XAY DUNG VA PHAT
TRIEN
HO SO DAY HOC
GOP PHAN NANG CAO CHAT
LUONG
GlAO
DUO DAI HOC
TS.
DINH THI
KIM THOA
Khoa
Suphqm
- DHQGHN
Thuat ngir "Hd so day hgc" cung khong phai xa la ddi vdi cac nha
giao ciia chiing
ta. Tuy nhien, hd so nay khong phai dugc thuc hien d
tat ca mgi cap hgc, dac biet d bac dai hgc va neu c6 thi nhirng Hd so
nay cung khong dugc thuc hien mot
each
triet de, day
dii
va tu
nguyen. De nang cao chat
lugng
day va hgc,
ehiing
ta phai quan tam
den rat nhieu ngi dung khac nhau. Song
viee
xay dung hd so mon hgc
se la mot ngi dung khong the thieu trong tien trinh ddi mdi nay.
Nghien
eiiu
thuc
tidn
giao due eua mot so nu6c nhu: Australia,
America, Germany va mot sd nude trong khu vue, chiing ta thay cac
giao vien eua hg xay dung
nhiing
bg hd so day hgc rat cong phu - mot
minh ehiing
cho
su tan tuy va phat trien nghe nghiep
ciia
ban than. Hd
so day hgc khong mang
tinh
hinh
thiic
nhu nhieu ngudi
nghi,
ma no
thuc su la ket qua
lao
dgng nghiem
tiic
eua ngudi giao vien, neu ehiing
ta quan niem
diing
ve gia tri ciia nd.
Cling vdi thuat ngir "Hd so day hgc", ehiing ta eon biet den cac
cum tir khac nhu "hd so mon hgc", "hd so giao vien"
v.v.
Trong thuc
ti6n,
nhiing cum
tir
vua neu ed the
ehiia
dung ngi dung ben trong gidng
nhau hoac
gSn
tuang tu nhu nhau. Trong bai viet nay, ngudi viet
sir
dung thuat ngii "Hd so day hgc" vdi muc
dich
de cap mot each toan
dien
ehiic
nang va nhiem vu ciia ngudi giao vien. Thong qua "hd so
day hgc" nay, ngudi giao vien ed the nhin thay mot each ro rang cong
viee ciia hg, nhiing tien bg cung nhu nhiing dieu cd the rut kinh
nghiem. Ngoai ra, hd so day hgc cd the giup cac nha quan
ly d6
dang
24
hon
trong danh gia chat lugng ddi ngii giao vien, tranh su danh gia
mang
tinh
cam tinh, dam bao su edng
b^ng
trong danh gia.
1.
Ho sd day hoc la gi?
Hd so day hgc
khong
gidi han d tap giao an hay cac bai soan, tai
lieu suu tap ciia giao vien va cung khong phai la mot "quyen sach" de
nhd
lai nhCrng
gi da lam dugc. Hd so day hgc la tap tai lieu dugc to
ehiie
theo mot muc
dich
nhat dinh ve su phat trien nghe nghiep va
nhiing kha nang da dat dugc trong boat dgng day hgc. Ngoai ra, hd so
day hgc con la su thu thap tat ca cac tai lieu va thong tin, la bang
ehiing cd the nhin thay dugc ve kien
thiic,
khuynh hudng va ky nang
nghe nghiep ma giao vien ed dugc trong qua trinh phat trien nghe
nghiep. Ban than tu lieu trong hd so day hgc da phan anh ca nhan
ngudi giao vien va kha nang tu quan ciia hg.
Thong thudng cd hai
loai
hd so day hgc: ho
sff
day hoc thuc thi
va ho Sff day hoc bdo cdo. Hd so day hgc thuc thi dac trung bdi su
thu thap cd tinh he thong nhiing viee lam, nhiing tai lieu va nhirng
boat dgng xa hoi cd lien quan den day hgc. Nhung thu thap nay se
giiip
hinh thanh qua trinh tu danh gia eua giao vien de
tir
dd de ra
muc tieu phat trien tiep theo. Sau dd giao vien phat trien hd so nay
thanh hd so bao cao. Hd so bao cao se la nhiing tu lieu dien hinh va
phan anh tot nhat kha nang sang tao ciia giao vien nhu mot nha giao
due ehuyen nghiep.
