Dai de la: "Neu mai anh chet em cd hudn
khdng ?" do Che Linh the hien, rdi: "Hat bui nao hoa kiep than tdi. De ngay

mai tdi trd thanh cat bui" do Khanh Ly the
hien.v.v
va v.v gia dinh thdn
que nao d mien Bdc khi ay chua cd ndi mdt Radio cassette thi dugc xem nhu
lac hau 1dm rdi.
Nhd rang: nhiing nam 80, trudc va sau Me-hi-cd 86, ca Van phdng Sd
Van hoa Thdng tin Ha Nam Ninh (cii) vdn chua cd ndi mdt
chiee
ti vi den
trdng ra hdn (Ngudi khao ta
ehuong
trinh nay).
La thay: Cheo mien Bdc khdng du nhap vao mien Nam dugc, ma cai
luong mien Nam lai du nhap ra mien Bdc dugc, khi ay?
Mot sd nha nghien
ciiu
ndi: cheo la md phdng ddi sdng xua; cdn cai
luong la ca nggi hoac than van ve timg canh ngd. (Day qua la mdt de tai
Idn).
Thuc te la: tir nhirng nam 1980 den 1990 (tuong ddi) tren
san
khau d cac
huyen,
thi xa mien Bdc vdng bdng cheo, ma
chi
thinh hanh cai luong va "ca
nhac".
Cai luong va "ca nhac" sdng dugc la vi: ban dugc ve.
Vay la:
Sir Idng

xudng va mai mdt cua nghe thuat cheo truyen thdng tir
khi dd chua phai do: phuong tien nghe nhin phat trien nhu hien nay.
KHAOTA
•
Trang 11
CHtEU CHEO
JZUYEN
JHONQ HUYEN YEN
hCHANH
Ve cheo chuyen nghiep: Do
sil
chi phdi nao dd ma da timg diln ra mot
khuynh hudng lech lac vdi
sir
"cai tien cheo" trong nhiing nam 80
ciia
the ky
XX. Dae
tning,
ban
sde ciia
nghe thuat cheo khi dd trd nen rat
"thii
yeu".
Sir
"cai tien cheo" thdi ky nay, den nay da dugc kiem nghiem, chdng qua la
sir
"kich hoa cheo" ma nhieu khi kha thd bao.
Sir
"kich hoa" dd cung la mdt

nguyen nhan ddn den
sir
mai mdt ban
sde
cua nghe thuat cheo.
Trong thdi ky dd, cd nhiing chuyen cdn kha la
Idm,
Idn Idn
giira kich ndi
vdi cheo, giua "Tay" vdi "Ta", khdng the cdn dau chat dan gian truyen thdng,
tinh
udc le cua nghe thuat cheo nua.
Ddi vdi "cheo chuyen nghiep", cd nghe sy cho rdng
sir
"cai bien cheo"
sai,
lech hudng ciing la do mdt thdi "bd
tri
can bd sai", ma nhirng nghe nhan
cheo thi danh phai "ngdi chd" de mang vdn quy ay xudng sudi vang. Hdu nhu
cac "vd cheo mdi" khdng the
riit
ra dugc nhiing mieng, vai diln, trich doan hay
nhu ddi vdi cac vd cheo cd. Ly luan ve cheo ciing td ra be tdc. Mot hien trang
kha phd bien tren
san
khau thdi ky nay la: ben canh nhiing nhac cu dan tdc
(dan nguyet, nhi, sao, trdng ) cd ca dan trdng ja va ghi ta dien tir. Va nhirng
diln vien cheo xinh dep hat nhac nhe kha hay. Cai "vdn cheo" d hg ddn lu md
di ma chdng hay biet. Ldp tre xd vao hoc nhac cu mdi,

