Văn hóa Bái Đính: Phần 1

B A I
M 0 T

V U N G

D I N H
V A N

H O A

1



VL
NGO

V A N M I N H B,

B A I
M O T

V U N G

3
'33

D f N H
V A N

H O A

NHA XUAT BAN THE GIOT

3



Ngo Van Minh

L d i

G

t u a

ia Sinh

la xa miin

nui,

ban san dia,

phia

Nam huyen Gia Viin, tinh Ninh Binh. Day
Id mot vung dat cd cd be ddy lich sd vd van hod
td rat lau ddi.

Cac nhd khao cd hoc dd cdng bd ket qua
cho biet rang, ngUdi Viet co dd sinh sdng d ddy
tu: thdi dqi Dd mdi, sa ky Kim khi, each ngay
nay 3 - 4.000 nam. Phong canh nui song nai ddy
ky tu. Song Hoang Long vd sdng Le nhd hai con
rong ldn dm phia Tay Nam vd Tay Bdc xa, boi
ddp phu sa cho dong dat ma mau. Phia Dong
Nam la ddi nui hung vi keo ddi td San Lai (Nho
Quan) den TrUdng Yen (Hoa Lu) nhu bdc trudng
thanh
chien luy vo cung hiem yeu. Nui doi
quanh co khudt khuc tao nen nhieu thung
lung
dep, co nhieu gd va cdy thudc quy, chim
mudng,
thu rdng vd nhitng hang dong ky tu.

Gia Sinh vd cac dia phuong trong vung cd
the nui sdng hiem trd, nen nai ddy tdng la dia
ban chien luqc, Id phdng tuy en an ngd vd diem
phat xuat cua bao dao hung binh trong
tien


Bdi Dfnh - Mot Vung Van Hoa
trinh diing nUdc vd giit nitdc oanh liet cua
tpc ta tit thai dqi cac Vua Hung.

ddn

Nhan ddn Gia Sinh can cu lao dong va anh
dung ddu tranh bao ve que huang, gdp phdn ciing
quan, ddn Gia Viin vd cd nude lap nen bao chien
cdng trong cudc khang chien chong thuc
ddn
Phap xam luqc vd khang chien chong My ciiu
nddc. NgUdi Anh Hung Lao ddng vd Anh
hung
Ldc luqng vu trang ddu tien cua huyen Gia Viin
dd xuat hien tren manh dat nay, cung bao Liet si,
chien si each mang, gia dinh cd cdng vdi nude,
mdi mdi la niem tu hao khong chi cua que huang
Gia Sinh md cua ca huyen Gia Viin ndi chung.
Gia Sinh con ndi tieng vdi bao huyen sd,
huyen tich ly ky nhu huyen tich ve sU ra ddi cua
ddc vua Binh Tien Hoang, ve sdng Hoang
Long,
Bdi Binh, Sinh Buqc, hang Tien, Long
An...
Huyen thoqi, huyen tich vi dng Khong Lo Id
bieu tdqng lung linh vi ngudi Anh Hung
Van
Hod cd ten that Id Nguyin
Chi Thanh,
que
Biem BdangIGiang
(nay thudc xa Gia
Thdng,
Gia Tien, huyen Gia Viin) gdn liin vdi ten dat,
ten lang, ten doi, ten nui cua Gia Sinh

vd
nhdng vung phu can ve viec ddng dd,
danh
ludi, cau cd, trong vUdn thudc quy ciiu ddn; lap
am thd Phat tren ddng Bdi Binh... ddy dqc tren
manh dat dia linh nhan kiet nay. Vd td ddu tich
lich sd, van hod tit ngan xUa dy, nay mdt
Trung
tam Tam linh - chua Bdi Binh - ditqc xdy ddng
vdi quy md vd tam ca qudc gia nai ddy da lam
cho Bdi Binh cd kinh, huyin
thoqi bdng sdi
6


Ngo Van Minh
ddng, tap nap, cd tieng vang xa, lan toa trong vd
ngoai nitdc.
Nhan ddn Gia Sinh cdng tu hao ve truyen
thong yeu nUdc vd each mang, lqi cdng ra
cung nhan ddn huyen Gia Viin, tinh Ninh
vd cd nude, dudi sU lanh dao cua Bang,
dung que huang ngay cdng them gidu dep,
manh trong sU nghiep cong nghiep hod,
dqi hod ddt nUdc, trd thanh mot dia chi ddy
ddn, an tuong, lich lam cua du khach vd
ban bon
phuong.

