Quyền đơn phương chấm dứt hợp đồng lao động của người lao động theo quy định của bộ luật lao động năm 2019

THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT

QUYEN DON PHUONG CHAM DUfT H0P DONG LAO DONG CUA
NGUCll LAO DONG THEO QUY OINH CUA BO LUAT LAO DONG NAM 2019
Doin Thi Phuong Difp*
* TS. Khoa Luit, Tru&ng Sai hoc Kinh te-Luat, Dai hpc quoc gia TP. HCM.

Thong tin b^i viet:
Tit khoa: Quy^n don phuong ch§m
dut hpp dong lao d$ng, hpp dong
lao dpng.
ich sir bdi viet:
h^nb^
: 28/02/2020
ifentip
: 17/03/2020
)uy?tbai
: 28/03/2020
Article Infomation:
Key words: Right of unilateral
contract termmation; labor contract.
Article History.
Received
28 Feb. 2020
Edited
17 Mar. 2020
Approved
28 Mar. 2020

Tom tat:
So voi Bp lu^t Lao d6ng nhn 1994 vk B^ luat Lao dpng n3m 2012,

Bp luat Lao dpng nam 2019 co s\r thay dli mang tinh d$t pha trong
chi dinh ve hpp d6ng lao dpng (HDLD) lifen quan dfen quyen dupc
don phuong cham diit HDLD, d ^ biet \k quyfen dupc don phuong
cham dut HDLD tii phia nguoi lao dpng. Trfen co sd phan tich hai van
dfe (i) v^ quyen dupc don phucmg chSm diit hpp done lao d^ng ciia
ngudi lao d^ng v^ (ii) vl dieu kifen dfe thyc hifen quyen don phuong
cham diit hpp dong lao dpng cua ngudi lao dpng, t^c gia dua ra m$t
s6 nh^n dtnh va dfe xuat.
Abstract:
In comparison with the Labor Code of 1994 and the Labor Code of
2012, the Labor Code of 2019 has breakthroughs in the provisions on
the labor contract related to the right of unilateral contract termination,
especially the employee's right of unilateral tennination of the labor
contract. Based on the analysis of the two related aspects (i) the
employee's right of unilatend termination of the labor contract; and
(ii) the conditions for exercising employee's right of unilateral
termination of the labor contract, the author gives comments and
recommendations.

1. Quyin dtfn phvong ch^m dih hgp dong
lao dpng cua ngaifi lao dgng
Dan phuong cham dut hgp dong li
quyen dugc "rut chin" ra khdi mgt hgp ddng
da dugc giao ket trudc. Vd nguyen tic, vi?c
phi vd cam ket luon khdng dugc khuydn
khich, ndu nhu khdng muon ndi li bi cim
doin. Tuy nbidn, neu nhu phip lugt hgp
dong ndi chung tni lieu cho vi?c phi va cam
kit mgt cich chu dgng chi trong m^t sd
trudng hgp dugc dy kien vi ben phi vd cam

kit ludn phii ginh chiu nhimg hgu qui phip

ly nhat djnh, thi Iuat lao ddng xem vide dan
phuang chim dut HDLD, die bidt la vide
dan phuang cham ddt HDLD td ngudi lao
dgng (NLD) nhu mgt quydn quan trgng cua
NLD, quan trgng khong kem quydn dugc
giao kit HDLD.
Diem d khoan 1 Dieu 5 Bg lu^t Lao
dgng nam 2019 (BLLD 2019) quy dinh,
NLD cd quydn "Dan phuang chim ddt hgp
dong lao dgng". Nhin trong tdng thi cic
trudng hgp cham ddt HDLD dugc ghi n h ^
tgi Yi^t Nam co the hinh dung dugc 3 nhdm
HGHllH CVU I C 4

LAPPHAP


THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT
nguyen nhan; i) chim dut HDLD do nhiing
nguyen nhin tit ydu', ii) don phucmg cham
ddt HDLD va iii) chim dut HDLD do cit
giim lao dgng (bao gdm cic trudng hgp
chim dirt HDLD do thay ddi ca ciu hoac
cdng ngh$, chim ddt HDLD vi ly do kinh te
va chim dut HDLD do sip nhip, hgp nhat,
chia, tich doanh nghidp, hgp tic xa). Trong
dd, dan phuang chim dut hgp ddng li mgt
trudng hgp dugc ghi nhan vdi khi nhidu sy

can trgng tu nhi lim luit ca trong BLLD
nam 1994, BLLD nam 2012 vi BLLD 2019.
Cd thd ndi, nhin d gdc do phip lugt so sinh,
cic quy djnh ve chim dut HDLD dugc quy
djnh cd sy khic bidt khi ldn giua cac quoc
gia. Ching hgn nhu trong quy dinh cua phip
luit lao ddng Cdng hoi Phap, cic trudng
hgp chim dut PffiLD dugc chia thanh 3 loai:
cham ddt td phia ngudi lao dgng, tu phia
ngudi su dung lao dgng (NSDLD) hay theo
thoi thuan tu ci hai phia^. Nhu vay, HDLD
khdng xic djnh thdi hgn trong phip luit
Phip cd thi chim diit do y chi don phuang
cua cic ben hay do thoi thugn. Tu do co thd
thay, tgi qudc gia niy, don phucmg chim dut
HDLD ddng vai trd chinh trong vide chim
dut hidu lyc phap ly ciia HDLD. Trong khi
dd, quan hd lao ddng tai Thai Lan dugc didu
chinh bdi khi nhidu lugt, bao gdm Bg Iuat
Lao dgng (Labor Code), Luit bio v? quan
h? lao dgng (Labour Protection Act BE
2541) vi Bg lugt Dan sy-thuong mai (Civil