Hd sa day hgc thuc thi thudng
Idn
hon va
phiic
tap han so vdi hd
so day hgc bao cao. Hd so day hgc thuc thi
ehiia
dung nguyen ven
nhiing tai lieu ma giao vien da
lira
ehgn de phue vu cho edng viee day
hgc
ciia
minh. Thi du, ngoai tai lieu day hgc
ehinh
thiic, trong hd sa
nay ehiia dung nhirng bai bao, bai viet, video,
dia
CD, sach vd
v.v.
Hd sa day hgc bao cao dugc bien soan vdi muc
dich
la nop cho
nhiing ngudi cd
trach
nhiem ket qua
d6
nhin thay va
dh
dgc ve nang
lue
nghe nghiep
eua
giao vien. Hd sa day hgc bao cao chi ehiia nhirng
tai lieu chgn
Igc
va dugc
sSp
xep theo mot trat tu hudng
dich,
bdi vi
ngudi xem khong cd dii thdi gian de xem tat ca hd so thuc thi eua giao
vien. Khi danh gia hd so day hgc bao cao, ban se thay hd sa nay
it
hon
nhung
vln
ndi duge day dii
v^
edng viee eua ngudi day. Vi su khac
25
nhau vi hai loai hd sa nhu vay, nen trong hd so day hgc bao cao rat
can cd ban thuyet minh ve nhirng tai lieu khac ed lien quan, de mgi
ngudi cd the hieu dugc toan canh lam viee
ciia
giao vien.
Mot dieu
can
nhd rang, hd so day hgc bao cao duge thiet ke tren
CO
sd eua hd so day hgc thuc thi. Hd so day hgc phan anh boat dgng
nghiem
tiic
va khong ngirng phat trien eua giao vien.
2.
Ho sd day hoc nen xay dung va phat
then
nhu"
the
nao?
Hd so day hgc cd the xay dung theo nhieu each. Giao vien hoan
toan sang tao tren ca sd thuc hien mot sd yeu cau ehung ve cac ngi
dung
CO
ban. Nhirng ngi dung ca ban eua hd sa mon hgc dugc qui dinh
theo nhiing tieu chi danh gia giao vien. Luat Giao due cd dua ra nhirng
ehiic
trach va nhiem vu eua giao vien. Tir day, Bg Giao due va Dao tao
ed ban hanh qui che thuc hien va nhirng yeu cau ve danh gia giao vien.
Mdi nha trudng lai eu the hda nhirng yeu cau dd cho phu hgp vdi dac
diem eua nha trudng.
Hd sa day hgc dugc xay dung dua theo
chudn
giao vien. Chudn
giao vien la van
d6
dang con dugc ban
luan
nhieu d Viet Nam. Hien
nay, Bg Giao due ed mot Du an dang nghien
eiiu
va xay dung
Chuan
giao vien Tieu hgc. Chuan nay se sdm dugc trien khai dai tra trong
thdi gian
sSp
tdi. Chuan giao vien cho cac bac hgc khac edn ehua duge
dau tu, trong dd ed ca Chuan Giang vien Dai hgc. Ngi dung eua ehuan
thuc chat la nhiing yeu cau ddi vdi ngudi giao vien va nhirng minh
ehiing eu the
ciia
cac yeu cau a'y.
