Quy trình dạy học phát hiện trong dạy học tiểu học

NGHIEN ciiu &Ul^G DUNG

III

QUY TRiNH DAY HOC PHIIT H I C N TR0N6 DAY HOC TIED HOC

L

i thuyet ve day hpc ki8n
tao
(Constructivism
Teoria) Iuon dua tren
quan diem nguoi hoc o vi.tri
trung tam, nghia la nguoi hpc
tu tim kiem, kham pha ra tri
thiic moi dua tren nen tang tri
thiic cu da hpc va von kinh
nghiem song cua ban than.
Day hpc kham pha, lay nguoi
hpc lam trung tam, huong vao
nguoi hpc (Learner Centred
Inquiry) da dupe rat nhieu tac
gia de cap toi nhu la "mot xu
the de xay dimg chien luge
giao due ngay nay"
1. Day hoc phat hien- mot
hirdng day hoc kham pha
J.Richard Suchman, cha
de cua chuong trinh day hpc
kham pha dupe sir dung rpng
rai khap nuoc MT da timg noi

"kham pha la each mpi nguoi
hpc khi hp don doc" Voi
Dewey, kham pha la "su tim
hieu mot each chu dpng, kien
tri va kl luomg ve mot niem tin
hoac mot dang kien thiic nao
do tu nhiing nen tang ho trg
cho no va nhCtng ket luan gan
hom vol y kien do"
Thuat ngir "day hpc kham
pha" (Inquiry Teaching) hay
con gpi la day hpc dua tren
sir kham pha (Inquiry- Based
Teaching) dupe xuat hien va
sii dimg voi tu each la mot
phucmg phap day hpc tich cue,
nang dpng va sang tao. Dual
goc dp li luan day hpc hien
dai, day hpc kham pha dupe
hilu theo nghia rpng bao ham
trong do cac PPDHTC khac

Le Thi Lan Anh
Khoa Gido due Tieu hoc Tnfong DHSP Hd Noi 2
nhau nhu: Day hpc tu phat tir nhiing bang chiing dupe
hien (con gpi la hpc tap kham sap xep lai do hinh thanh
pha) (Discover Learning), nhung hieu biet moi". Bruner
Giai quyet van de (Problem tin tuong rang da>^ hpc tu
Solving), Kham pha quy nap phat hien chi co the dien ra
(Inductive Inquiry), Kham neu nguoi day va nguoi hpc

pha dien dich (Deductive cung nhau lam viee mot each
Inquiry), Day hpc kham pha hpp tac. Ong gpi loai hinh
du an (Project Based Inquiry). nay la "day hpc mang tinh gia
"Day hpc kham pha la mot thuyet" va day hpc voi y nghia
qua trinh, trong do duoi vai la "thu hiit HS tham gia" chii
tro dinh huong ctia nguoi day, khong phai la "truyen dat kien
nguoi hpc ehu dpng viec hpc thiic" Day hpc tu phat hien
tap ciia ban than, hinh thanh la each tiep can cao nhat cua
cac cau hoi dat ra trong tu duy, day hpc giai quyet van de:
mo rpng cong viec nghien
Tiep can 1: GV neu ra tinh
ciiu, tim kiem; tir do xay dimg huong- GV giai quyet tinh
nen nhirng hieu biet va tri hu6n§ do.
thiic mai. Nhiing kien thiic
Tiep can 2: GV xay dung
nay giiip eho nguoi hpc tra loi tinh huong c6 van de- GV va
cac cau hoi, tim kiem cac giai HS giai quygt THCVD
phap khacrihau de giai quyet
Tiep can 3: GV xay dung
cac van de, ehimg minh mot THCVD- HS doc lap giai
dinh li hay mot quan diem"
quyet THCVD.
Kham pha trong day hpc
Tiep can 4: HS tu phat hien
CO nam kieu: day hpc du an, ra THCVD- HS tu giai quySt
kham pha quy nap, kham pha THCVD.
dien dich, giai quyet van de va
2. Quy tiinh "FIVE E'S"
day hpc tu phat hien. Day hpc
5E