sdc

Binh
xay
vdng
hien
hap
bdu

Bdi Binh - Gia Sinh Id mot vung van hoa
- Van hod qua khd, hien tai vd cd trong tuang
lai! Mot vung nui song ky tu, huyin thoqi dang
md rong vdng tay vd tam long hdn hoan don
chdo ban hUu xa gdn.
Xin trdn trong gidi thieu cung quy dqc gid
cuon "Bdi Dinh - mot vung van hoa" cua tac
gid Ngd Van Minh, mdt ngudi con que huang
viet ve que nhd vdi nhitng ddng viet mdc mac,
hap ddn, mot long tri an sau sdc - Nhu mot lai
gidi thieu sue tich ve que cha ddt td cua minh
vd cung Id mdt ldi mdi chdo trdn trong,
thdm
tinh cua ddt vd ngitdi Gia Sinh vd nhan
ddn
Gia Viin vdi ban hdu bon
phuong.
Cuon sach cung cap cho ngUdi dqc khd
nhiiu
tu lieu vd sU kien quy, giup chung ta
them hieu, them yeu men ddt Gia Sinh, mdt ddi
ddt ke can vdi Cd dd Hoa Lti lich sd vd que
huang sinh Vuong sinh Thanh cua huyen

Gia


Bai Dinh - Mot Vung Van Hoa
Viin, tinh Ninh Binh, long nhu lohg khdng the
it nhdt mot ldn trong ddi tim ve manh ddt dia
linh - nhan kiet nay de thudng ngoqn, tieu dao!
Thu - Bong nam Mdu Ty, 2008
Tritctng Dinh Tiidng
Gidm doc Bien anh tinh Ninh Binh
Trudng Chi hdi Khoa hoc lich sd Viet Nam
tinh Ninh Binh
TrUdng Chi hoi Van nghe ddn gian Viit Nam
tinh Ninh Binh


Ngo Van Minh

Chtfdng I:
B a i

D i n h

d ^ t

v a

n g u d i

Cr nui K y L a n t h a n h pho' N i n h B i n h con dUOng

vao t h a m khu hang dong
T r a n g A n . Dudng quanh co trong nui, nui ngiit
ngan, thap cao dii loai. ChUa het cam xiic thanh
t h a n k h i duqc chiem ngudng canh dep ciia vung
Ha Long can, xe vCfa chdm doan cudi con dudng
ban da duqc t a m mat bdi gio ciia song Hoang
Long t h d i t d i . TCf den Vtfc Vong dudng chay ben
bd song, mot khoang sang lap lanh ciia vung
song nUdc ua vao xe ciia ban, qua cau Den, trudc
mat ban la nui Bai Dinh. N u i Bai D i n h la ngon
nui cao nhat, hung v i nhat n h u m a i nha ciia ca
vung. Xung quanh nui la cac lang Xuan T r i , Sinh
Duqc, Le Thuqng, Le T r i (hai t h o n nay con goi la
Luong Son), Son Tien, h i n h t h a n h 11 xom ciia xa
Gia Sinh, huyen Gia V i i n , t i n h N i n h B i n h .
Cung v d i cac xa Gia Phong, Gia M i n h ciia
hiiyen Gia V i i n , Son Thanh, Thanh Lac, Thuqng
Hoa, Lac Van, Ddc Long, Phii Loc, Quynh Luu,

9 •


Bai Dinh - Mot Vung Van Hoa
San Ha, San L a i ciia huyen Nho Quan, Gia Sinh
la diem cudi ciia dong bang Bac Bo, la vung tiep
giap giffa dong bang Bac Bo va vung trung du ciia
t i n h Thanh Hoa va deu la chau tho ciia song
Hoang Long. Song Hoang Long la hqp lUu ciia ba
dong song, song Lang, song Sui, Song B o i . Song
Sui bat nguon tii khu vuc vUdn qudc gia Cue