hge
hat nhac hien dai
nen ddi ngii diln vien cheo chuyen nghiep va khdng chuyen nghiep thieu hut
nghiem trgng. Ddng thdi, nhirng kich ban cheo hiem va neu cd thi ciing rat ft
"cheo",
vi cac tac gia viet kich ban san khdu vi de kiem sdng nen phai "lai tao"
kich ndi vdi cheo. Tham chf cd nhiing diln vien cheo chuyen sang hat cai
luong. Khi quay lai hat cheo thi trd nen xa xdi, lac long trong budng loi, nha
chii",
ngam rung, luyen lay, tham
chi
lech ca nhip phach
Tir sau nay dat nudc thdng nhat (1976) cho den nam 1990,
1991,
nghe
thuat cheo cd nhirng
sir
phan hoa khd ludng. Cd nhirng vd cheo dat tdi
dinh
cao
vdi
sir
sang tao tren co sd ke thira va phat huy tinh hoa nghe thuat cheo truyen
thdng. Cd nhiing vd cheo ma thuc chat la "kich ndi ddi lot cheo", vdi phuong
cham hiing hdn la "cai bien cheo",
dii
su cai bien ay cho den nay (2005) chdng
mang lai tfch
sir
gi dang ke. Cd Doan cheo (Ha Nam Ninh) dung vd cheo

KHAOTA •
Trang 12
CHtEU CHEO
JRUYEN
JHONQ HUYEN YEN
hCHANH
"Chuyen la thanh Nu Kha" vdi cdt chuyen xua, tir luc dia khac. xa
Idc.
tren
tinh than cai bien cheo, "cheo hoa" ca the gidi sau chien tranh de kien qudc,
vdi "tinh cam qudc te, be ban nam chau". Nhiing cd Tam, Thi Mau. Thi
Kfnh,
Thay xa, Kim Nham, Cu
Siit
trong cheo cd hay cd Dao, cd Man, cd Loan thdi
chdng Phap, chdng My khi ay bi budc phai tam nhudng chd tren san khau cho
nhiing chang Simon, nang
Sita,
rdi ca
diic
vua Ai Cap
Mdt sd nghe nhan cheo da ndi: thdi ay cd
sir
lai
eang
trong cheo ciing la
duong nhien. Mdt
chiee
xe dap ciing dugc che tao tir khdp noi tren the gidi ma
vdn chat lugng: Khung Nam Ha, pe dan Lien Xd, vanh nhdm Van Trang, nan

hoa Tiep, sam ldp gia cdng, mac xe Peugeut
Duong thdi,
tinh
Ha Nam Ninh (bao gdm ba
tinh:
Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh,
Ha Nam ngay nay) cd mdt doan cheo, ca nudc cd 15 doan vdi hon 500 nghe sy
diln vien. Ddi sdng thieu thdn, chat vat, thanh sde giam
siit
theo che do bao
cap.
Cheo chuyen nghiep vdng bdng ngdi sao. Nhieu ngdi sao cheo da lan di vi
hoan canh sdng, do phai kiem sdng bdng nghe khac. O Ninh Binh khi ay, cac
diln vien nhieu trien vgng nhu Lam Binh (nay la nghe sy uu tii, Phd trudng
Doan Nghe thuat Ninh Binh) di ban hoa qua, ban dep, mdt sd nir diln vien
cheo ban
biin,
ban rau, mdt sd nam diln vien di vao cac den, mieu, phu lam
cung van, chan nudi
Ign,
sira chira xe dap, dd dien tuy theo sd trudng.
Ke ve cac diln vien cheo chuyen nghiep va cheo khdng chuyen dugc tap
luyen hat cac lan dieu cheo truyen thdng nen khi hat gap liing tiing, khdng
nhuyin,
khdng hay, lai bi chi phdi bdi mdt
Idi
hat "cdng minh"
ciia
"cheo
mdi"

