kỹ thuật phục hồi rừng ngập mặn trên đầm tôm hoang hóa tại xã thái đô, huyện thái thụy, tỉnh thái bình

LỜI CẢM ƠN

 !" ##$%&'()*+,% ,/*+,
'012/3453637859%/':;<=
:>
?Kỹ thuật phục hồi rừng ngập mặn trên đầm tôm hoang hóa tại xã Thái
Đô, huyện Thái Thụy, tỉnh Thái Bình@
A0'012/3453637859'B
;'-C+%<,.D;,:,EF;<
/G&4
H+17FI/&-FJ;K-+<L/
3453637859%D6FGEM%012/
<=D';<=:NO<4
3/P+C,0E354H<FQLRSK
+)(,/D"T:O<F3H/:
/E:G012EM/:;'+)
)((4
3/P+C,/354H<FQRR ,/
U(%6F/ ,/*+,%6F/*+,
%VP&W;DC,0E%-XYHAPG3/
G<(Z<;:</-[)E/;<=
:F4
A\;'-C+-06<;,O<90/]<
-;<F/J^<43/(,
&^_-%O<_6F/-`
:4
3/P+C,a
RH.%F b c\, ##
5
3T\T
#

Phần 1
ĐẶT VẤN ĐỀ
dN,e89$;,.:e-:%+-=S<
'W/%9-f:0:0`,Z<;+FB%
+F-g,.=+F+J=,/D;6F,eZ<
74+F;:<)1CZ'%.
%^K_h(;0=0,/D<.=
.`79-4
dN,edH8$;C=%<((11M-C
:.1G;>/,%%<%+,Z,V
;,0%,14H1gZ<K)<%;S%,S
.1:);g7%'+,,eK;,C,[=
0.`9-DC\:&
D-(D>-G%;V;g%6444iH<FR`%#jj#$klm4
R<F:33gF;,.<F:9-<Z,\
PG.%e-:;9-%P:6<,S.1'
:FGZ<CSP(<45'W1g<F
dH80;'G+F(Z<.<'
,/D(;&dH84
nVZ<79-%PG3/V7<Z<
.;'G<F f(9-
</`FCCF<;<//,E$Z<f(G-7/
Q,/</`&48/DS+F-7CS(Z<
-S(.N:<//,/:%dH8V7<^
./JCS'S+F
,e<=DO<4
R:F%:<//,//%,/D-7/Q,/
C%1:)<//,-JF,.\;%

1:)<//,PGG-7-J0[=;jc%o4A:

)F2g`;dH81eC(Z<\4
H]&6,O<:g`:dH8%E
/Z>?Kỹ thuật phục hồi rừng ngập mặn trên đầm tôm hoang
hóa tại xã Thái Đô, huyện Thái Thụy, tỉnh Thái Bình@4
Z,<e,,.=+=)(
Z^6,/,%^\CSg
`dH8p,ZP<(;';+F`q<`f&
^Z<:;7\4ig`&dH8rZ<:
:-C`:F%`DC,-C.
`79-4
s
Phần 2
TỔNG QUAN VẤN ĐỀ NGHIÊN CỨU
2.1. Tổng quan về diện tích
dH81ftf(07<.FZ<%-
`,dH8%-GZ<%f;6F0,eC<.
fZ<<':0:04dH8dH8$g;
NSfZ<9--`,;+FB%+F-g%+FAN%
'-<1Pti4Y43,;%#jbc$129TV3gRZ%
 c$kbm4
390)\,#jj!%0C#b#4 U,