1
2

3

4

and Commercial Code), ridng vl van dd
chim diit hgp ddng lao dgng, cac quy djnh
hidn tai chi dl egp din viec cham diit HDLD
khdng xic djnh thdi ban. Trong phip luat
Thii Lan, HDLD cd thdi hgn chi ip dyng
cho cic trudng hgp die bi?t khi bdn su dyng
lao dgng thyc hien du in dge bidt khic vdi
cdng vide thudng tinh, hoac cho cac cdng
vide cd tinh chit thdi vu hoge tgm thdi trong
mgt thdi hgn xic djnh khdng vugt qua 2 nim
(Didu 118 Protection Act). Mac du cd ghi
nhan vide ngudi lao dgng dugc quydn tuyen
bd chim dut HDLD do y cbi don phucmg,
nhung vide chim dut nay khdng xem nhu
mgt quydn duong nhien cda ngudi lao d^ng^.
Du dugc ghi nhin theo cic cich khic
nhau, nhung tyu trung lai, cd thd thiy cd hai
xu hudng quy djnh ve dan phuang chim dut
HDLD d cic quoc gia trdn thd gidi:
Thu nhdt, xem diy li mgt quyin cua
ngudi lao dgng dd tu bio v? minh trudc
nhiing vi phgm nghiem trgng ciia NSDLD.
Nhom thu nhit nay cdn chia thinh nhieu cap
dg khic nhau giua cic qudc gia: vdi phip
Iuat Thii Lan, hinh vj vi phgm cua NSDLD
dugc xem nhu m$t didu ki^n dd thyrc hien
vi$c dan phuong cham dut HDLD. Trong
khi do, quan diem cua hgc gii Phap thi can
ip dung ly thuydt vd vide "kidm soit sau"
ddi vdi cic quyet djnh don phuang chim dut

nDLD"*. Thgm chi, Bg luit lao dgng Cgng
boi Phip con chia vide don phuang cham
dut HDLD tu phia NLD thinh hai trudng

Mpt s6 cdc tac gia gpi day la vifec duong nhien chSm dut HDLD (Tap thfe tac gia, Giao trinh Luat lao dpng,
Trucmg D^ii hpc Lu?t TP. HCM, Nxb. H6ng Diic - Hpi Luat gia Vifet Nam - 2014).
Difeu L-1231-1 Code du Travail {Bp luat lao dpng C0ng boa Phap); />6177857&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006072050&dateTexte=20200206, truy cap ngay 06/2/2020.
M\ic (Section) 120 ciia LuSt bao vfe quan hfe lao dpng Th4i Lan quy djnh nguoi lao dpng co quyfen dupc txk
trp c4p khi chim dut HDLD trong trucmg hpp dia difein l i m vi^c bj thay d l i va NLD khong thfe tifep tyc thvc
hifen cong vifec. Nhu vay, quy djnh nay ghi nhan quyfen dupc trd n-p c3p ciia NLD trong trudng hpp cham
dut HDLD chii khong phai la quyen dupc don phucmg c h i m dut HDLD.
Nguyfen v5n ly thuyet nky la "Le controle a posteriori de la rfesiliation unilaterale", Phillipe Stoffel- Munck,
Universite de Paris saint Maur, Dossier, 2017.

CVU I
54 NGHllH
L A P PHAP_ySil1{411)-T6/2020


THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT
hgp: don phuang chim dut ngay vi dan
phuang cham diit sau khi cd phan quylt cua
toi an c4p cd thim quydn^ tu^' thugc vao sy
cip thilt vi ly do dl cham ddt HDLD.
Hiu hit cic (}u6c gia dlu quy djnh theo
mo hinh thd nhit niy, chi khic d muc dg
kidm soat.
Thie hai, xem day la mgt quydn duang
nhien va gin nhu vd didu kien cua NLD.
BLLD 2019 cua Viet Nam ip dyng md hinh