nen loi hat "bach thanh" thudn cheo rat khd thuc hien dugc. Cac nghe
nhan cheo cho
sir
cai bien cheo, vdi cau ca than: "Co dudng md
chdng
chiu di.
Lgi
dem do rdc cdn chi
Id
dudng". Nhieu kich ban kich ndi khi "chuyen the"
thanh vd diln cheo khdng den noi den chdn da va mai mai khdng the thanh
cheo dugc. Ldi nay khdng thudc ve tac gia.
Nhiing nam cudi thap ky 70 cho den cudi thap ky 80 cua the ky XX,
khan gia cua san khau cheo thua vdng. Su thua vdng thd a nay dugc giai thfch
la: cheo da lac hau, chdng may ai thfch. Nhirng bac lao ndng d thdn que vdn
KHAOTA
• '\r-anq
13
CHtEU CHEO
JKUYEN
JHONQ HUYEN YEN
fCHANH
nha cheo nhu nhd lai ca mdt thdi nien thieu, nhd va thuong hinh bdng, mau
thjt que nha. Ldp tre khi nghe ndi cd ldp diln vien cheo thi ndi: cho qua! Cd
nhirng ngudi d do tudi trung nien thi lanh limg, ly
tri:
"cheo lac hau, het thdi".
Cac ddi van nghe- ma thuc chat la ddi cheo- d mien Bdc ndi chung va d
dat Ninh Binh ndi rieng mai mdt, cdn lai khdng dang ke. Ngudn bd sung cho
cac doan cheo chuyen nghiep (cap

tinh)
bi can kiet. Cac "con nha ndi" cua
nghe thuat cheo mai me buon trai vdi ddi sdng thudng nhat.
Ciing vdi thuc trang ve thi hieu nghe thuat nhu tren, phuong tien nghe
nhin
ciing
quyet dinh phdn dang ke ddi vdi sd phan cua nghe thuat cheo truyen
thdng.
Ke tir nhirng nam 1990 trd di, ti vi, radidcassette den thdi phd bien. Dai
da sd nhan dan cd the d nha minh ma nghe nhac dan ca, nhac mdi hay xem cac
vd cheo tren san khau truyen hinh. Vay la, san khau cheo chuyen nghiep ciing
dudng nhu khdng cdn dat sdng. Viec khdi phuc cac chieu cheo truyen thdng,
chan hung nghe thuat cheo la rat khd khan, vat va. Song, nhirng nghe nhan
cheo ndi rdng: khi nao cdn ndng thdn mien Bdc thi cheo khdng the mat.
KHAOTA
• TrantTf
14
CHtEU CHEO
JRUYEN
JHONQ HUYEN YEN
tCHANH
HI.
KHOI PHUC, BAO TON CHIEU CHEO TRUYEN THONG
6
HUYEN YEN KHANH- TINH NINH BINH.
1-MAY
NET VE DAT VA
NGLfOl
HUYEN YEN KHANH.
Huyen Yen Khanh la viing ddt thudc phfa ddng

tinh
Ninh Binh, thudc
hira ngan sdng Day.
Dien tfch tu nhien: 138
km".
Dan sd: 140 nghin ngudi.
Phfa bdc va phfa ddng giap cac huyen Y Yen va Nghia Hung,
tinh
Nam
Dinh (ranh gidi la sdng Day).
Phfa nam giap huyen Kim Son.
Phia
tay giap huyen Yen Md (ranh gidi la sdng Vac).
Phfa tay bdc giap thi xa Ninh Binh.
Hien nay, huyen Yen Khanh gdm 19 xa va mdt thi tran.
Thud xa xua, phan
Idn
viing dat huyen Yen Khanh ngay nay con la bien ca.
Den nam Hdng
Diic thii
2 (1471), khi dat bdi da rdng, vua Le Thanh
Tdng cho ddp de tir cira bien Dai Nha (thudc xa Khanh Cudng ngay nay) den
cira Tieu Nha (thudc xa Yen Lam, huyen Yen Md ngay nay) de ngan nudc
bien, khai khan viing dat rdng
Idn
nay.
Tir the ky X, tuy bien cdn la hoang sau d dia ban nay nhung tren cac doi
dat bdi chdn ngang bd bien theo hudng Ddng- Tay da cd dan cu sinh sdng.
Sau khi quai de Hdng
Diic,