tu phat hien (con gpi la day
* Khai niem quy trinh: Theo
hpc phat hien, hpc tap kham Tir di&i Ti&ig Viet (1997) do
pha), mot khai niem dupe chu Hoang Phe chii bien, trang 785:
truong boi Jerome Bruner, co "Quy trinh la trinh tu phai tuan
vai tro cot loi trong viec HS theo de tien hanh mot cong
hpc cac khai niem va y tuon^ viec nao do". Quy trinh "FIVE
nhu the nao. Bruner noi ve E'S"
5E la mot mau huong
"hanh dpng phat hien" nhu the dan day hpc theo thuylt kien tao;
no la mot phan cong viec ciia 5E la nhirng chii cai dSu tien cua
nguoi hpc. Doi voi Bruner, cac tir tieng Anh: Engage (tao
"phat hien, ve ban chat la viec sir chu y), Explore (Khao sat,
tai sap xep hoac chuyen dich kham pha). Explain (giai thich).
cac bang chiing theo each lam Elaborate (phat bieu), Evaluation
cho mot nguoi nao do co the (danh gia).

Ngay nhqn bai 25/6/2012: Ngay duyet dang 25/8/2012
TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC - SO 85 - 9/2012


Ill

NGHIEN ClAJ&l/NG DUNG

1/ Engage (tao su ehu y, thu de bang each ket noi cac y tuong,
lip luin cac gia dinh, xac lap gia
Trong giai doan nay, nguoi thuyet, tur do trinh bay y Men ciia
hoc bat diu dupe tiep xiic va ban thin. Thong qua do, nguoi
xac dinh nhiem vu hoc tap eiia day dinh huong va dieu chinh

bai. Cae em bat diu tao moi cau tra loi cua HS.
hen he giua kinh nghiem da co
4/ Elaborate (phat bieu, mo
va nhiing kinh nghiem hien tai, rong)^
dua ra nhiing kien thitc co so eho
Den giai doan nay, nguoi hpc
cae hoat dpng va Mch thich su duoc mo rpng von khai niem ma
tham gia vao eae hoat dpng nay. minh da dupe hpc, ket noi voi
Chimg ta khong the thu hiit neu nhiing khai niem co hen quan
khong gan duoc HS voi nhu cau va van dung nhiing hieu biet eiia
san phim.
minh vao the gioi xung quanh. Vi
2/ Explore (khao sat, kham du, trong bai hpc ve hien tupng
pha)
anh sang, nguoi hpc hinh thanh
Trong giai doan nay, nguoi nhung hieu biet ve duong di cua
hpc CO CO hoi tham gia true tiep anh sang trong khong khi. Thi
vao cac tinh huong va lam viec nghiem voi cot den, nguoi hpc
voi cac thiet bi diing cu. Tu minh thay rang bong cot den thay doi
tham gia vao eae hoat dpng se vi tri theo thai gian trong ngay.
giup hinh thanh noi nguoi hpc Ket qui quan sat nay dan den
nhiing nen tang kinh nghiern ban nhung hoat dpng kham pha siu
diu ve cac hien tupng ban diu ve sac hon giiip eae em thi^ dupe
hien tupng do. Khi lam viec theo moi hen he giua su thay doi vi tri
nhom, nguoi hpc se xay dung bong anh sang voi su thay doi ve
dupe nhiing kinh nghiem chung huong eua anh sang, vi tri nguon
va dieu do giiip eac em chia se, phat ra anh sang do la mat trod.
giao luu voi nhau. Nguoi day liic Nhimg van dung vao cuoc song
nay hoat dpng nhu mot nguoi thuc te nhu viec trong cay o vi
dieu phoi, dieu khien cung cap tri nao de ciy nhin dupe nhieu

hpc Ueu va gpi y npi dung nguoi arih sang, dung 6 ehe nang o vi
hpc can tip tnmg tim hieu.
tri nao tren bai bien de che dupe
anh sang mat trai la su ma rpng
3/ Explain (Giai thich)
va
ung dvmg nhiing kien thiic ve
Giai doan nay la thoi diem
ma nguoi hpc bat dau hinh thanh duong di Ihang eiia anh sang.
nhirng hieu biet khai quat thong Nhiing hieu biet nay se gpi y cac
qua nhirng ^ ma chiing ta thu em tiep tuc tim toi, kham phi cac
nhan dupe sau qua trinh trao doi tri thiic tiep theo.
va tranh luan thong tin. Ngon n ^
5/ Evaluation (Danh gia)
gilip viec the hien nhung hieu
Diy la giai doan cuoi cimg
biet nay sau sic va logic hon. p ciia quy trinh 5E. Diy la qua ttinh
diy, qua trinh giao luu, giao tiep chuin doan hoat dpng tiep dien
xuit hien giiia nguoi hpc- nguoi cho phep nguoi day xac dmh
hpc, voi nguoi day- nguoi hpc nhung kiln thiic va khai niem
hoac trong chinh ban Mn nguoi ma nguoi hpc da dat duac. Ki&n
hpc. Khi lam viec theo nhorn, tra va danh gia co the tien hanh
cac em giiip nhau cung hieu van tai mpi thoi diem trong qua trinh
hilt)