Phuang, qua cau Sui xudng vung Lang Phong, gap
song L a n g chay tit vung chq Dap, Yen Thuy, Hoa
B i n h ve nga ba Dong D i n h (thuoc xa Thuqng Hoa,
huyen Nho Quan, t i n h N i n h Binh). Tit nga ba
Dong D i n h chay den Kenh Ga (thuoc xa Gia
T h i n h , huyen Gia Vien) gap song Boi chay tii
vung Dam Da, Chi Ne, Hoa B i n h den, tu" day la
song Hoang Long. Diem thuqng nguon ciia song
Hoang Long la nga ba Kenh Ga nai co sudi nUdc
nong t u nhien noi tieng. V d i 10 k m chay den ciia
Gian Khau, Hoang Long nhap vao song Day. Tu"
vung n u i diep t r u n g ciia Hoa Binh, Ciic Phuang
mai nha ciia Khu Ba, hang ngan con sudi nho tao
nen song Sui, song Boi, song Lang, k h i qua Kenh
Ga, dong song rong menh mong, den nga ba song
Le nhap them dong song Le, tit day song udn
luqn ve phia dong bac chay sat vao chan nui Bo
D i n h tao t h a n h vong cung song 6m lay cac xa Gia
Phuang, Gia Trung, Gia Thang, Gia Tien. TCf chq
Sinh Duqc cu ra den ciia Gian Khau dong song
nho dan, t a i ciia Gian Khau dong chay t h a t lai
nhu mot cai nut do, vao mua mUa nUdc d ciia Gian
Khau do ra song Day n h u mot dong thac l d n ,
nude a song Hoang Long co k h i cao han nUdc song
Day hang met.
10


Ngo Van Minh
Cau tao cua song la vay, nen tu" ciia Gian

Khau ngUcfc ve thuc/ng nguon cac nai nhu Tuy
H d i , Chi Phong Ha, Diem Duong, Diem Xa, Chi
Phong Thucmg, Dong Khe, Trung Dong, Dai Him,
Bo Dinh, chin lang Le, Sinh Ducfc, Xuan T r i la
r d n nUdc, la vung tu k h i tu thuy. Tam diem ciia
vung tu k h i tu thiiy rong ldn nay la vong cung
song Dai Hdu (thuoc cac xa Gia Trung, Gia
Phuang, Gia Tien, Gia Thang) va vong cung nui
Bai D i n h xa Gia Sinh (deu thupc huyen Gia V i i n ,
t i n h N i n h Binh).
N a m d phia hiiu ngan song Hoang Long, xa
Gia Sinh vdi dien tich t u nhien la 2.048ha, gan
7.000 nhan khau. Dat chia l a m hai phan nui da,
doi dat va ruong cay liia. N u i da, doi dat chiem
hau het dien tich ciia xa, ngoai mot so' ngon nui
doc san n h u n u i H a n Cay, H a m Rong, Hang Trai,
N u i Nhan, N u i Lang Doi, N u i Le, N u i Thanh
Luang, N u i Kham.... N u i doi tap trung d hai vong
cung chinh:
Vong cung phia dong nam bat dau t d day
nui Con L q n , n u i Phudng sat song Hoang Long
chay vao den vung Ciia U i , thung Lang giap vdi
Trudng Yen, N i n h Van, N i n h H a i ciia huyen Hoa
Lu, San Ha ciia huyen Nho Quan.
Vong cung phia tay bac bat dau la nui Le
sat vdi song Hoang Long tiep den la n u i U Bo,
vung nui Ba Chac, doi Le chay dai vao den nui
Khai va vung doi nui ciia cac xa San L a i , Quynh
Luu ciia huyen Nho Quan.
11 •

Bai Dinh - Mot Vung Van Hoa
Diing d v i t r i dau hai canh cung nui nay va
cung la an ngu" canh cung song Bo D i n h , D a i Hffu,
Diem DUdng, Diem Xa chang biet t h i e n n h i e n co
sap xep g i khong, ma dau canh cung phia tay bac
riiii Le n h u mot con K y L a n , dau canh cung phia
dong nam la n u i H a m Rong, hai ngon nui nay deu
quay ve phia Bo D i n h noi sinh ra vua D i n h , dung
la the Rong chau, L a n phuc.
Toan bo lang mac ruong vUdn ciia nhan dan
trong xa nam gon trong hai vong cung niii doi noi
tren.Vdng cung niii doi nay doi dien vdi vong
cung song Hoang Long phia chan niii Bo Dinh.
Ben nay niii non hiing v i , ben k i a song udn lupn
nen tho, t h a t la t h u hung giao hoan, son thiiy hai
hoa la vung dat hun due k h i thieng song niii, noi
ma "Dqi HQu sinh vitong Diem Duong
sinh
thanh" la day.
N u i Bai D i n h nam or giffa hai vong cung d6i
niii nay v d i do cao gan 200m la dinh cao nhat of
day, t a t ca cac ngon niii, doi ciia hai vong cung
deu quay ve Bai D i n h n h u t r i e u bai. N i i i doi phia
tay Bai D i n h tao dong chay ve phia tay, nUdc dd
ve xa Son L a i (Nho Quan). Phia dong Bai D i n h
nUdc do ve song Hqang Long. Mua mUa phia dong
Bai D i n h co 5 dong chay chinh. Phia bac Bai
D i n h co hai dong chay: Dong t h i i nhat tu" niii