lang xdm hinh thanh ddn, dgc theo cac con
kenh nhan tao, nhan dan dao ao vugt thd lam nha d. Cac thdn lang thudng each
nhau 1 den 2 cay sd, qudn tu phd bien d nhung noi sdng ngdi giao nhau, gdn
noi cdu cdng de tien cho di lai va canh tac. Cac lang ven de Hdng
Dire
dugc
hinh thanh sdm hon. Viing gdn sdng Day do dat bdi mudn nen lang xdm lap
mudn hon. Cac lang xa qua cac thdi
cii
theo chan sdng tien ve phfa bien.
KHAOTA •
Trang 15
CHtEU CHEO
JZUYEN
JHONQ HUYEN YEN
ICHANH
Ddi Le Canh Hung
(1740-
1788),
Hdng
Linh
Hdu Nguyin Nghilm theo
lenh vua ddp de Hdng LTnh (ggi la dudng quan) qua dia phan cac xa: Khanh
Nhac,
Khanh Thuy, Khanh Hdng ngay nay, md mang them nhieu viing dat.
Nam Minh Menh
thii
10
(1829)
thanh lap huyen Kim Son thi dia gidi

phfa nam huyen Yen Khanh mdi dimg lai. Nhu vay, qua may the ky trudc kia,
day la viing dat md do phu sa bien bdi.
Dia ban huyen Yen Khanh ngay nay vdn la viing dat "giao thoa" van
hoa cua nhieu dia phuong,
each
day da may the ky. Do vay, noi day da hdi tu
dugc nhiing di san, tinh hoa van hoa - nghe thuat truyen thdng (d ddng bdng
Bdc Bd). Cac noi "day chir, day ngudi" xua kia kha phd bien, phat trien khdng
ngimg. Ban ddu, cac chiia chien chfnh la cac trung tam van hoa ma day la vira
la noi day chir vira la noi chan truyen dao phap. Ndi bat la chiia Ddu (Linh Nha
Tu) la ngdi chiia do hoang tir Ngu Cau Vuong va Huyen Tu cdng chiia (la con
vua Trdn Nhan Tdng) ve day md mang chiia canh, chan truyen thien phai
True
Lam, mdt thien phai mang dam ban
sde
Viet Nam do
diic
vua sang lap.
O viing Yen Khanh thdi Nho hoc cd nhieu "trung tam" day hoc cd tieng.
Tieu bieu la ldp hoc
ciia
cac thay: Bui Nhieu (Xuan Duong), Nguyin Udn
(Van Thinh- Khanh Lgi), trudng Bdng Hai cua danh su Pham Huy Thuc.
Trong sd 74 vi dd cir nhan
ciia
6 phu, huyen thudc
tinh
Ninh Binh thudc trieu
Nguyen (tir khoa thi dau tien, nam
1807

den khoa thi cudi cimg, nam
1919)
thi
huyen Yen Khanh cd 34 vi. Kim Bdng Bang Nhan Vu Duy Thanh (ngudi lang
Van Bdng, dd bang nhan, ciing la dd ddu khoa thi che nam
1851)
dugc vua Tu
Diic
chau phe: "Bang nhan che khoa thi trang nguyen. Hoang Trgng Cung
ngudi lang Yen Khe, xa Khanh Lgi dugc coi la ngudi diing ddu "Trang An that
hao"
(bay ngudi ndi tieng d dat Trang An)
Viing dat Yen Khanh "mau md" la noi hdi tu cua dan cay
tii xii
da hun
diic
nen nhiing tinh hoa van hoa, nghe thuat va nhirng nhan tai.
Rieng ve nghe thuat cheo truyen thdng - mdt loai hinh nghe thuat
san
khau dae trung cua viing ddng bdng Bdc Bd - ciing dugc hdi tu va phat huy d
KHAOTA
• ^rar\q
16
CHtEU CHEO
JKUYEN JHONQ
HUYEN YEN
tCHANH
day
qua nhieu the he.
Cde nghe nhan cheo lao luyen d dia phuong cheo cho biet: nghe thuat

cheo,
ve ngudn gdc, cd nhirng gia thuyet khac nhau:
Mot
Id:
"cheo" nghTa la "trao' (trao long) vi san khau cheo bao gid ciing
cd he cheo ma qua dd de ngudi ddi xem nhirng
sir
ngd nghinh va ca nhirng thdi
ddi rang budc cdn che cudi va rii bd.
Hai
Id:
"cheo" nghia la "trieu" (do dgc chech chii trieu dinh). Bdi vi san
khau cheo cd truyen cd cac nhan vat vua quan. Cd cau ca phd bien:
"\'iia
cheo
cdn chdng ra gi. Quan cheo vai nho
khde
chi thdng he"
.Vay
la, san khau cheo
truyen thdng vdn trao long ddi vdi vua quan thdi phong kien.
Ba
Id:
"cheo" chdng qua la "cheo thuyen". Vi nghe thuat cheo thudng
chi
dugc phd bien va luu truyen d ddng bdng Bdc Bd (tuy cd lan toa den cac
vimg trung du).
Sir
hinh thanh viing dat Yen Khanh cung ,1a
qu"a Vinh