niy. Dilu 35 BLLD 2019 quy djnh:
"1. N ^ d i lao dgng co quyin don
phucmg chim ddt HDLD nhung phii bio
trudc cho NSDLD nhu sau:
a) It nhit 45 ngay ndu lam vide theo hgp
ddng lao dgng khdng xic djnh thdi ban;
b) ft nhit 30 ngiy ndu Iim vide Iheo hgp
ddng lao dgng xic djnh thdi hgn cd thdi hgn
td 12 thing den 36 thing;
c) ft nhat 03 ngiy lim vide nlu lim vide
theo hgp ddng lao dgng xic djnh thdi ban co
thdi hgn dudi 12 thing;
d) Doi vdi mgt sd nginh, nghi, cdng
vi^c dac thu thi thdi han bio trudc dugc thuc
hi?n theo quy djnh cua Chinh phd.
2. NLD cd quyen dan phuomg chim dut
HDLD khdng can bio trudc trong trudng
hgp sau diy:
a) Khdng dugc bo tri theo dung cdng
vide, dja diem Iim vifc hoge khong dugc
bao dim dieu kidn lim vide theo thda thuan,
trd trudng hgp quy dinh tgi Didu 29 cua Bg
Iuat niy;
b) Khdng dugc tri du luong hoac tri
luong khdng dung thdi hgn, trd trudng hgp
quy djnh tgi khoin 4 Dieu 97 cua Bg luit nay;
c) Bj NSDLD ngugc dai, dinh dip hoac
CO ldi noi, hanh vi nhyc ma, hinh vi lam inh
hudng den sue khde, nhan pham, danh dy;
hi cudng buc lao dgng;

d) Bj quiy roi tinh dye tai nai lim viec;

d) Lao dgng nii mang thai phii nghi vide
theo quy djnh tgi khoin 1 Dilu 138 cua Bg
luat niy;
^ e) Du tudi nghi him theo quy djnh tai
Didu 169 ciia Bg lugt niy, tru trudng hgp cac
ben cd thoa thuin khic;
g) NSDLD cung cip thdng tin khdng
trung thyc theo quy djnh tgi khoan 1 Dilu 16
cua Bg lugt niy Iim inh hudng den vide thuc
hidn hgp dong lao dgng".
Td quy djnh niy cd Ihd thiy, trong mgi
trudng hgp, vdi mgi logi hgp ddng (cd xac
dyih thdi ban hay Ididng xic djnh thdi hgn),
bat kd cd hay khdng cd ly do vi ly do la gi,
NLD neu muon ddu cd thd tg minh dan
phuang chim dut HDLD mi khong cin phai
tidn hinh mgt thu tuc die bidt co y nghia kilm
soit quyin tu mdt chu thd khic. Luit chi dg
lidu mgt co hgi duy nhit cho NSDLD trong
vide phin ddi quylt dinh ciia NLD bing each
bat ngudi niy phii ginh chiu nhung hau qui
nhit djnh khi chung minh thinh cdng trudc
Toi an ring, NLD da dan phucmg chim diit
HDLD mgt each trii phip luat.
Xet vd muc do cua bio vd quydn, BLLD
2019 da cd sy thay ddi quan trgng trong vide
bio dim tdi da cho NLD ty do thuc hidn
quydn dan phuang chim dut HDLD cua

mmh. Didu niy cd thd thay rd ban trong vide
so sinh vdi quyen don phuang chim ddt
HDLD tu NSDLD. Trong mgi trudng hgp,
NSDLD mudn dugc dem phuang chim dut
HDLD mdt cich hgp phip thi phai cd cic \-y
do dugc quy dinh tgi Idiom 1 Dilu 36 BLLD
2019 va phii tuin thu thu tyc bio trudc dugc
quy djnh tgi khoin 2 cua Dilu nay. Ndi cich
khic, quydn dan phuong chim dut HDLD
cua NSDLD gin nhu khdng thay ddi gi td
BLLD 2012 din BLLD 2019.
Tu vide xem xet mgt cich tdng thi
quyen dcrn phuang cham dut HDLD ndi
chung, din quydn dan phuang chim dut

5 Diy Id thii tyc "rfesiliation judiciaire du eontrat de travail" dupc giai thich va cong nhan trfen co so quy din
t^i Dilu 1184 BLDS Cpng hoa Phap.
HGHllH
.
HGHllH CVU
CVU I EC
S 6 l l (411)-T6/2020^
0 ^ LAP P H A P " «


THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT
HDLD cda NLD noi rieng cd the thay, phap
luit lao dgng Vidt Nam cho phdp mgt quydn
rut lui, hay pha vd hgp ddng dinhridngcho
NLD trong ci hai trudng hgp: khi NSDLD

CO hinh vi vi phgm phip Iuat, vi pham nghTa
vy cam ket trong hgp dong (vi dy tra luong
trd, tri luong khdng dung...) vi ca khi
khdng CO bat ky hinh vi vi phgm nao. Cd the
quy djnh niy cua phip Iuat di co sy can nhic
giua cic yeu td; thu nhdt la trat tu hay dgo
due xa hgi trong vide giu dung cam kdt,
nguyen tie thuc hidn hgp ddng; thic hai la
n^yen tic bio vd NLD, bdn mi thudng li
ydu the ban trong HDLD. Vi neu dat hai vin
de niy ldn bin can thi ro ring li nhi lim Iuat
da cho rang can thidt phii bio ve ngudi lao
dgng tot ban so vdi vide phii giu gin trgt ty,
ky cuong chung hay dgo due xa hgi vd tdn
trgng ldi hua, cam kdt. Cimg cin luu y rang
bao v? NLD khac vdi vide bao v? quyen cua
NLD. Bio vd quydn cda NLD c6 phgm vi
hep ban vi mang tinh co didu kidn, chi khi
nao cic quyen ay dugc ghi nhgn bdi phip
luat tbi vin dl bio vd quydn mdi dat ra.
Trong khi dd, vide bao ve ngudi lao dgng co
each hieu rgng han rit nhidu.
Chung toi cho rang, trong bdi cinh hidn
nay, quan h? lao dgng dong vai tro inh
hudng mang tinh quydt djnh den ddi sing
cong nghiep vi sy phit tridn kinh te- xa hgi.
Vide BLLD 2019 cho NLD dugc quyin dan
phuang chim dut HDLD mgt each khi tu do
se cd tic dgng nhit djnh den ddi sdng kinh
te - xi hgi trong tuong lai. Bdi vi, sy cho