Khoi, Ao Ho... chay ra Cau Da. Dong t h i i hai t i i
cac doi N i i m , bai Xich Cho... chay theo Song Bo ra
Dong Niia. Phia nam Bai D i n h cung co hai dong
chay: Dong t h i i nhat t d Ciia U i ra Hang Nude.
Dong t h i i hai t d vung doi Voi, doi Leu, sudn phia

12


Ngo Van Minh
nam B a i D i n h chay ra Ben Boi (Dong Md). Chinh
gitfa la dong chay tir Hoc Ca xudng song Mo.
La vung dat doi nui, dong ruong giao thoa
do vay d vung nay co r a t nhieu mom nUdc t u
n h i e n nUdc quanh nam khong bao gid can dien
h i n h la mom nUdc "rdn rong" nam d doi Le phia
tay B a i D i n h va mom nUdc "hoc Cd Phe" phia
dong nui D i n h . Trong quan the nui da, do la vung
rdn nUdc mua mUa nUdc ngap 5-6 thang v i vay da
tao ra r a t nhieu hang dong dep. Cac ngon doc sdn
canh song Hoang Long nhu nui Le, nui H o n Cay,
nui H a m Rong co h i n h dang k y t h i i . Trong long
cac ngon n u i PhUdng, niii Bai Dinh, nui A n Ma
deu co nhiing hang dong t h a n tien. Dong Bai
D i n h duqc xem la dep nhat vung "Ban Long, Bich
Bong xem con kem day". Dudng hang dong xuyen
nui A n Ma d canh cung phia dong nam, cufa phia
bac la Hang Vong^ cda phia nam la Hang Nude
t e n la dong Long A n vdi do dai gan 2km dupe coi
la mot trong nhdng dudng thiiy dong dep nhat

trong quan the hang dong Trang A n .
N u i da, doi dat xen l a n ruong cay lua, phia
tay bac la song Le, phia dong bac la song Hoang
Long: Bai D i n h la vung k i n h te da nang. Rdng va
nui da khong nhiing cung cap vat lieu xay dung
ma con co nhieu cac loai duqc lieu, dong, thuc vat
khac. Dong vat d day r a t phong phu dudi song la
torn, ca, ba ba, r a i ca... Tren nui la chon, sdc, cay
hUdng, don, k h i , sdn dUdng, riia, tran, ran, dc nui...
TrUdc day mua ngo vao "bap", cd vang vang mat
t r d i la tdng dan k h i l a i hu goi nhau xudng be ngo

13 •


Bai Dinh - Mot Vung Van Hoa
dan trong trong cac thung lung. Con dc n u i t h i
ngay ca bay giet cii mita dau miia ha, ngay sau
mtfa ban len nui la co the bat dtfcfc hang vdc. Neu
co 6c nui, ban hay tha vao nUdc, ngam khoang
niia ngay de no t h a i het r d t r a i , sau do rda sach
roi luoc t d i chin, kheu rupt cham mam gdng. Day
la mon dac san vda ngon, vda bd dudng. Chim
choc d day cung con nhieu loai dung la trong rdng
ba mUoi sau t h d chim nhU: my, sao, khudu, da da,
bim bip, cu gay, vang anh, phuong hoang dat (con
thay xuat hien d vung thung U i va vung nui giap
vdi TrUdng Yen), ga rdng, cheo beo... Neu di budi
sang ban se dupe nghe tieng riu rit ciia my,tieng
veo von cua khudu, budi chieu nang quai ve horn