hinh
thanh va luu truyen nghe thuat cheo, vdi mdt nen van
minn^^grji^icp liia
nudc (vec une economi agrcolc arriere).
^ J
z
Nhu da khao sat d phdn
trudc.
Yen Khanh la vimg
da\
pTO
sa
1
oi each
' ,
day tdi 5 the ky, la noi hdi tu eua cu dan den tir nhieu viing
qi|e
h^dtr
^d,
cung
>
la mdt viing dat ma nghe thuat cheo tirng dugc hdi tu va bao luu. "Cheo"
khdng phai la "cheo thuyen", nhung "cheo" ed nhip hai hod. Cac nghe nhan
dia phuong ndi: "cheo la cheo". Cac cu cdn ndi: "cheo" la hdn dan tdc. Mat
cheo la ma't dan tdc, mat hdn que huong.
2-SlJ
RA DOI, ON
DjNH,
PHAT
TRiiN

CUA CAC CAU LAC BO CHEO.
2.1-Sir
ra ddi cua cac cau lac bo cheo.
Tir sau nhirng nam 1975,
1976,
nghe thuat cheo d huyen Yen Khanh bdt
ddu mai mdt, vi
sir
vdng bdng cua cac ddi van nghe cua cac hgp tac xa ndng
nghiep. Nguyen nhan cd the dugc cho rdng, khi dd ddi sdng cua nhan dan gap
qua nhieu khd khan, thieu thdn. Ben canh dd cd mdt thuc trang la: nghe thuat
cai lucmg duge "tran ra" mien Bdc ndi chung,
tinh
Ninh Binh ndi rieng, trong
KHAOTA —•
Trang 17
CHtEU CHEO
JRUYEN
JHONQ HUYEN YEN
K^HANH
do cd dia ban huyen Yen Khanh ngay nay. Thi hieu nghe thuat cua sd ddng
ldp ngudi tre tudi thay ddi.
Trudc kia, ea huyen Yen Khanh ed khoang 35 hgp tac xa ndng nghiep
thi cung cd chimg ay cac ddi van nghe cheo. Den nam
1980
thi hdu nhu khdng
cdn ddi nao.
Theo hdi lie cua dng Nguyin Nggc Can - hien la Trudng phdng Van
hoa- Thdng tin- The thao huyen Yen Khanh, vao thdi ky nhirng nam
1980.

cii
mdi
Idn tinh
(Ha Nam Ninh cii) td ehiic hdi diln nghe thuat qudn chiing la mdt
lan cap huyen "lo toat md hdi" chay vay, gom gdp tir 35 ddi van nghe vdn kha
chimg chac trudc dd cua toan huyen, chgn va lap nen mdt ddi tuyen van nghe,
hdi ha dan dung tiet muc, ehuong trinh, ndi dung bat ke la: nhirng ngudi con
cua dat cheo truyen thdng hang hai va cd gdng diln cai luong cho nhirng con
ngudi ciing cua cac viing dat cheo xem. Xong hdi diln, ddi hgp tuyen kia lai
tan mat, mdi ngudi mdt phuong vdi bao viec sinh nhai, keo theo
sir
tan bien
ehuong
trinh, tiet muc. Vi the, viec bieu diln
ciia
cac ddi van nghe cho nhan
dan xem
chi
cdn la "van tir" trong cac bao cao eua phdng van hod thdng tin ddi
vdi ca'p tren. O cac thdn, lang, hgp tac xa khi dd, cac ddi van nghe, truyen
thdng la cheo nhudng chd cho cac nhdm "ca khiic chfnh tri" vdi cac dan, trdng
Tay, chu yeu lam dich vu trong dam cudi.
Nghi quyet TW5 (Khoa VIII) cua Dang ve
xay
dung va phat trien nen
van hoa Viet Nam tien tien dam da ban
sde
dan tdc nhu mdt ludng sinh khf
mdi thdi vao phong trao van hoa van nghe cua qudn chiing nhan dan. De thuc
hien Nghi quyet trong thuc te, quy Udc dan