4

• TAP CHI THIET B| GIAO DUC-SO 85-9/2012

hpc tap. Mot s6 cong cu ho trp

qua triiih ehuin doan nay nhu:
bang kiem tra, bai phong van, bai
viet ve eac van de, tinh huong cu
the gan voi mue dieh danh gia.
Nhirng ket qua danh gia nay co
gia tri eao nhit neu chiing dupe
thu thip thong tin qua qua trinh
giao tiep giira nguoi hpc voi
nhau, voi nguoi day, phu huynh
va nhung nguoi xung quanh.
Nhung sin phim cua qua trinh
nay se la gpi y de nguoi day tilp
tuc to ehlic huong dan nguoi
hpc, len ke hoach cho nhirng
bai hpc tiep theo va gpi y thay
doi each huorig dan nguoi hpc.
Chang han, neu nguoi day thiy
nhirng bieu hien hieu lim mot
khai niem nao do a nguoi hpc,
giao vien c6 the lap lai khai niem
nay de Idem tra mire dp hieu biet
thuc su ciia HS. Neu quan sat
thiy cac em thuc su thich thii vdi
hoat dpng kham pha, giao vien
CO the cung cip them nhiing yeu
to de HS tich cue hoat dpng hon.
Tir miu quy ttinh day hpc kien
tao "5 E", chiing toi manh dan
de xuit quy trinh day hpc tu phat
hien o tieu hpc.

3. Quy trinh day hoc tu
phat hien 6^ tiiu hoc
1/ Tao hiing thu: GV co
the dat ra eac eiu hoi, ehi ra van
de, dua ra su kien mod hoac xay
dung cac tinh huong co van de
de tao su chii y, giy hiing thii
va huong nguoi hpc vao diing
nhiem vu trpng tim. Trong tien
trinh tiet day, bu6c nay thucmg
nam trong phin Gioi thieu bai
trong do CO lien quan den qua
trinh kiln tao tri thiic trong
bai moi nhim tai tao lai nhiing
kinh nghiem da co ciia HS.
2/ Kham phi: Qua trinh tim
toi kham phi cua HS la dinh


NGHIEN CUU&LfNG DUNG

huong cho GV dua ra eac chi
dinfrongsuit qua trinh day hpc.
Chia tach nhom, phin nhom hop
11 se gilip HS dl dang hap tac,
ciing nhau kham phi tri Ifaiic.
3/ Giai thich: HS bat diu hinh
thanh nhiing hilu bilt khai quit
thong qua nhung gi ma chimg
thu nhin dupe sau qua ttinh trao

doi. Khi lam viec theo nhom, cac
em giup nhau cung hilu van de
bang each ket noi cac y tuong,
dua ra nhiing gia thuylt, sau do
HS lin lupt trinh bay cac giai
phap.Tir do, nguoi day dinh
huong va dieu chinh ciu tra loi
cua HS. Sau khi giup nguod hpc
CO nhirng trai nghiem ve Ihue te,
nguoi day phai dua ra cac thuit
ngii, cac khai niem tuong iing.
4/ Elaborate (phat bieu, nid
rpng): HS dupe mo rpng von
khai niem ma minh da dupe hpc,
kit nli vod nhiing khai niem c6
hen quan va van dimg nhirng
hieu biet ciia minh vao thuc te.
Nhihig hieu biet nay se gpd y cac
em tilp tuc tim toi, kham phi cac
tri thiictieptheo.
5/ Danh gia: Diy cimg li qua
trinh chuan doan hoat dpng tiep
diln cho phep nguoi day xac
dinh nhiing kiln thiic va khai
niem ma nguoi hpc da dat dupe.
Kilm tra vi danh gia c6 the tiln
hanh tai mpi thod dilm trong (pa
trinh hpc tip. Nhirng san phim
ciia qua tnnh nay se la gpi y de
nguoi daytieptuc to chiie huong

din nguoi hpc.
6/ Md vong: Neu giio vien
nhin thiy cac em thuc su thich
M voi hoat dpng kham pha,
va CO thi lai nay sinh TTICVD,
giao vien co the cung cap tiiem
nhirng ylu tl dl HS tilp tuc tieh
cue hoat dpng va tu giai quyet
vin dl. Boi vi, nlu chi dimg lai