tieng gu cua cu gay l a i l a m ban thay gan gui
trong canh lang que thanh b i n h . Dong vat la the,
thuc vat cung rat da dang, cay lay gd co rat nhieu
loai nhU: Trai, sen, tau, 6 do, do vang (cay nay
con cho qua an rat ngon) mang, muong, trac, trac
thdi (gd sua: d nui Than lang Luong Son co rdng
sua hang ngan cay)... Rau qua dii loai, mot sd dac
san den nay van con n h u rau sang (d nui Thd,
Luong Son), hat de (d n u i Thanh Luong), reu da
(hay con goi la sun da) thudng co sau mUa, lay ve
rufa sach chan qua nUdc soi, vat kho t r o n vdi
vdng, rau thorn ban se co mon nqm tuyet v d i .
Trong hau het cac thung lung deu co rat nhieu
cay rau rUdng, la dung de nuoi lqn, vo loai cay
nay la nguyen lieu duy nhat de che tao giay gio.
Dieu dac biet la t r e n khap nui, ddi, ddng ruong
quanh vung Bai D i n h co r a t nhieu loai nam dupe
nhU: Ha thu 6, Son thu ( r l cay son thu), Hoang
•

14


Ngo Van Minh
ba (cay nuc nac, loai cay nay vo l a m thudc, go rat
giong vang t a m nen dan gian co cau: Vao rdng
khong biet l d i ra, thay cay nuc nac tudng la vang
tam), Hoai sen, Cat can, Dd trong (vo cay sang
trang), Ban ha, Bach bo, Sinh dia, Chan chim,
Ngu gia b i , Ke huyet dang, Bac khau, Phong

phong, Bd cong anh, Bong ma de, K i m ngan, Lac
tien, B i m b i m , B i n h voi, Re quat, K h i e m thuc (cii
siing), L i e n nhue (hat sen), Ngu boi t i i , Ca doc
duqc, cay t r i n h nd, day hoang dang, Nam bach
chi, bd chich, Dau xUOng, re mat qui, y thiem,
muc thong, bd cot toai, thd phuc l i n h , long cong,
bd cinch sam, dang sam... That xiing danh la vung
Sinh Duqc (thudc sdng). Ddi dat de chan nuoi,
phat t r i e n cay cong nghiep nhu mia, diia, vdng,
lac va cac loai cay mau nhu khoai, san nhieu loai
cay mau dac san nhu cii tu", dong trang, khoai so
d vung nay ngon ndi tieng. Ruong chiem, ruong
mua nam hai vu Ida mot vu mau va trong rau
xanh cung cap dii cho nhan dan trong xa. A y vay
ma do la vung xa lu trUdc day k h i chua co de quai
nam nao lu lut cung t a n pha nang ne, cac t r a n hit
ciia nhiing nam 1978, 1985 ca xa hau nhu nha
nao cung bi t h i e t hai ve nha ciia, hoa mau. Dat
t h i nhieu song chi cay dupe mot vu, dan khong dii
an. Cac lang Le va Sinh Duqc, Xuan T r i co le
trUdc k i a la rdng r a m va dam lay do phu sa song
Hoang Long v u i lap di ma nen, bang chiing la k h i
dao, nan song Hoang Long tu" Gia Lac den Gia
Sinh, dudi mat dat la mot ldp than bun nhieu chd
con ca nhdng than cay to bi vui lap dudng k i n h
rong hang met. T d xa xUa hang nam phu sa theo

15 •

Bai Bfnh - Mot Vung Van Hoa
nude l u chay ve lang dong d chan cac ngon n u i ,
dat cd the n o i dan len t h a n h go ddng r d i t h a n h
cac bai l d n , dan den day k h a i khan dung t h a n h
xom ap lang mac.
Theo cac t a i lieu khao cd dupe cong bo' gan
day t h i vung B a i D i n h trUdc kia da la noi d cua
ngUdi viet cd. T a i n u i Thung B i n h nay thuoc xom
7 xa Gia Sinh co 5 hang da quay ve phia dong
nam cua n u i , m d i hang dien tich t d 50-70m cda
hang cao t d 7-9m so v d i mat ruong. Tren nen
hang xuat hien tang van hoa khao cd gdm vo
n h u y l n the nUdc ngqt (dc n u i , dc sudi, t r u n g
true.) vo n h u y l n the nUdc man (dc bu giac, hau,
so huyet, ngao dau) cung xUOng thu va cong cu dd
da duqc l a m t d da cuoi. Day la nhdng di tich
thuoc nen van hoa khao cd hoc da mdi Hoa B i n h
each ngay nay t r e n dudi mot van nam. Cung noi
them rang each n u i Thung B i n h ve phia dong
nam khoang 3km la thung U i , noi co hang But la
noi da phat hien di chi khao cd hoc thdi dai van
hoa Hoa B i n h . Cu dan van hoa Hoa B i n h thudng
song t h a n h tdng nhom (nhom hang, niii da) quay
theo hudng nam hoac tay nam khai thac nguon
thdc an d nhdng thung lung (hoa, qua, cu, chim,
thu, n h u y l n the). Nhdng d i vat la vo n h u y l n the
bien cho thay cU dan van hoa Hoa Binh d day da
tiep xuc va k h a i thac nguon thdc an d bien (bien
luc do con vd song d vung TrUdng Yen, Hoa L u
each do khoang t d 3-4km). Dieu dang chu y la ldp