phdp niy se tao tam Iy y lai vi tinh trang
nhay vide td phia NLD cd the dien ra mgt
cich kho kiem soat. Didu nay din din sy
thidu on djnh trong quan he lao dgng- tien
dd cin thidt cho su binh on hogt dgng sin
xuat, kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep ndi rieng,
xa hgi ndi chung. Mat khic, su cho phep niy
dudng nhu cung giy ndn mgt tinh trang bat
binh ding giua NLD va NSDLD. Su bit binh
ding niy la khong binh thudng vdi quan he
lao dgng, vdi bin chat li mgt quan he thugc
dli tugng dilu chinh cua luit tu. Day la mgt

56

I HGHltH Ciiru
/
L A P P H A P ^ S 6 I 1 (411)-T6/2020

trong nhung nguyen nhin cd khi nang inh
hudng den vide xic lap quan be lao dgn^,
didu niy cd nghia Ii dd ne trinh nhihig bat
lgi cd thd giy ra tu sy bat bmh dang niy, ben
su dyng lao dgng se thay vi xic lgp quan hd
lao dgng vi phai dam bio cbd do an smh thi
se lua chgn xic lip quan hd phip Iuat khic
(chan§ ban nhu quan h? phip Iuat din sy hgp ddng dich vy) ma khdng can phii tham
gia cic che do bio hiem y td, bio hidm xi
hgi... cho NLD. Dilu nay din den vide dim
bio didu kidn song thong qua bd thdng an

sinh xa hgi cd the se bj tic dgng theo hudng
tidu cyc (kem dim bio, hoin toin khdng tdt
cho dilu kidn kinh td - xa hgi noi chung).
2. Dieu kien d l thvc hidn quyin dom
phucmg cham dut hop dong lao dgng cua
ngudi lao dgng
BLLD 2019 cua Vidt Nam thilt lip dilu
kien dd don phuang cham dut HDLD tuy
thugc vio Iy do ciia vide chim dut. Va didu
kidn duy nhat ditratrong don phuang chim
dut HDLD tu NLD, do la dieu kien bio trudc.
Khoin 1 Dilu 35 BLLD 2019 "NLD co
quydn dan phuong chim dut HDLD nhung
phai bio trudc cho NSDLD nhu sau:
a) ft nhat 45 ngiy ndu lim vide theo
HDLD khong xic djnh tbdi hgn;
b) ft nhit 30 ngiy ndu lim vide theo
HDLD xic dinh thdi han co thdi hgn tu 12
thing den 36 thing;
c) It nhat 03 ngiy lam viec neu lam vide
theo HDLD xac djnh thdi hgn cd thdi han
dudi 12 thing;
d) Doi vdi mgt sd nganh, nghi, cdng
vide die thu thi thdi hgn bio trudc dugc thyc
hien theo quy djnh cua Chinh phu".
Trong khi do, ndu co nhung ly do dugc
lidt kd sau diy thi NLD cd quydn dan
phuang chim dut HDLD ma khong cin phii
bio trudc:
- Khdng dugc bd tri theo dung edng vide,

dja didm Iam vide hoic khdng dugc bio dim
didu kidn lim vide theo thoa thugn, tru trudng
hgp quy djnh tgi Didu 29 ciia BLLD;


THUCTIEN PHAP LUAT
- Khong dugc tra dd luang hoic tra
luong khong dung thdi hgn, tru trudng hgp
quy djnh tai khoin 4 Didu 97 cua BLLD;
- Bj NSDLD ngugc dai, dinh dap hoac
CO ldi noi, hinh vi nhyc mg, hinh vi lam inh
hudng ddn sdc khde, nhan pham, danh dy;
bi cudng bdc lao dgng;
- Bi quiy roi tinh due tgi nai lim vide;
- Lao dgng nu mang thai phai nghi viec
theo quy djnh tai khoan 1 Dieu 138 cua
BLLD;
- Du tuoi nghi huu theo quy djnh tai
Didu 169 cda Bg luat niy, trd trudng hgp cac
bdn cd thda thuan khic;
- NSDLD cung cap thong tin khong
trung thyc theo quy djnh tai khoin 1 Didu
16 cua BLLD lam anh hudng den viec thyc
hien hgp dong lao dgng.
Vdi each quy djnh ndu trdn, vd nguydn
tic, trong mgi trudng hgp, vi bat ky ly do gi
vi vdi loai HDLD nio, NLD ludn cd quyen
ty minh tuydn bo chim diit HDLD mi chi
can tuin thu yeu cau vd vide bao trudc ndu
trdn. Ngay khoin 2 Didu 35, Lugt con mien