:
dH884A45;19;4%#jj!$4H9,.0)6+F=
FC,P<=10#l 4 U,

uvw% s$4dH8=(1
-D-:0x,%:=`-p-`L-S/;0
>nW<*%-Cn8<%Cyz19$444129TV3gRZ%
 c$kbm4

30+FdH82-7;f(%''&O<
+,D43<F,]..D0dH8G\
;{:^\,6+F450l |c \,0%1:)dH8
Z<O<=C,Cl |b },)^4T)1g>i;G
,(C!l}1:)dH80\,#jl 129<`TV3g
RZ$kbm4R:dH8-7<Fe-7<F[CP<(
/:%</`FCC%/:e/7%C
-45Z<.`79-G-7<FC,
e-7:<1:eFdH84
3<F%6+F;&)dH8-L6<&EL
]Z6,O<dH8V&+%D1+Z<
G]&,=;:er^dH80'f
-9-D0.1%C,-C1+V
o
:1<F.-L,4n)%[]
n).`70<T:H,
B;'-C:%g`O<C;_dH8,.-Z^
O<C&2KZ<4
T:H,sc ,D-D-%o4 KC;0J%#6,
974A:)dH8T:H,0Co b4l 
i48<1%#jos$4\,#jc1:)dH8C,P<=Kj 4 
C,s }$4H\,#jb%< \,K#l4 C,#o}0\,#jc$%
\,  #jjj  <  #!  \,  ^  1:  )  K  #lc4c b  39  O<F  7  =
s~ #~•~330))Fl~ #~ #$43dH8'
;lj4!s,sb%#}1:)dH8`;jc4b!c,c#%j}
129<`TV3gRZ$kbm4
31:)dH8T:H,N0Rhizophora apiculata$
,  b 4   b%c}$%  3  Kandelia obovata$  #c4b!c%  -6  <
Sonneratia caseolaris$;+F,e#!%o}$T:Z<
O<FdN% #$k#bm439B5+, l$k#sm)

#~ #1:)dH8ST:H,C#ll4j GC,0
#jjj4R#4#$
Hình 01: Biến động diện tích RNM Việt Nam qua các năm
2.2. Lợi ích từ RNM
l
dH87/f;0=0/t,/D%:
,KC=0D%F&]EL4G
Z<]<Z7dH8>
Các sản phẩm thực vật:
"€B;:<>;0%3%T•%n(]-Z,74&
W1gP+F1'`1f%;,%6<43+&W
1g  ;,    ;:<  &    <.%      :  ;&    ;+<  
c4s!l|c4c!l;~$4
"3>J%;,;&%(;&=gg,.=
/:•>0%T•%Af444
"*, (FCx,> (F(;&%Q+F
C\E>Y6<%8L,444
"*,]\`<=%;,<=^-:>]
Z<,;,]\E%O<C8L,(<<%;<.\
e-:K<F;:<;,4
Các sản phẩm động vật:
"€7;0(dH8N$;0=Z<;
.4dH8Z<-f%-G^<%.f1<;<`]\
EZ<;>/,%%;K=444Nf
9-4
"HZ<]<(F>j };-;O<
]\SdH84dH80>b ;P<%K%/,%F444$%
#c ;+,Z,K<F%K;/%%%;=444$%l ;
=<=De,.6SdH84HZ<;,=e>
K%1:%[L%444K>\%;L%%(<444(

Z<Cx,^4
c
HF%dH8/t;E,K;<(<`1
1M%B&'`EO<6
W/9-%`DK;?(@^Z<
;-%1<F1-iH<FR`%
#jjj$k!m4
=0"PG.%dH8K&1011<;7
<dH8n6€D"3iR`n)8%‚<+3F"H,7444
K<(B%'x,%<=^-:%(=%]\E%-C:
/-%<CP<(/;+,:1+4
TZ,/D%:dH8K;0:K.
-%=P;S-D-%%-G4dH8;,.
+;,)<17<,%C,:.=-.:%;,
\C\;L(6,S.1:)4
2.3. Nuôi trồng thủy hải sản và RNM
H</`FCC<<//,G+F
Z<t%;]<//%1'S;&1gC\
S'=/,,/D0;&43N
\,#jb %0GCP<(&=;&;0;(<f-p
ƒ+/:<//,G9
H<FQ3H%#jjo$k##m4
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-+,%+,<+,4
* Quảng canh: <//,O<C;7W;+<D).
D4v<//,1g:'Z<`11M
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Quảng canh cải tiến: ;]<//,1'ZCO<C
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~,

%1:)</DJ10~%,F,%-76F%h
<.O<C;_%\<(Nl|# (~~\,4T:1g`
-:h<,++F/Q,
</%Z<:/,</S=%\C\Z0
-:4‚7,.C/,f&0/<(C,
<<F/Q,F45'&E:,N0H%
*%3*444$-[<Cf&0Z<:T:H,„
-06<G<&^/%,/D</&
.f&0,g<W1g4
* Siêu thâm canh: ;]</:W1g` :=
,F,%=&</Z<:==<4A:)J%,e
.C=l |# ~,