chii,
quy udc nep sdng van hoa
dugc xay dung va thuc hien rdng rai d cac thdn, lang. Phong trao van nghe
qudn chiing dugc khdi phuc va phat trien d Yen Khanh.
Khi cac cap uy Dang, chfnh quyen dia phuong d huyen Yen Khanh
thdng nha't khdng dinh: Van nghe qudn chiing la do chfnh qudn chiing sang tao
ra, bieu diln va hudng thu va nd dt phai tdn tai.
K+HAOTA • Tranq
16
CHtEU CHEO
JRiUYEN JHONQ
HUYEN YEN
f^HANH
Mdt sang kien can ban dang ghi nhan d Yen Khanh la: tao dung hinh
thai cau lac bd van nghe ma hat nhan la nghe thuat cheo de thay the hinh thai
"doan, ddi" van nghe trudc kia. Day la mdt each thiic chuyen ddi hinh thai cua
"chieu cheo truyen thdng" d dia phuong trong thdi ky qua do sang thdi kinh te
thi trudng. Vdi phuong cham xa hdi hoa van hoa, van nghe, thuc hien quy che
chung: "Dan biet, dan ban, dan lam, dan kiem tra".
Khdi ddu nam 1996, cau lac bd cheo xdm 6, xa Khanh Mau dugc thanh
lap (vdi mdt sd nghe nhan ndi tieng, cd truyen thdng gia dinh vdi
sir
hien dien
cua hai the he. Tieu bieu la diln vien Thuy
Miii
va ngudi cha la mdt nghe nhan
nhac cheo
Su hoat ddng thdi gian ddu ciia
cau
lac bd nay gap rat nhieu khd khan vi:

chua dugc
sir
ddng tinh
iing
hd rdng rai cua nhan dan va khdng cd che do ve
kinh phf. Song, ft lau sau, Chu tich xa Khanh Mau la ngudi da tfch cue ung ho
thanh lap cau lac bd cheo cua dia phuong nay.
Ban ddu la
sir
gap gd trao ddi giira dai dien Phdng Van hod - Thdng tin-
The thao huyen, lanh dao dia phuong xa, trudng thdn vdi mot vai hat nhan van
nghe vdi mdt sd anh chi em ngudi trong thdn cd nang khieu va
sir
nhiet tinh
vdi nghe thuat cheo. Sau dd, quy udc hoat ddng cua nhdm cau lac bd hinh
thanh tren co sd ban bac, thoa thuan, kem theo bien ban thanh lap cau lac bd
cheo,
dugc cac thanh vien ky xac nhan.
Cau lac bd thdn 6, xa Khanh Mau hinh thanh chfnh la mdt the nghiem
cua Phdng Van hoa - Thdng tin - The thao huyen Yen Khanh sau mdt thdi gian
tim tdi, vdi
sir
giiip dd, ung hd cua lanh dao Sd Van hoa - Thdng tin Ninh Binh
(each thirc thanh lap,
sir
gidi thieu nhirng hat nhan nghe thuat,
sir
dam bao mdt
sd dieu kien tdi thieu cdn thiet).
Sau mdt thdi gian hang hai tap luyen cac dieu hat cheo va mdt sd