cho NLD nghia vy phii bio trudc khi cd
nhung ly do dugc lidt ke la nguydn nhan cua
vide chim ddt HDLD. Cd thd xem trudng
hgp thu hai niy la vide cham diit HDLD
Hidng can didu kien. Nhu viy, theo quy djnh
cua BLLD 2019, vide don phuang chim ddt
HDLD cua NLD dugc chia thanh hai trudng
hgp, phii bao trudc va khong can phii bao
trudc. Cd the thiy nghia vy bio trudc khdng
phii li mgt nghia vy hay didu kien kho thuc
hien, tu do co thd thiy BLLD 2019 da tao

dilu kien rit Ihuan lgi eho ngudi lao dgng
trong vide chu dgng vi dan phuong cham
ddt HDLD.
Phip lugt lao ddng Cgng hoi Phip, thay
vi quy djiih cy the trong trudng hgp nio
NLD dugc quydn dan phuang chim ddt
HDLD, lai ghi nhan khi chung chung ring,
du vdi HDLD co xic djnh thdi ban hay
khdng xic djnh thdi hgn tbi ngudi lao ddng
ciing cd quydn dan phuang cham dut vi
quydn nay mgt phin dugc ghi nhgn trong
BLLD, mdt phin dugc chip nhan bdi in Id*.
Tuy nhidn, cic quydn niy dugc kiem soit
mdt cich kha chgt che vi trong nhilu trudng
hgp phai dugc tien hanh thong qua tuydn bd
bing mgt phin quydt cua toi in cap co thim
quydn. Ndu NSDLD chi cd the cham ddt
HDLD bing cich sa thii', thi NLD cd bon

phuong thdc ty minh cham dut hg^ dong,
bao gom td chuc (demission), chim ddt
HDLD ngay lap tuc (la prise d'acte par le
salarie), ydu cau chim ddt HDLD thdng qua
giii quydt tu phap (la resiliation judiciaire)
va nghi huu (la retraite)^
Trong s6 cic cich thuc chim ddt HDLD
niy cd hai loai didu kien mi nhi lim luit
Phip quan tam, dd li viec bao trudc va didu
kien vd thu tyc. Noi cich khac, do la cich
thuc thyc hidn vide don phuang cham ddt
HDLD. Dieu nay thd bidn ro qua vide quy
dinb, ciing co bin chat la dan phuang chim
diit HDLD nhung phap luat lgi yeu cau cic
cich thdc tidn htmh khic nhau. Cy thd, ddi
vdi vide td chuc (demission), co 3 didu kidn
dat ra li mgt su bieu Id tu do, ro rang vi
ngbidm tdc vd y chi cua NLD. \^dc tu ehdc

6 Bin ^ ngiy 25/6/2003 Tok pha an.
7 Tii diing tieng Phdp la licenciement.
8 Bernard Bossu, Francois Dumont, Pierre-Yves VERKINDT, Droit du travail, Montchrestien, 2011, tr.271272. Rieng d6i voi vifec nghi huu (la retraite), bat dau tu Luat ngay 17/9/2008, tii sinh nhat lin thu 65 cua
nguoi lao dpng, NSDLD c6 nghia vu phai h6i ngu6i lao d6ng rang hp co muon nghi huu khong? Trong
tru6ng hpp ngudi lao ddng tu choi thuc hifen quyen ndy thi lln luot cac nam sau NSDLD se phai tilp tyc
h6i nhu vjly cho din khi ngaiji lao d^ng du 69 tuii. Sau dp tuii nay, NSDLD co quyfen cho nguoi lao dpng
nghi him nhu mpt hdnh dpng don phuang chim dut HDLD. Tran§ khi d6, luat lao ddng Cpng hoa Phdp cho
phep nguoi lao d^ng c6 quyin dupc t\r minh cham dirt HDLD dfe nghi huu tii dp tuii 60. Ciing cdn luu y
ring phdi nghi huu tir tuii 65 thi ngudi lao dpng moi dupc huong ty Ife huu cao nhit theo quy dinh..
,
HGHllH cCru ] C 7

S611{411).T6/2O20\^LAP P H A P
• '