$%\<( (~~\,4
j
2.3.2. Tác hại của nuôi tôm đến sinh thái và môi trường

H/:<//,,;:<O<C%GExF
:,S.1:)\D6<<//,G+F^C
S/J0,/D4e-:;^<'O<F
6<Zh</:%f0'<]ND1+
G;,/Q,,/D(eZ%Z<0S3*
GS^f(/<//,%V.
4
HZ<//,GeZ<\1CS,/D/
Q,%17-:%+F:;0>3<•<=\,#jj#C;&
#ol4 (\,#jjstl 4 (%z19N#o 4
(\,#jj#P<=Kl 4 (\,#jjb„*\,#jb!%C;&
j 4 (\,#jj tKj4 (4H<F+-C;16,
<//&O<F%=-7Q,-:%,/D</-7/
Q,1:.4
T:H,%G</;+<%1:)W1g<//,G
\(,.\,S;+FP<0C,4R]
<//,F<;O<C%C;&/,&1<F-p,S.
,1:)</`,0]/C;+\<(4
H<//,ST:H,e\;0Z,/D%e-:;(
;&0<FC,%;&f-`;L;0%,/D-7-.Z<%
,<x+F-:4H<F+F<;N:<O<F
%<F[1:)(dH8<//,;G;,,(,/
D%,(C\(g(.,/D4
3Y;,.^7VZ<;&N
.9-4H</`FCCe-:;<//,EGS
,.P<0,0P+F1'<F[,/
Z<f9-4T:,S.1:)</`FCCe-:;
#
,S.1:)<//,G<•,.61:)dH8%`
DG+F.P(<,/D4

* Nuôi trồng thủy hải sản của xã Thái Đô
T07)<;&,%3/-L6<<F<//,N
\, s%-6<N^1:)--<<F[16C
^1:)`;EI,:<O<C<//,0;&45
\, o[1:)<F[PG1:)</`F
CCG!l%0#4oll.1+,</`4
H^\,6<,0<F[%,/DK%(C
<<//,K)%17-:%:<//,Z<<;&
G9,;^:<O<C-6<4YO<+(sj%l|o % :<
`~\, o l4
H^\,S;+F,/D-7/Q,Z<%17-:;%
<=1:%Wf%(PW;_,/D%(;&=
I,444G;,C,C;&<//,439=PG
\<(<//,(;\, l0cjo%o~%:F
\, # $tK#cc%!~4HF<l\,\<(GC,
o%#c;64
39-O<C<//,\, # PG3/%\, # 
PG!l<//,s-J/</%=./C
</,c }%Z<.G-J/<//,1<//,
/:<O<C,)K+F<;BZ<<6<,4
Tf<//,PG+F;f]<Z$%9
1'#-L6<\, 0[1:);jc%o45<l\,%\,
 !1:)<//,tKb%l,j%lc}%1:)-J;
c!%j,! %oo}4\, j 1:)G-J/
<//,&1,/DG-7/Q,4nK,.=.0
##
1:)C#%s2K</<%;(F0-L'%:<
O<C;((4
U/t1N;S%,/D9-PGG-7/Q,%:
F(<//,S;4391't,.\,0

1:)<//,C,,.4T:g`1:)
dH8F2KeZ<\4
* RNM của xã
dH8PG3/GN(;+<%0+FdH8S+Ft;,.=
;+F,e,'C45<\,#jjo&O<F
`9s!<.1'iv8"sll18
&9`,0l:<Nn)4dN-L6<
`N\,#jjoE\, l0[1:);#4 l%
F<;`3P9^3Y6<4
T0:,S.1:)<//,EG;,<FC,,1:
)dH8%PGG<Fjc%o1:)(,e-</
/,E%-6<(Z<D1+,(<6<</C/,%<
l\,6<(C1)6,/,Z<-J4R:FPGO<F
 1:)F`g`;dH84
Tg`N,e^1:)6,/,
&PG(O<+,%GZ<C&ZP:g`
FeC(Z<\
#
Phần 3
ĐẶC ĐIỂM KHU VỰC NGHIÊN CỨU
3.1. Về vị trị địa lý
Tf9-33gFp,S)/YLt3Y.
7;_