a buoc 5 thi HS chua thuc su la
n^oi phat hien tinh huong c6
vande.
Nhu viy, voi quy trinh day
hpc tu phat hieri Ihi ciu tnic quy
tiinh nhu mot ciu tnic vong iron
nhung khong khep kin. Vong
tron nay mo den diu la do nang
lire tur phat hien va gjai quylt van
de eiia HS trong moi npi dung
kien thiieeu the.
4. Van dung quy trinh
day hoc tur phat hien trong
day hoc phin mdn Luyen tir
va cau is tieu hoc
Trong gioi han bai bao nay,
chimg toi xin van dung quy
trinh day hpc tu phat hien chi
trong mot phin mon cua cip
tieu hpc- Luyen tir va ciu

nhu mot vi du minh hpa. Bai:
Diing tu- dong am de choi
chfr (Tieng Viet lop 5- Tip 1)
Buae 1: Tao himg thii
Co do cae em: "Trimg trvic
nhu con bo thui, chin mat,
chin miii, chin duoi, chin diu"
la con gi? "Mom bo khong
phii la mom bo ma lai la mom
bo" la con gi? Bai hom truoc,
chiing ta da biet the nao la tir
ding am: tu dong am la nhiing
tir giong nhau ve am nhung
khac han nhau ve nghia. Horn
nay, co va cac em lai ciing
nhau tim hieu de thiy su bit
ngo thu vi trong viec dimg tir
dong im de choi chii.
Buoc 2: Kham pha
GV: Co CO ciu (viet len
bang): Ho mang bo len niii.
GV: Cac em hieu nghia ciu
niy nhu the nao?
HS (hoat dpng nhom 4}:
Cach hieu thii nhat la: Ho/
mang/ bo /len niii ( Con ho
mang con bo len nui a)
HS: Cach hieu thir hai la:

II

Ho mang/ bo len niii Con ran
ho mang bo len nui a.)
Buoc 3: Giai thich
HS: Phat hien van de: tai
sao CO the hieu mot ciu voi
hai each nhu viy?
HS:Cung nhau tim hieu,
kham pha ra cich ngat nhip.
Bang each xac dinh tir loai
ciia eac tir trong timg each
ngat nhip ma chiing ta co the
hieu cau voi nhieu y nghia
khac nhau.
Ho/ mang/ bo /len nui
DT DT DT
Ho mang/ bo len niii
DT
DT
HS bat diu hinh thanh nhirng
hieu biet khai quat thong qua
nhung gi ma eac em thu nhan
dupe sau qua tiinh trao doi. Khi
lam viec theo nhom, cac em giup
nhau cimg hieu van de bang each
kit noi eac y tucmg, dua ra nhung
gii thuyet, sau do HS lin lupt
trinh bay cac giii phap.
Buoc 4: Elaborate (phat bieu,
mo rpng)

HS dupe mo rpng von khai
niem ma minh da dupe hpc, ket
noi vdi nhiing khai niem co hen
quan va van dung nhiing hieu
biet ciia minh vao thuc tl. Nhiing
hieu biet nay se gpi y cac em tiep
tuctimtoi, kham phi cae tri thiic
tiep theo.
HS: Nay sinh van de: Con
each hieu nao niia khong?
HS (suy nghi) giai quyet
vin de: con each niia: Ho
mang/ bo/ len niii. (Ci ran
DT DT
ho mang va bo cung len niii).
Buoc 5: Danh gia
Diy ciing la qua trinh chuan
doan hoat dpng tiep dien cho
phep ngudi day xac dinh nhirng
kien thiic va khai niem ma ngudi

TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC-SO 85-9/2012 •

5


NGHIEN CUtJ & U>JG DUNG

hpc da dat dupe. Kiem tra va
danh gii co the tien hanh tai mpi

thdd diem trong qui trinh hpc
tip. Nhiing san phim eiia qua
trioh nay se la gpi y de ngudd clay
tiep tuc to chlie hudng din ngudd
hpc.
GV: Cac em da tim ra ba
each ngat nhip, ba each hieu
eiu Ho mang bo ten nui. Tir
diy, theo cac em van de cin
trao doi them la gi?
HS: Thao luin va phat hien
ra vin de: Viy trong ba each
hieu, each nao la hpp li, each
hieu nao hay nhit.
Buoc 6: Mo vong
HS:Thao luin, nay sinh
vin de.Cach nao hay hom ci,
hpp li hon ca.
HS kham pha, giai quyet
vin de Ho/ mang/ bo /len niii
la hay nhit. Bo thudmg dupe
nuoi, song or vimg doi niii;
viing niii rit nhieu bo ma ho
con mang len. No gin vdi
mot ciu thanh ngu hoae co
the hieu la mot cau thanh ngii
cimg y nghia vdi ciu "Cha ciii
ve rimg".
HS: Phat hien vin de: tai
sao lai c6 the co nhieu each