Trong pham vi ciia mot nha trudng, ehiing ta hoan toan cd the tu
xay dung Chuan cho ehinh minh. Chuan nay
giiip
cac giang vien tu
danh gia va hoan thien minh tdt hon va cac nha quan ly ed them eo sd
de quan ly chat lugng qua trinh dao tao - mot
linh
vue khdng phai
d6
quan ly. Nghien
eiiu
mot sd chuan giao vien
ciia
mot so nude tien tien
tren the gidi va each quan ly chat lugng dao tao ciia hg, ehiing ta tha'y
Hd so day hgc la mot trong nhiing ngi dung khdng the thieu ddi vdi
edng viee
ciia
ngudi giao vien. Hd so thudng bao gdm nhiing minh
ehiing cho 10 yeu cau va cung la 10 ngi dung eo ban sau:
Mudi yeu cau, dd la:
26
1) Yeu cau
I:
Kien
thi'tc ehuyen
mon
Ngudi day phai
nam
dugc
nhu'ng
khai niem ca ban ciia mdn hgc
va each
thiie
truyen dat nd, hieu dugc cau true ciia mdn hgc va cd the
sang tao ra nhiing kinh nghiem hgc tap cho ngudi hgc de hg yeu thieh
mdn hgc va thay mdn hgc cd y
nghia
ddi
vdi
hg.
2) Yeu cau 2: Kien
thifc
ve
si(
phat trien con
ngUdi
vd su hoc
Ngudi day hieu dugc
sir
phat trien ciia ngudi hgc va hg hgc nhu
the nao de cd the cung cap eo hoi hgc tap, hd trg
sir
phat trien nang
lire
tri tue, xa hoi va nhan each ngudi hgc.
3) Yeu cau 3: Dap
I'rng
nhu cau va nang
luc eua
ngudi hoc
Ngudi day phai hieu rang ngudi hgc ra't khac nhau trong each hgc
cung nhu
ITnh
hdi kien thiic nen phai biet tao ra nhiing eo hdi khac
nhau de phu hgp vdi mgi ddi tugng.
4) Yeu cau 4: Thuc hien cac phuong
phdp
day hgc da dang va
phong phu
Ngudi day hieu va sir dung cac phuong phap day hgc khac nhau
de khuyen khich
sir
phat trien kha nang tu duy phe phan, each giai
quyet va'n de va ky nang trinh bay
ciia
ngudi hgc.
5) Yeu cau 5: Ky nang quan ly va khich
le Iffp
hoc
Ngudi day biet bien nhirng dgng ca va hanh vi
ciia
ca nhan hoac
ciia nhdm thanh mdi trudng hgc tap va mdi trudng khuyen khich su
hgp
tac tich cue
de thu hiit ngudi hgc vao qua trinh hgc va tu giae hgc.
6)
Yeu cau 6: Ky nang giao tiep
Ngudi day biet sir dung phuong tien ngdn ngir va phi ngdn ngii sao
cho hieu qua, biet sir dung phuong tien bd trg khac nhu edng nghe
thdng tin de day manh hoat dgng va su hgp tac giiip da
iSn
nhau trong
hgc tap.
7) Yeu cau 7: Ky nang lap
keliogch
hudng dan
Ngudi day biet
xay
dung ke
hoach
hudng dan dua vao nhirng hieu
biet
\i
mdn hgc, ngudi hgc, edng ddng va muc dich
eua
chuang trinh
day hgc.
8) Yeu cau 8: Ky nang danh gia qua trinh hgc
eua
ngudi hgc
Ngudi day hieu va
sir
dung phuong phap danh gia ehinh thiic va
27
khdng ehinh thiic de cd the khang dinh qua trinh phat trien lien tue ve
tri tue, xa hdi va the luc
eua
ngudi hgc.
9) Yeu cau 9: Tinh than trach nhiem va su
tan
tuy
vai
nghe nghiep
Ngudi day ehinh la mot ta'm
guong
phan chieu thuc te ve nhan
each, la ngudi danh gia lien
tue
nhiing anh hudng ciia ehinh minh
len
ngudi khac (ngudi hgc, phu huynh, ddng nghiep, edng ddng ) va la
ngudi tich cue tim kiem mgi ca hdi cho su phat trien nghe nghiep eua
ban than.