THUC TIEN P H A P LUAT
IffiLD cua NLD ndiridngcd the thiy, phip
Iuat lao dgng Viet Nam cho phdp mgt quyen
rut lui, hay phi vd hgp ddng danhridngcho
NLD trong ci hai trudng hgp: khi NSDLD
CO binh vi vi pham phip luat, vi pham nghia
vu cam kdt trong hgp dong (vi dy tra luong
trd, tri luong khdng dung...) vi ci khi
khdng cd bat ky hinh vi vi pham nio. Co the
quy djnh niy cua phip luit da c6 sy can nhac
giua cic ydu to: thie nhdt li trat ty hay dgo
ddc xa hgi trong vide giii dung cam ket,
nguyen tic thyc hidn hgp dong; thie hai li
n^yen tac bio vd NLD, ben mi thudng li
ydu the han trong HDLD. Va ndu dat hai vin
dd niy ldn bin cin thi ro ring la nha lim luit
da cho rang cin thiet phai bao vd ngudi lao
dgng tot han so vdi vide phai giu gin trgt ty,
ky cuong chung hay dgo due xi hgi ve ton
trgng Idi hua, cam kdt. Ciing cin luu y ring
bio vd NLD khic vdi vide bio v? quydn cua
NLD. Bio vd quydn cua NLD cd pham vi
hep ban vi mang tinh co didu kidn, chi khi
nio cic quydn iy dugc ghi nhin bdi phap
lugt thi van dd bio vd quyen mdi dat ra.
Trong khi dd, vide bao vd ngudi lao dgng cd

cich hidu rgng hon rit nhilu.
Chdng toi cho ring, trong bdi cinh hidn
nay, quan he lao dgng ddng vai tro inh
hudng mang tinh quyet dinh den ddi sdng
cdng nghidp vi sy phit tridn kinh td- xa hgi.
Vide BLLD 2019 cho NLD dugc quyin dem
phuang cham ddt HDLD mgt each khi ty do
se CO tic dgng nhit djnh ddn ddi sdng kinh
te - xa hgi trong tuang lai. Bdi vi, sy cho
phep niy se tgo tam ly y lai vi tinh trgng
nhiy vide tu phia NLD c6 the didn ra mgt
cich khd kidm soat. Didu niy din den sy
thidu dn dinh trong quan he lao dgng- tidn
dd can thidt cho sy binh dn hoat dgng sin
xuit, kinh doanh ciia doanh nghidp ndi ridng,
xa hgi noi ehung. Mat khac, su cho phdp nay
dudng nhu cung gay ndn mgt tinh trgng bat
binh ding giua NLD vi NSDLD. Sy bit binh
dang niy li khong binh thudng vdi quan he
lao dgng, vdi bin chit Ii mgt quan he thugc
ddi tugng didu chinh cua luit tu. Diy Ii mgt

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trong nhiing nguydn nhin cd khi ning inh

hudng den vide xic lap quan hd lao ddn^,
didu niy cd ngbia Ii dd ne tranh nhiing bit
lgi cd thd giy ra tu sy bit bmh dang niy, ben
su dyng lao dgng se thay vi xic lip quan h?
lao dgng vi pbii dim bio chd do an sinh thi
se lya chgn xic lap quan he phap luit khic
(ching hgn nhu quan hd phap luit din sy hgp dong dich vy) mi khong cin phii tham
gia cic chd do bio hidm y td, bio hiem xa
hgi... cho NLD. Didu niy dan ddn vide dim
bio didu kien sdng thdng qua hd thdng an
sinh xa hgi cd the se bi tic dgng theo hudng
tidu cyc (kem dim bio, hoin toan khong tdt
cho didu kidn kinh te - xa hgi ndi chung).
2. Dieu kien dl thyc hi^n quyen do^
phuong cham dut hgp dong lao d$ng ciia
ngudi lao ddng
BLLD 2019 cua Viet Nam thilt lip dilu
kidn dd don phuang chim diit HDLD tuy
thugc vio ly do ciia vide chim dut. Vi dilu
kidn duy nhat dat ra trong dan phuang cham
dut HDLD tu NLD, do li dieu kidn bio trudc.
Khoin 1 Dilu 35 BLLD 2019 "NLD cd
quydn don phuong chim diit HDLD nhung
phai bio trudc cho NSDLD nhu sau:
a) ft nhit 45 ngiy neu lim vide theo
HDLD khdng xic djnh thdi hgn;
b) ft nhat 30 ngiy neu lim vide theo
HDLD xae djnh thdi hgn cd thdi hgn tu 12
thing ddn 36 thing;
c) It nhat 03 ngiy Iim vide ndu lim vide

theo HDLD xic djnh thdi ban cd thdi ban
dudi 12 thing;
d) Doi vdi mgt sd nginh, nghi, cdng
vide dge thu thi thdi hgn bio trudc dugc thyc
hidn theo quy dinh cua Chinb phu".
Trong khi do, ndu cd nhiing Iy do dugc
lidt ke sau diy thi NLD cd quyin don
phuang chim diit HDLD mi khdng can phii
bio trudc:
- Khdng dugc bd tri theo diing cdng vide,
dia didm Iim vide hoac khdng dugc bio dim
dieu kidn Iim viec dieo thoa thuin, tru trudng
hgp quy djnh tgi Dieu 29 ciia BLLD;


THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT
- Khdng dugc tra du luang hoac tri
luong khdng dung thdi hgn, trii trudng hgp
quy djnh tgi khoan 4 Didu 97 cua BLLD;
- Bj NSDLD ngugc dai, dinh dgp hoac
CO ldi noi, hinh vi nhyc mg, hinh vi lim inh
hudng den sdc khde, nhan pham, danh dy;
bj cudng buc lao dgng;
- Bj quay roi tmh dye tai noi lim vide;
- Lao dgng nu mang thai phii nghi vide
theo quy djnh tgi khoin 1 Didu 138 cua
BLLD;
- Du tuoi nghi hun theo quy djnh tai
Didu 169 cua Bg luit nay, trd trudng hgp cic
bdn CO thoa thugn khac;