ngit nhip, nhieu each hieu ma
each nao eiing hpp li, thii vi.
HS (thao luin va giai quyet
vin dl): vi hien tuong tir dong
im, vi each su dimg tir dong
im de choi chu.
Dua ra phin Ghi nho rnpt
each de dang: Diing tic dong
dm de choi chii Id dtta vdo
hien tucmg dong dm^ tao ra
nhimg cdu noi co nhieu nghia,
gdy nhung bdt nga thu vi cho
ngudd doc, ngudd nghe.
Vdi phuong phap day hpc
tu phat hien, HS se rat chac
chan trong viec Imh hoi kien

thiic va Phin Luyen tip vdi
cac bai tip se dupe cac em dl
dang giai quyet trong giiy lit.
Khi miu thuin giiia yeu
ciu day hpc ngay cang cao,
kha nang sang tao ciia nguoi
hpc ngiy eang phat trien vdi
viee to chiic day hpc con lae
hiu thi doi mdi phucmg phap
day hpc de dua ngudi hpc vao
THCVD va hudmg din eac
em doc lip giii quyet, ning
cao nhin thiic va khi nang

phat trien tri tue ciia HS la vo
cimg ein thiet. Day hpc phat
hien ehinh la mot trong nhiing
phuong phap day hpc tieh
cue. De xuat qay trinh day
hpc nay a cip tieu hpc, ehimg
toi chip nhin thir thach tir ci
phia ngudi day va ngudi hpc.
Song chiing toi xae dinh phai
Iuon CO gang de gpt riia thanh
quy trinh mang tinh khi thi,
de n6 duoc ap dung khong chi
trong mot phin mon, mi trong
tit ca cac mon hpc o tieu hpc,
de chiing toi ciing thoa nguyen
uoc mong nhu Xu- khomlin- xki V.A "trai tim toi hien
dang cho tre"

duomg HS gioi Tieng Viet a
tieu hoc, NXB Dai hpc Su
pham (2011).
5. Thai Duy Tuyen, Phucmg
phdp day hoc truyen thong vd
doi m&i, NXB Giao due, Ha
Npi (2008).
6. Le Hai Yen , "Tu hoc vd
gidi quyet vdn de trong kien
thirc". Tap chi day vd hoc
ngdy nay, so thing 12, tr. 5053 (2008).
7. Kharlamop LP, Phdt huy

tinh tich cue hoc tap cua HS
nhir the ndo, NXB Giao due.
Ha Npi (1979).
8. Leene I. Ia, Day hoc neu
vdn de, NXB Giao due. Ha
Npi (1977).
9. Okon V, Nhitng ca sa
cua viec day hoc neu vdn
de, NXB Giao due. Ha Npi
(1976).
10. Piaget Jean, Tdm ly hoc
vd gido due hoc, NXB Giao
due, Hi Npi (2001).
11. Sach giio khoa Tieng
Viet 5.

Tai lieu tham khao
1. Pho Diic Hoa , Day hoc
tich cue vd cdch tiep can trong
day hoc tieu hoc, NXB Dai
hpc Su pham (2009).
2. Pho Diic Hda- Ngo
Quang Son , Ifng dting cong
nghe thong tin trong day
hoc tich cue. NXB Gido due
(2008).
3. Dang Thanh Hung,
"Thiet ke phucmg phdp day
hoc theo huang tich cycc
hoa". Tap chi gido due, so

102,ti-.11-13 (2004).
4. Le Phuong Nga, Boi

Summary
Base on "Five E's"
process (Engage, Explore,
Explain, Elaborate, Evaluation)a teaching guiding form
according to Constructivism
in Education - CE, we suggest
Discovery Learning process
in teaching some subjects at
primary school. We hope that
primary school teachers will
be able to use an extra method
of Inquiry Teaching as well
as an other Active Teaching
method of themselves.

TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC - SO 85 - 9/2012