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†
hYL# c

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/4
"i)YL<F:ThYC‡RCiK
"i)H,<F:3ZRC‡3Y
"i)/Y/
"i)3+F.`<F:33gF
A:)'#o4c#b4 <.7-lPG#7(>3gF
3D%3gF‚<+%3gFRC%3/7(A,Z4
R<F:33gF!,D-D-:=/Kp
70/);/R%/A,R./3*_45/RCF
O<)YL<F:%;0'^<F:33gF<F:
ThYC"RCiK[-SW3Y45/A,R.CFN3+F
/<F:<><YL<H,%[-SWA,
Z%/3*_4
33gF#4ll%sdH8%<PG9-%1g
;0K.-%Z<)<7;0ZCO<,/
D%-C`:09-%`9.g
;01<;7-4
3/p, D-D-<0<F:3ZRC%PG3
3&%7(A,Z0/A,R.[W/A,Z4
"i)YLPG33&
"i)3+FPG3RK
"i)H,<F:3ZRC-7\-S/3*_%
#s
"i)/Y/4
‚G3/0b,D-D-%[1:)'PG;
#4#co%jl#4 ldH8---<.O<FZ-C
:PG&W/3*_A,Z--`gdH8S+F
`Z<==4
3.2. Đặc điểm khí hậu
3.2.1. Chế độ gió

U)<33gF<.fe)<:09-Z
YL %7<CS,f)<10e
<>
€,f…>F<;/H,%x,%=.<-C
|l,~4HK7<CS;g7[N<F3+F
3f&*[c%!\,;,
:.\%-]%7<4
€,f/>F<;//-L+F,x,;4‚<(
Nf5-9H[<##+,
;74R0F[&4
&#[,O<<F3+F33<•<=+F;
f)<;g/;,F[)(0F;,
E/);%<#+,;74
&[F<<#+,;7I1
6<s4€FF</&O<&1GFE
E-7;:)-;,F[)(;,/).
x,%+F,fII1%DI1,.
<=\, b:.P<=(4
3=.<-\,;s%o|o%l!,~$43=.'
#l| ,~$4T!|j;P<(:Z<-G%=.N
#o
sl|o ,~$48.\,<-C|s-G[ (;Z4n
\,0c-G4n(<-N(b(##4
3.2.2. Chế độ mưa
Tf9-33gF,f,No# \,4
3[;&,,f,,bl}[;&,\,45=
F,<-\,C#lF4*&,<-\,
C#c |#b ,,$4
*&,(<!%b%j<-
l |s ,,$43;&,((;#tN#l|c

,,$4
T<=,f/1CS,f/YL+F,
f%x,0%;&,(=F,I1
# |#lF129,O<L)&3gFv% # $4
3.2.3. Chế độ nhiệt
H:.CSS%+-=+FdH84
ˆ,ZYL:.<-\,D(%C

n%t,.=
;+F,e7<;,0C\`>0K%%-6
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3.3. Đặc điểm thủy văn
3.3.1. Sông suối
33gF;.g-/<.:=/3Y;>
5/3Y%/3*_/A,R.4TZ,f;V>!b
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;&0/Z<^,f/,f,12'F[.
,e06,fW/9\,4
TfdH8PG3/;f-`g/;0->
5/A,R.0W/A,Z^6)-L<N4
i6),<N;1/3*_-`L4
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0<dH8F<'4e-:;,f,
<'F10<`N/[P<=;,.,eC,6
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3.3.2. Chế độ thủy triều
U<']<-.Z<1.;0%0.FD
Z<DI1439;:<O<L,'0Z<Z<
\,,RC\RKA<4Y.Z<1.0,'0;0(
o%oo,((;" %!,129H<FQ37U,nE% $
ksm4
#c
HF.Z<I1f01KZ<,%e-:;Z<