t r e n cua tang van hoa khao cd con xuat 16 mot so'
manh gdm thuoc giai doan t h d i k y k i m k h i each
2

16


Ngo Van Minh
ngay nay tu" 3.000 den 4.000 nam. Trong thung U i
la thung Lang, thung Cung va cac thung khac...
theo truyen thuyet la kho, dun cua cac trieu dai
trUdc day, vung nay con luu truyen cau ca: "Thung
Cung cho chi thung Lang, hang tram thdi vdng ta
de co nai".
Cung theo t a i lieu khao co, dudi chan doi
phu lang t h d Duyen Khang cong chua va Trudng
Quoc cong chua, vao mua nUdc can xuat 16 via
gach ngoi dang gach that (xay thanh) gach vuong
(lat nen) trang t r i hoa sen, dau ngoi dng trang t r i
hoa sung giup chung ta nhan biet noi day dudi
t h d i Dinh, Le each ngay nay khoang mot ngan
nam co nhdng cong t r i n h k i e n true qui mo. Chung
ta da biet rang Dinh Tien Hoang De trUdc k h i
xay dUng k i n h do Hoa L u Ong da cho xay dung
h a n h do ( k i n h do t a m t h d i d vung Son L a i , Nho
Quan). Vay dia diem Phu Lang nam & phia lidiu
song Hoang Long la noi trung gian g i i i a ^ n h ^ d i
va k i n h do Hoa L u nen co vai tro hefctrong ve mat quan sU, la dia diem trupg^^artDCi
ve dudng song lSn dudng bo, la cda ng6*tu viSij

nui phia tay bac (noi co dudng thuqng ilsfc
Nam) ve k i n h do Hoa Lu. Khong chi
trjeul
D i n h , Le ma nhieu trieu dai sau nay da l&y*v5ng
B a i D i n h l a m can cd chong quan xam l W c :
Dat lanh chim dau, t r a i qua cac t h d i ky lich
sd dan cac noi den vung Bai D i n h lap nghiep
ngay cang dong. NgUdi t h i thay dat dai mau md
dua gia dinh, ho toe den sinh sdng. Ngudi t h i di
l a n h nan do sU truy dudi cua chinh quyen noi

17 •


Bai Otnh - Mot Vung Van Hoa
khac, den day ta tuc r o i lay vo" de con tao nen ca
dong ho. Ngu'di t h i la quan quan trieu d i n h di
chinh chien qua day b i chinh phuc bdi cac co thon
nd, sau khuc k h a i hoan da quay ve xay dung gia
dinh r o i t r d t h a n h cong dan chinh thdc dudi chan
nui D i n h Son. M 5 i ho, m o i ngu'di mot hoan canh
khac nhau, day la noi quan cu" ciia nhieu dong ho
t r e n khap vung mien dat nude. Cu" dan ngay mot
dong due tao t h a n h lang mac. Lich sd cac lang
ditpc ke n h i i sau:

C a c

l a n g

L e

Ba Vinh An Hoang hau (thdi Le Trung
hung) xudng toe di tu d chua Ha, lang Le Ha
Chan Himg ngay nay, mot t h d i gian sau thay
vung n u i non canh dep t r e n ben, dudi thuyen Ba
da den k h a i pha va dung nen chua Le (chua toa
lac d phia tay bac nui Le, n h i n xuong dong song
Le) r d i t r u t r i d day, t d do n u i nay cung goi la niii
Le. Ciing vdi viec dung chua Ba cung nhan dan
trong vung k h a i k h a n dat hoang, nong tang cay
cay, d a n theo den ngay mot dong lap nen chin
lang Le. Ba dat t e n la: Le Do (nay thuoc xa Gia
Lac) Le Chom (nay thupc xa Gia Phong) Le Ha,
Le Hau, Le Trung, Le Coi, Le Phu (nay thupc xa
Gia Trung) Le Thuqng, Le T r i (nay thupc xa Gia
Sinh) thupc tdng Le Xa. Tdng Le Xa ton t a i hang
may t r a m nam trong lich sd lang xa Viet Nam.
•