trich
doan cheo cd,
cau
lac bd tien hanh ra mdt va bieu diln phuc vu nhan dan dia
phuong. Tiep sau dd, cau lac bd td chiic hat, diln cheo phuc vu cugc bdu cir
Hdi ddng Nhan dan cac cap d dia phuong xa, gdp phdn tuyen truyen cugc bdu
KHAOTA
• Tranq
19
CHtEU CHEO
JZUYEN
JHONQ HUYEN YEN
fCHANH
cu HDND dat ket qua tdt. Cau lac bd ciing da phuc vu dia phuong vdi pham \i
toan xa tuyen truyen hudng
ling
cac cugc van ddng phong trao nhu: Xoa ddi
giam ngheo, ung hd ddng bao bi lu lut, sinh de cd ke hoach, chuyen ddi co cau
cay trdng, vat nudi , phuc vu nhan dan cac thdn lang trong xa vao cac dip ll,
tet, tuyen truyen ve quy che dan chu.
Qua cac dip quyen gdp, cau lac bd da dugc nhan dan ddng gdp irng hd
mot sd tien tuy khdng nhieu de mua sdm them nhac cu va nhirng trang thiet bi
can thiet ban ddu. Uy ban nhan dan xa da quyet dinh cdt mdt phdn rugng dat
(rugng cay
liia)
de hd trg cho cau lac bd cheo, nhdm hd trg ve sinh hoat cua
cac thanh vien. Co che nay ciing dugc dp dung thuc hien ddi vdi hdu het cac
cau lac bd cheo cua huyen Yen Khanh hien nay.
Ban dau, cau lac bd cheo thdn 6 xa Khanh Mau mdi cd 5-7 ngudi, sau
dd va hien nay cd chimg

15
thanh vien d cac
liia
tudi.
Thang 6 nam 1997, tai Uy ban nhan dan xa Khanh Mau, vdi
sir
cd mat
cua Chu tich UBND xa, Trudng ban Van hoa - Thdng tin xa, cau lac bd cheo
xa Khanh Mau - ma hat nhan vdn la cau lac bd thdn 6
ciia
xa td
chu^c
II ra mdt.
Cac thu tuc thanh lap
cau
lac bd cheo cua xa gdm: bdu chu nhiem cau
lac bd, thdng qua quy udc hoat ddng cua cau lac bd tren tinh thdn tu nguyen,
cac ndi dung
ehuong
trinh tap va bieu diln phai dugc thdng qua lanh dao chfnh
quyen xa. Ciing nam 1997, cac cau lac bd cheo xdm 5, xdm 9, xdm 10, xdm
12 ciing cua xa Khanh Mau va cau lac bd cheo xa Khanh Trung cd kha nhieu
nghe nhan cheo (nhu d cac thdn: Kien Oc, Quyet Trung ).
Nam 1998, tieu chuan thi dua cua huyen quy dinh 12 muc ndi dung,
trong dd cd tieu chuan thi dua ve van hoa, the thao, dugc tfnh theo bang diem.
Rieng tieu
chi
ve van nghe, quy dinh la "phai cd cheo". (Tieu chf nay la 30
diem, mdt sd diem kha cao trong bang diem thi dua). Thdi gian nay, toan
huyen Yen Khanh da cd 15

cau
lac bd cheo la:
-Xa Khanh Mau: 05 CLB.
-Xa Khanh Trung: 02 CLB.
KHAOTA
• TranqZO
CHtEU CHEO
JRUYEN
JHONQ HUYEN YEN
tCHANH
-Xa Khanh Hdng: 02 CLB.
-Xa
Khanh Ninh: 01 CLB.
-Xa
Khanh
Hoa:
01 CLB.
-Xa Khanh Tien: 02 CLB.
-Xa Khanh Thanh: 01 CLB.
-Xa
Khanh Cdng: 01 CLB.
Ciing nam
1998,
ldp bdi dudng nang cao ve nghe thuat cheo dugc md d
huyen Yen Khanh,
chii
yeu la bdi dudng tay nghe cho cac nhac cdng trong 2
nam (1988-1989). Ldp do cac nhac cdng day dan tay nghe la: Tuan Ai,
Nguyin Manh Hung, Pham
Dii-c