D.S001+-GGCS(;0
S+F,e4
n.FZ<<dH8F<;P<=9.Z<"
FZ<;P<=,.;6F4n-:^FZ<;
P<=;69.-Z<%/FZ<K9.-
Z</Z<H<FQRCv%#jjb$k#m4
8'0Z<<-\,;>b!|sl,$48'0Z<(
ooo,$%,'0Z<((ob,$4
3\,%Nc#,'0Z<;(43
,'0Z<((;#48.\,C#!bFZ<
D;s,4
3FZ<;P<=7<.,e\9+,;7%<F
,'0FZ<F;7<.(Z<F<=;,
,'0e(0;7FZ<%,.=+
=CS.FZ<>
"3FZ<;;E/N(o%(lS;$;,
FZ<;0;7/-%D;E
LP<=4
"3FZ<;;E3+Fe3+F"YLr;,.,e
0\%,]-DNl|# ‰4+F;
:,N^D-Z<\,4
"UFZ<;…,9CS-Gr;,FZ<
&;,'0/-N#|s,4+F;<F+)+F
Z<;6M-%CS(Z<0D=D1+
f4
"H%FZ<K7<CS)<>;E0;,
/)-7?,fD@‡6=,f,e-%;EF.x,\
#!
;,<()O<F\4n)<()O<FFr.
0.,'0FZ<4H^FFFZ</

;7/-4
n.Z<&0-F[9,f%,f/0
);//"YL%/"H,48f…07;H,
3+F"H,0.<-; %l| %c,.(9-D
|s,%e-:;P<(:f^-G,SD
-Df-GZ<4H7-GZ<D
C-pŠT:T:H,%#jjs$129H<FQ37
U,nE% ksm4
3.3.3. Độ mặn
.,e;+=O<CS'+-=
+F,e4i6;0+F,eS-D
S,/D`.,<=N#l|ss‰%;+FK;)=
,/D.,eNC!|l‰48.=;+F0;&/7<
&.,es ‰i4H4R`%#jj#$klm
.,e<']<7<CS(Z<F<=%'
<{:(;0^,f\,4.,e<
-.CN#b|‰%(Co\,
0j|s ‰4
.,e((!b^D,.,e
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-5/A,R.5/3*_$[-%0,Z<
f4
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#b
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3.3.4. Thể nền
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,'0-%.Z;:</;0NC %b
s%#,4
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3ZZ<N)-Z)/-L
0`5"RCiK4
3+1Z(]%;);E+%)-
C ,-L6<g+%+F+F/gP<=9;(
Z<-Z,eZ4
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<'`N;JG;E+0s ,(;4
Hf6<(/fg%
fFZ<DP<F((V |o ,0%1Q/
+F='4
3.4. Đặc điểm đất đai, Thổ nhưỡng
A;<;&f/=;0\,S
f9-G-`;(-%<-Nb |# ,4H<(
<'&;,;)>
"(>i+-=`%-<dH8‡,';L
f)g&2-7FZ<1K0<=/4
"(7>D;(7<-$+FDS^<G`
NN;+<G';Lf];4H%K,. 
J;(7%D;^f9dH8"
#j
,I-7<=/)g;4e,;ZKF<(
(G%1Q-7<=94
YGZ<.C;F<=)&S
+F,e%<Fp,<'=C;7<CSZ<
-G%)<G'dH8)-V
+FS+F1<N1G'
EC,',e4

3.5. Điều kiện dân sinh - kinh tế
3.5.1. Dân số
A+=PGCc4slD06#4l .%-
O<+o D,..48.<-;csl~##%cl
D~,

%+-=/Z<%<Z<(S7(4
3=.\1+='PG(%‹;:'C,N
#%cl}P<=K#%oo}N\, b\, # 4
3.5.2. Kinh tế
R.CP<(SfF<;</`F
C%-LCCP-D4
3[1:)</`FCCPGlo %!43[C
;&/,E>#s%(%<-#l%c(%<+<##s%s(%[<
s%!s  ‹  `4  Œ0  )  <    -  O<+6<  D    PG    N
! 4 |#4 4 ~4
ˆf-.CP<(F<;/
:`;E1:)(`,<
f(43<F%1:)(/)96<D
f((tCsc ,