- NSDLD cung cip thdng tin khong
trung thyc theo quy djnh tgi khoan 1 Dieu
16 cua BLLD lim anh hudng ddn vide thyc
hien hgp dong lao dgng.
Vdi each quy djnh ndu tren, ve nguydn
tic, trong mgi trudng hgp, vi bat ky ly do gi
va vdi logi HDLD nio, NLD luon cd quydn
ty minh tuydn bd chim diit HDLD ma chi
can tuan thu yeu ciu vd vide bio trudc neu
trdn. Ngay khoin 2 Dieu 35, Luat con midn
cho NLD nghia vy phii bio trudc khi cd
nhiing ly do dugc lidt kd li nguydn nhan cua
vide cham diit HDLD. Cd thd xem trudng
hgp thu hai nay la vide cham diit HDLD
Vhdng can didu kidn. Nhu viy, theo quy djnh
cua BLLD 2019, vide don phuong cham dirt
HDLD cua NLD dugc chia thinh hai trudng
hgp, phai bio trudc va khdng can phii bio
trudc. Cd thd thiy nghia vu bio trudc khong
phai Ii mgt nghia vy hay didu kidn khd thuc
hidn, tu do co thd thiy BLLD 2019 da tao

dilu kidn rit thuin lgi cho ngudi lao dgng
trong vide chu dgng va dan phuong cham
dut HDLD.
Phap luat lao dgng Cgng hoi Phap, thay
vi quy dinh cu the trong trudng hap nio
NLD dugc quydn don phuang chim diit
HDLD, lgi ghi nhan khi ehung chung ring,
du vdi HDLD co xac djnh thdi ban hay

khdng xic djnh thdi hgn thi ngudi lao dgng
cun§ cd quydn don phuang cham diit vi
quydn niy mdt phin dugc ghi nhgn trong
BLLD, mdt phin dugc chip nhin bdi in Id^.
Tuy nhidn, cic quyen niy dugc kiem soit
mgt cich kha chgt che va trong nhilu trudng
hgp phii dugc tiln hinh thdng qua tuydn bd
bing mgt phan quydt cua toa in cap co tham
quyen. Ndu NSDLD chi c6 the cham diit
HDLD bing each sa thii', thi NLD co bon
phuang thiic ty minh chim diit hg^ dong,
bao gdm td chde (demission), cham ddt
HDLD ngay lap tuc (la prise d'acte par le
salarie), ydu cau chim diit HDLD thdng qua
giii quydt tu phip (la resihation judiciaire)
vi n ^ i huu (la retraite)^.
Trong so cac each thdc chim ddt HDLD
niy cd hai logi didu kidn ma nha lim luat
Phap quan tim, do li vide bio trudc vi didu
kidn vd thu tyc. Noi each khic, do la cich
thdc thyc hidn vide dan phuang chim ddt
HDLD. Didu niy the hidn ro qua vide quy
djnh, cung co ban chit li dan phuong chim
dut HDLD nhung phip luit lai ydu ciu cac
cich thuc tien hanh khac nhau. Cy thd, dli
vdi vide td ehdc (ddmission), c6 3 didu kidn
dit ra li mdt sy bidu 16 ty do, ro ring vi
nghidm tuc ve y chi cua NLD. Vide td chde

6 Bdn an ngdy 25/6/2003 Tod phd dn.

7 Tit dung tifeng Phdp Id licenciement.
8 Bernard Bossu, Francois Dumont, Pierre-Yves VERKINDT, Droit du travail, Montchrestien, 2011, tr.271272. Rifeng dli vdi vi^c nghi huu (la retraite), bit ddu tu Ludt ngdy 17/9/2008, tii sinh nhdt lan thu 65 ciia
ngudi lao dpng, NSDLD co nghia vu phai hoi ngudi lao dpng ring hp co muon nghi huu khong? Trong
trucmg hpp Dgaiji lao dpng tir chii thuc hifen quyen nay thi lan lupt cac nam sau NSDLD se phaitifeptuc
h6i nhu vay cho din khi nguoi lao dpng dii 69 tuoi. Sau d6 tuoi nay, NSDLD co quyen cho nguoi lao dSng
nghi huu nliu m^t hanh dpng don phuang cham dut HDLD. Trong khi do, luat lao dpng Cpng hod Phdp cho
p h ^ ngufifi lao dpng co quyin duoc tif minh cham dut HDLD dfe nghi huu tii dp tuoi 60, Cung cin lim y
ring phdi nghi huu tu tuoi 65 thi ngudi lao dpng mdi dupc huong ty 1? huu cao nhit theo quy dinh..
,

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S6 11 (411) - T6/2020\^ L A P P H A P

*"


THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT
phii dugc bio trudc mgt thdi ban theo thdng
Id hoge theo thoi udc lao dgng tgp thd. Vi
phgm nghia vy bio trudc se giy ra trich
nhidm boi thudng thidt hgi td phia NLD.
Cung tuong ty nhu vgy, ddi vdi vide cham
diit ngay lap tuc HDLD, mac du khdng cd
ydu cau vd the thde' nhung dgt ra didu kidn
li phii CO loi vi phgm ngbidm trgng tu phia
NSDLD dSn ddn vide thyc hidn HDLD li
khdng thd tiep tuc, trong trudng hgp cin
thiet NLD phii ehiing minh ldi nay trudc
Toa in cd thim quyin.