Duyen, Xuan Quy dam nhan huan luyen. Ldp
day
miia
cheo ciing da dugc td chiic do chfnh quyen dia phuong phdi
hc;^
vdi
hdi phu nii, vao nhiing dip ndng nhan, do cac can bd Nha Van hod Trung tam
tmh Ninh Binh hudng ddn.
Nam 1999, hai
cau
lac bd cheo
ciia
xdm 5 va xdm 10, xa Khanh Cudng
thanh lap.
Nam 2000, cau lac bd xdm 13, xa Khanh Thuy, cau lac bd lang Luu My,
xa Khanh Van thanh lap.
Du kien den nam 2010, d Yen Khanh se thanh lap them khoang 3 cau
lac bd cheo nira.
Hien nay, cd mdt thuc trang la: nhirng nghe nhan, diln vien nhac cdng
ngay mdt gia yeu di ma ldp tre lai chua the ke tiep dugc. Trong mdi cugc lien
hoan, hdi diln van nghe qudn chiing d cap huyen, cap
tinh
va cap Trung uong,
huyen Yen Khanh deu chgn
lira
hat nhan, ndng cdt la nghe thuat cheo d cac
cau lac bd manh, ma
chii
yeu la: thi hat hay, dan gidi.
Hdu het cac cugc thi, lien hoan deu la dip de the hien nang khieu, cdng

phu tap hat va diln cheo. Day la mdt phuong thiic xa hdi hoa van hoa nghe
thuat dan tdc d Yen Khanh.
6
cac cugc thi: Phu nir gidi, Bf thu chi bd gidi, ndng dan gidi d Yen
Khanh deu cd
sir
"long ghep" trong dd ndi dung thi van nghe ma chu yeu la
K-HAOTA
•
Trang 21
CHtEU CHEO
JKUYEN
JHONQ HUYEN YEN
tCHANH
hat va diln cheo (uu tien
dae
biet) nhdm tao mdi trudng va duy tri
siic
sdng
cho nghe thuat cheo truyen thdng.
Ve giao luu giira cac cau lac bd cheo: vao cac dip cd cac su kien chfnh
tn Idn
d dia phuong, cac dip
11
tet, cac cau lac bd cheo d huyen Yen Khanh
thudng "chia cum" de ciing giao luu,
hge
hdi
Idn
nhau ve:

each
diln.
Idi
luyen
lay, ngdn dan
Ve ddi ngu sang tac: Hien d cac dia phuong d huyen Yen Khanh cd
hang chuc tac gia: Le Huy Tu, The Vu, Pham Dinh Tuyen, Pham Xuan Quy,
Ngd Xuan Loan, Nguyin Manh Himg, Tuan Ai, Pham Quang Hdng, Pham
Nggc Gidi. Cac tac gia cheo hudng
ling
sang tac nhieu hoat canh, vd diln qua
cac dgt phat ddng tuyen truyen phuc vu nhiem vu chfnh tri, van hod - xa hdi d
dia phuong. Cac vd diln tieu bieu gdn day va hien nay nhu:
"Cii
tudng dau xa"
cua tac gia Pham Nggc Gidi (Huy ehuong vang Hdi diln nghe thuat
tinh
Ninh
Binh),
"Manh rugng giua ddng" cua Pham Quang Hdng; nhiing hoat canh
cheo:
"Ngay hdi non sdng" cua Ngd Xuan Loan
Dae
biet la vd cheo "Ldng
me"
cua tac gia An Viet Dam - tac gia chuyen nghiep - doat Huy
ehuong
vang
hdi diln cheo khu vuc Ddng bdng Bdc Bd
Thudng la trong cac dem bieu diln phuc vu nhan dan,

cau
lac bd cheo
cd hinh thiic quyen gdp (bdng hdm quyen gdp). Cac lanh dao chfnh quyen dia
phuong vui ve bd tien ung hd trudc, rdi ngudi xem hudng
ling
theo, tao quy
hoat ddng cho cau lac bd.
O khdng ft cac cau lac bd cheo noi day, nhirng vi lanh dao chfnh quyen
dia phuong ciing tham gia hat va dien cheo. O CLB xa Khanh
Cuimg,
CLB
thdn 6, thdn 9 xa Khanh Mau, CLB lang Tien Phong xa Khanh
Tien,
lang
Quyet Trung xa Khanh Trung cd hdi vien la Bf thu Dang uy, Chu tich HDND,
chu tich UBND hoac la uy vien UBND xa. Nhiing hdi vien nay thuc
sir
ciing la
ngUdi cd nang khieu hat cheo hay, gia nhap
cau
lac bd cheo la do
sir
yeu nghe
thuat dan tdc truyen thdng.
Kl-IAOTA •
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