18


Ngo Van Minh
Le Thuqng, Le T r i hai lang nam sat bd song
Le (nay goi la thon LU0ng Son) dudi chan nui Le,
sat nga ba song (noi song Le do ra song Hoang
Long) t a i day co chq Le quanh nam sam uat, tap
nap ke mua, ngu'di ban, nhat la cac loai hang
nong san dac biet la cac loai hang san xuat t d

tre, nda nhu : thuyen, nong, nia, thung, mung,
dan, sang, r i u tep, do torn, do cua.. Nay nhdng t h d
nay hau nhu" khong con. Chq Le cung hop t a i hai
dia diem cua hai xa Gia Lac va Gia Sinh.
-

Lang Le Thuqng, Le T r i deu t h d ddc thanh
Cao Son va ba Chua Le Trieu l a m Thanh Hoang
lang. Ca hai lang deu co dinh trung, 11 hoi lang
duqc to chdc vao ngay 15 thang 10 am lich hang
nam. H i e n nay d Luong Son co 9 dong ho sinh
song. Sd dong nhan dan hai lang da chuyen len
khu ddi phia t r e n sau t r a n l u t nam 1985.
D i tich chua Le khong con thay vao do la
trudng T H P T Gia V i i n C. D i n h Trung hai lang,
mieu thd Ddc Khong T d d Ddi Gai cung khong
con. H i e n nay d Luong Son con den Ba Cay thd
Ba Chua Le Trieu K i m A n h T d Hoa Cong Chiia,
den Thanh Quan thd L l Quan Cong Bui Thdi
Trung, den d nui Thanh Luong thd Chua Bach,
den cay Cho thd Ddc Thanh Cao Son.
Dan d cac lang Le chii yeu lam nghe trong
Ida va rat gidi viec danh bat cac loai torn, cua, ca,
tep... v i song Le bat nguon t d vung Ria, Nho Quan
chay xudng, mang theo rat nhieu thdc an, do vay
vung nga ba song Le co rat nhieu cua ca... Mam
tep chq Le ngon ndi tieng co le day cung la vung

19 •

Bai Dfnh - Mot Vung Van Hoa
san sinh va lUu truyen thUcfng hieu m a m tep Gia
Vidn cho den ngay nay. Ngoi ben bat m a m tep
thdm ngon, dam da chan que vita thudng thdc
ban vda nghe ke ve cac cong doan de co san
pham nay.
NgUdi dong chiem t r u n g dung l u i , r i u , do,
vo... de bat tep. L u i , r i u , do... deu dUdc l a m bang
tre, tre nac che nan deu n h u que t a m vdt nhan,
dai ngan khac nhau tuy theo dung cu can lam.
Lui h i n h pheu dai khoang 1,5 den 1,8m, mieng
h i n h thang, nan che k i n ca t r e n dudi va hai ben,
cac nan duqc dan co' ket v d i nhau bang sdi moc
lay t d cay moc moc r a t nhieu t r e n niii, dan xong
tdng manh duqc buqc vao khung chac chan, l u i
dung bat tep d vung nUdc sau. Riu gan gidng l u i ,
nhung diing bat tep d vung nUdc nong nen phia
t r e n de hd, phia trUdc t h a n r i u la cang r i u bang
nam, sau thanh tre dai khoang 2m phia ngoai
cung buqc l a i r o i diing day niu vao t h a n r i u , tao
do cong M can rong reu, trong than r i u co hai
khoang, khoang phia trong nho hdn dung de chda
tep. D i r i u tep la viec kho v i vda phai dun ve phia
trUdc l a i phai vda nang de r i u khong sue xuong
bun, tdc do khong nhanh, khong cham, t d i k y
khong dUdc day giat cue l a m sao de tep khong
chay ra k h o i r i u .
Do dung de ddm tep thudng goi la do bdi v i
no gidng qua bui, qua t r a m , dd gdm hai nda neu

tach doi dan giay t r a n g co the l a m chao den. Dd
co hai ngong dat hai ben ngUdc chieu nhau, mot
dau buoc k i n , mot dau hd de dd tep ra k h i ddm