Co thd thiy, gida phip lugt lao dgng
Cdng hoi Phip vi Viet Nam ve quydn dan
phuang cham dut HDLD tu phia NLD, c6
nhung didm tuong ddng, nhung cung cd sy
khic bidt ro ndt. Tit ci cic trudng hgp dan
phuang chim ddt HDLD td phia NLD, phip
luit Phip ddu ydu ciu phii thyc hidn theo
mdt thi didc nhit djnh, vi trong trudng hgp
cin thilt, vide cham ddt phai dugc tidn hinh
thdng qua Toi in. Didu niy cd nghia li vide
thyc hidn quyen don phuong cham diit
HDLD td phia NLD cin phii cd sy kilm soit
nhit djuh'". Cic dilu kidn niy khi datra,mgt
mgt cd y nghta ning cao trich nhidm cua
NLD trong vide thyc hidn cic cam kdt cua
minh, mgt khic co y ngbia rin de NLD bing
cich dgt ra cic trach nhidm phip ly cy the
hay chd tii trong trudng hgp NLD vi pham".
3. Kiln nghi
Chung tdi cho rang, so vdi BLLD nam
2012, sy thay ddi cua BLLD 2019 vl quydn
dan phucmg chim dut HDLD cua NLD li
chua thgt sy phu hgp. Mgt mgt, bdi vi don
phuang chim ddt HD ndi ehung va HDLD
noiridngcd li mgt quyen ty nhidn vi co ban
thi diy van cd bin ehit la mgt sy bgi udc,

hai ldi, vi thd vide hgn chd cic quyen nay
hay it ra li kilm soit vide thyc hidn quydn
niy li that sy can thilt cho vide xiy dyng cic

chuin myc vl chu "tm" trong thyc hidn cam
kit phip ly, cam kit xa hgi ndi chung. Mgt
khic, yong bdi cinh phip ly hidn nay, khi
giao kit HDLD, NSDLD cd khi nhidu cac
ngbia vy dli vdi NLD nhu nghia vy iham gia
bio hilm xa hgi, bio hiem y tl, dim bao an
toan-vd smh lao dgng... Cic ngJiia vy nay
khi ning nl vdi NSDLD dl dli liy vide
dugc quin ly, dilu hinh, khai thac sue lao
dgng cua NLD. Dilu niy din din thyc trgng
li NSDLD frong nhilu trudng hgp khdng
muln giao kit HDLD dd ne trinh cic nghia
vy ndu tren'^. Thuc trang niy cung vdi sy
cho phep khi ty do vide NLD dugc don
phuang chim diit HDLD se thuc diy mgnh
hon nua tinh trgng giim sut sd lugng HDLD
dugc giao kit, tu dd an sinh xa hgi se giim
sut ci vl chit vi lugng. Vi v^y, theo tic gia,
ngudi ip dyng luit cin dy kien viec giai
thich hgp ly ban quy djnh niy de co tinh kha
thi hgn. Cy thd, sy giii thich lugt co thd theo
hudng bo sung thu tyc kiem soit viec don
phuong chim dut HDLD thdng qua hoi giai
vidn lao dgng vi bo sung chi tii bdi thudng
thidt hai trong trudng hgp vide don phuang
chim dut HDLD giy thiet hgi cho NSDLD.
^ Ngoii ra, cung cin quy dinh ve bio
hidm that nghidp theo hudng chi ip dung
cho nhiing trudng hgp NLD bi thit nghiep
do nhirng nguyen nhin ngoai y mudn cua hg,

cd nghia la trong trudng hgp NLD don
phuang chim diit HDLD mi khdng vi bat
ky ly do gi dugc ghi nhin tgi khoin 2 Didu
35 thi hg se khong dugc hudng bio hiem
thit nghidp •

9 Bernard Bossu, Francois Dumont, Pierre-Yves VERKINDT, sdd, tr. 277.
10 Tmh t r ^ g tuong tgr ciing d?it ra d l i voi vifec dem phuong cham dut HDLD tii NSDLD.
11 Trdch nhifein boi thuong thifet hjii nhu da phan tich tren theo quy djnh tai Difeu L1237-2 hoac vifec hi mat cdc
khodn trp cap thit nghifep.
12 Vy vifec Vmasun cdt 8000 HDLD nam 2017 dfe chuyen sang giao kfet HDDS v6i tai xfe ldi xe taxi Id mpt vi
dy difen hmh cho thyc tr^ng tren />CVU
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