~D4
H<%D=D1+K…%S+F&
J',4

3.5.3. Xã hội
3PGG1g[->3<<
S%\,2# }ƒ9,c<[&D%/9,
-J^NZ<:\43‹;:=:<S
jj%c}%;</]=6<<=<F:4

3,FPG/N&O<+,6<,S.%-7,
,.=-7FF<%\,G,C4slb;&D%
ƒ9,&,LP%<=<=,^-:9EO<F7
;<43,FG[],^-:7D
9,J9;7,\,]J9D1+
04
3.6. Thành phần động thực vật trong vùng
"H,',e>Cc:'0ob%l;45
=',eS+F/KO<
O<-`g%;L.f%;,/D=Z<;
-7%;(,;L^L-C:-4
"H,f1<>n#! ;CC# b;.f
1<4
"U<:>ns!;% ;7I%
;H6,%H%5K4443=FH;;7P<(x<4
"d->5=;&;:<;d+<
t%d+<,C<.d+<J7P<(x<4
H<%:f1E%Z<
;7P<(x<%+F;,.,
Z</`FCf4
MỘT SỐ HÌNH ẢNH VỀ ĐẦM TÔM HOANG HÓA
#

R >6,/,-7<`89$R s>•<']<

R o>*E0-DR l>Tf+<6,/,

Phần 4
MỤC TIÊU, PHẠM VI, ĐỐI TƯƠNG, NỘI DUNG VÀ PHƯƠNG
PHÁP NGHIÊN CỨU

4.1. Mục tiêu
&e,,.=+=6,/,
PG3/%<F:33gF%t3Y;,SZP<(,.=
C:g`dH8<'F4
4.2. Phạm vi, đối tượng của đề tài
"n6,/,PG3/%<F:33gF%t3Y4
4.3. Nội dung của đề tài
"‚7e,,.=+=6,/,
<']<4
"*';+FdH8)&6,/,<'
]<4
"Uq<`N6,/,<']<4
4.4. Phương pháp nghiên cứu
4.4.1. Kế thừa số liệu, kết quả nghiên cứu
"UNO<C]<<'%^]<f;h'
^]<;O<4
"UN=;:<ZZ<:'%%PG.<'
]<4
s
4.4.2. Phương pháp điều tra ngoại nghiệp
4.4.2.1. Đo pH, độ mặn
* Độ chua (pH)
.<;t=,;&kR
Ž
m

1<174.<
/7%.<P7`,;;.PF.-•43fF
9C\.kR
Ž

m%kR
Ž
m.,1<
17R(F.P4
.<R$0-6</F[;</-p,.
7%R$Cb4+F;,/D-•%0-9-D-7
.<KZF0N/CF;,R
0-F[4
* Độ mặn
.,eF.,<=&):<5‰5L^5;F‡.,e$;
[;&)-p,$(K]#043C
1DW1g.,<=;F$e.
0-%&<[;&)-p,(C(L
K#0-4
T[`.)##$,0jj%jj}[;&
(K.,<=0-)-p7F4
Z<Vh;=00-%.,<=&)
/O<`.,.)-(4
.,<=&):<5‰F.;‡n;‰,=;:^
;&F;>5‰• % s Ž#%b l n;‰SO<F;<,&,.
=/-=#j $4
ˆ+F‰F6$/C;7.,<=%t;
):<-<1Q7`.~$,<=K0
-4
o
n\].,<=%\,#jso%‘9G+0;
0'%<F&v4u4U9-[<4
Biểu phân chia các loại nước tự nhiên (tính theo phần nghìn ‰)
33 i+;0
39

‘9
39v4u4U9
€0 7,
# H0 % | %l % #| %l 5/%`]
H0 % #| %
H0;& %| %l
 H0;& %l|#c %l|s R`%-.7%W/
H0;& %l|o%
H0;&N o% |#b
H0;&,e #b|s
s H0,e #c|o! 3s
H0- s |o
1%-.7%
7%W/
o H0O<,e 3o! o |s 8.=`%74
3N-<(FT:H,DW1g+;0'
9v4u4U94
’3P7.,e.R,.?0@,BF
s;6>;E0F<;%;EtFZ<K,.
D%;EFZ<P<=4
‚7-p,FR6,FR“"iv*$,F.,e6,
FEP.,e3z"5v3b$45W1g,F>;(F07,
6,.=4
R>;(F,FJ.%,,F%,S;L%;(F0(W
O<6<PE00,F<;(F\;</4U%
L,6<PE00,F=06P7.
R%+F,Fr:O<C4nE_;6<F0=0
6WO<6<PE00,F-p0(1f\;<
/4
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