•

20


Ngo Van Minh
phai ddt nut dau nay l a i . Do thudng dam d nai co
dong nifdc chay, vao nhdng dem co gid ndm va
t r a n g sang la dam dufqc nhieu tep nhat, tep la
loai r a t nhay cam vdi anh sang, t r a n g cang sang
tep cang di manh. Khong co t r a n g t h i dung den,
duoc, nUdc khong chay t h i dap t r o n mot khoanh
ruong to bang gian nha r o i dat do, canh do la
den, cd the t a t t d trong ra, nUdc d ngoai chay vao,
co dong nUdc chay, thay anh sang tep di theo vao
do, day la h i n h thdc t a t bdng. Gida dem dong gia
lanh, anh Ida bap bung, tieng gau t a t nUdc i udm,
de k i e m con tep con torn, cai t a n tao cua nong
dan que t o i la vay.
Dai tep, tep bat duqc t d r i u , l u i , dam do...
khong sach ngay ma phai dai de bo het r d m rac.
Ra dai tep to va nong, dudng k i n h khoang l m
ben t r e n co thanh tre buqc ngang. K h i dai, mot
dau ra gac len cqc tre, dau nay cao han mat nUdc,
dau con l a i t y vao chan ngUdi dai, thap ben dudi
m&t nUdc. NgUdi dai tep phai ddng ddi dien vdi

mSt t r d i , dd tep vao ra xong mot tay vd nhe, deu
t r e n mat nUdc tep thay dong chay ve phia trUdc,
mot tay nhat rac vat ve phia sau cac dong tac
phai r a t nhe nhang, chinh xac khong de cho tep
chet. Muon tep kho phai vay, vay tep la ca mot
nghe thuat, thudng ngay chi co mot i t rau sdng
ma ban khong co each nao l a m cho het nUdc, vay
khong kheo t h i trong tay ban chi con r d , rau vang
het ra ngoai. Rd vay tep thudng nho, long sau
dung khoang 2kg tep, k h i vay chan budc rong han
vai, ngUdi ddng cheo khoang 30 do hai tay cam rd

21


Bdi Dinh - Mot Vung Van Hoa
tep dtfa ve phia trifdc v d i toe do cham vita phai
k h i ro den ngang dau t h i dtfa xudng toe do nhanh
hon, t h i n h thoang xoc dao tu" dtfdi len tren, cd the
k h i nao het ntfdc t h i t h o i .
L a m mam tep, mam tep co nhieu loai, tuy
tdng loai tep (phai la tep ttfoi) ma l a m mam cho
phu hop. M a m xdi thtfdng l a m de an ngay loai nay
khong ken tep, tep rda sach de het ntfdc cho vao
co'i gia, sau do tron mudi thtfdng t h i cd 3,5 tep 1
mudi, sau nay neu nhat cho them, khoang 5 den 7
gid sau t h i dd nifdc t r o n t h i n h , dung ntfdc soi de
nguoi 1kg tep mot l i t ntfdc la vda. T h i n h co the la
gao hoac ngo rang that vang, gia nho tron deu bit
k i n t r a n h rudi nhang. M a m canh (con goi la mam

nen) loai nay thtfdng de lau do vay phai lam loai
tep gia nhd deu, tren m i n h co cham dd, goi la tep
do. Tep rda xong de kho khong can gia chi bop
deu vdi mudi (mudi nhieu hdn so v d i lam mam xdi,
3 tep 1 mudi), t h i n h gao khong can gia, xong trifdc
k h i t r o n can ngam mot l a t cho mem. Cac loai
mam trifdc k h i an dam ngay dd vao mot i t rtfdu
cho vda dd, vda thdm. M a m tep thifdng difdc chtfng
vdi t h i t ba chi, hanh va mot i t la gdng.

L a n g

S i n h

D u o c

Cach day gan mot ngan nam Ddc Thanh
N g u y l n M i n h Khong (1066 - 1141) da den dong

•

22


Ngo Van Minh

Nguydn Minh Khong (1066 - 1141), ngudi lap dong thd
Phdt tren dinh nui Bdi Dinh vd lap vUbn Sinh Duoc de
chda benh cho nhan ddn
Tuong ddng thd d den Ly Qudc Su tren dinh nui Bdi

Dinh