10) Yeu cau 10: Su cong tac
Ngudi day biet day manh mdi quan he vdi ddng nghiep, phu huynh,
edng
ddng",
ca quan, hiep hdi de ung hd
viee
hgc eua ngudi hgc.
Nhu vay, trong Hd so day hgc eua giao vien, mgi tu lieu duge sap
xep theo 10 ngi dung nay. Uhg vdi mdi ngi dung, giao vien can trinh
bay nhu sau:
1/
Ngi dung Yeu cau;
2/
Giai thieh Yeu cau (eu the hoa Yeu cau vao thuc
ti6n
day hgc
eua ehinh minh);
3/
Nhiing minh chiing ve Yeu cau.
Xin giai thieh viee trinh bay 3 bude tren bang thi du sau:
Thi du dot vdi Yeu cau 1:
1.
Yeu cau 1 (Giao vien ghi ro ngi dung Yeu cau)
Kien thuc
ehuyen
mon:
Ngudi day phai nam dugc nhiing khai niem eo ban
ciia
mdn hgc
va each thiic truyen dat nd, hieu dugc
ca'u
true
ciia
mdn hgc va cd the
sang tao ra nhiing kinh nghiem hgc tap cho ngudi hgc de hg yeu thieh
mdn hgc va tha'y mdn hgc cd y nghia ddi vdi hg.
2.
Giai
thieh viee
lam
• Chuang trinh mdn hgc: the hien ca'u
triie
ciia ehuang trinh.
• He thdng muc tieu
ciia
mdn hgc va eua tiing bai: nam dugc trgng
tam va ngi dung can dat dugc d hgc sinh.
• Toan bg cac giao an va ke hoach len
Idp:
the hien hieu biet ve
mdn hgc va each to ehiic truyen dat kien thiic va boat ddng hgc ciia
hoc sinh.
28
• Cac phuong tien va edng eu de ehuyen tai ngi dung kien thiic: the
hien su gia cong ve
sir
phong
phii
va da dang eua phuong phap day hgc.
• Cac hinh thiic to
chiie
day hgc: the hien su linh boat
ciia
giao vien
trong thay ddi dieu kien hoan canh linh hdi kien thiic eua hgc sinh.
3.
Cac minh chirng:
• Td in chuang trinh mdn hgc, phan bd thdi gian cho mdn hgc.
• Cac giao an soan va cac ban ke hoach len
Idp.
• Nhiing kien thiic suu tam bd sung cho bai day ciia giao vien.
• Nhirng dd
diing
day hgc.
• Nhiing ke hoach hoat ddng tao
hiing thii
tdi mdn hgc
Tdm lai, Hd sa day hgc
viTa
la edng eu
vira
la ket qua lam viee
thuc su ciia giao vien. Khi hieu ban chat eua Hd sa day hgc chiing ta
tha'y nd thuc su cd y nghia cho
sir
phat trien nghe nghiep
eiia
mdi ca
nhan. Cach thiic xay dung hoan toan ed the linh hoat sao cho
phii
hgp
vdi muc tieu giao due va dieu kien hoan canh eua mdi trudng, mdi don
vi.
Cac nha quan ly cd the dua ra nhiing chuan eo ban, tren eo sd dd
giao vien cd the sang tao xay dung theo each eua rieng minh. Xay
dung va trien khai thuc hien hd so day hgc se giiip nang cao
cha't
lugng day hgc eua ban than giao vien cung nhu cha't lugng quan ly qua
trinh day hgc
ciia
nha quan ly, tir dd gdp phan nang cao cha't lugng
giao due dai hgc ndi rieng va nen giao
due
nude nha ndi chung.
Tai lieu tham khao
1.
Campbell, Dorothy M, 2001, How to develop a professional
portfolio: a manual for teachers. Boston:
Allyn
and Bacon.
2.
Campbell, Dorothy M, 2000,
Portfolio
and
performance
assessment
in teacher education. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
29