ĐỀ CƯƠNG BÀI GIẢNG BẢO QUẢN CHẾ BIẾN SẢN PHẨM CHĂN NUÔI (TÀI LIỆU DÙNG CHO SINH VIÊN NGÀNH CHĂN NUÔI THÚ Y)

ĐỀ CƯƠNG BÀI GIẢNG
BẢO QUẢN CHẾ BIẾN
SẢN PHẨM CHĂN NUÔI


Đỗ Thảo
BÀI MỞ ĐẦU
 !"
A) MỤC TIÊU
# $%#&'()*+# ,*+ -.!-* !#/$0+ -#12324*'5* 3#/ 67*87
29# :*32.!7# 1$;*-*29# :*+ -*$<$7=>$; ?*@##/<# * A##!9B
C2.!7# 1$;29# :*+ -*$< ?*@#'D'-# /-$7=>*8729# :*$<
E-*'F# #GH!#/+# ,**I#'J'()*K7!+ + L*29# :*B
/ %2L*=M#/ :*NO3* 8'G#/P%# 1$;*-*29# :*+ -*B
B) NỘI DUNG
1. Khái niệm về bảo quản và chế biến sản phẩm chăn nuôi
QRSM.!S#$<* &#KS#O T2* A##!9P<29#+ M7 :*#/ %#*,!$<,#/H4#/*-*
#/!"%#P3K?&#'U*87*-*'V*5# KS#O T2$N#!9# (=,#/3 F3KW73*-X'D&SM
.!S#3* &#3P(!/W=M#/ Y/7#H< Z## (#/$[#'S2&SM'()*'G7#M<#$0*-** \
%!$1K#  L"'$;*-*PMJ ?*O T2']B
QRSM.!S#$<* &D#KS#O T2* A##!9&7M/^2*-*P6# $?*#/ %#*,!
_ <# O I#5# * `*87*-*KS#O T2* A##!9# (=,#/3 F3KW7X
_?&#'U$0 <# O I#35# * `*87*-*KS#O T2* A##!9 aM Y/7#b*-*
'0!+1#+ -*# 7!B
_c!-=d#  ( e#/3  e#/*87*-*KS#O T2* A##!9B
_-*"!S#  (b#/'#.!-=d#   e#/*87*-*KS#O T2* A##!9B
_-*&1#O -O&SM.!S#3* &#*-*KS#O T2* A##!9B
Qf4*'5* S#O T2* A##!9*]#/!^#/*'G#/$N*](!'D2P</-=FH# H(g#/
*7M# (#/ Y/7#&SMM<#/-=FH# H(g#/#/h#BM$N"&SM.!S#* &#*]-*H4#/
_<2A#/ Y/7#&SM.!S#*-*KS#O T2* A##!92<$[#&SMM<#'()*O I#P;#
/-=FH# H(g#/*87 ?*O T2B

_<2* N2.!-=d#  ( e#/*87 ?*O T2*]#/!^#/** A##!9B
_<2A#/* `P()#/*87KS#O T2*-*KS#O T2*87.!-=d# * A##!9 (Y#/*]
#/!^#/*'G#/$N3=`/<!H# H(g#/$<*]/-=F*7M3'V*&1P<#/7"K7!+ KS#E!`=7b
=J#/ -(Z'i=,#/'$;=,#//7*I23 F#/7"K7!+ /2U3*-$< 8"KS##/7"K7!
+ + 7 -*$<'-# &hB
2. Mối quan hệ của bảo quản và chế biến sản phẩm chăn nuôi với các môn học khác
Q:*K7!*-*29#* !"%##/<# * A##!9# (
_ A##!9P)#
_ A##!9=j!&>
_ A##!9/7*I23 8"*I2
_ A##!9H% e
_ A##!9'G#/$N.! 2
k
Q!*M*-*29# :** !"%##/<# * A##!9# (KS#O T2*87.!-=d# KS#E!`P<
'<MJM d29#&SM.!S#$<* &#*-*KS#O T2* A##!9# (.!-=d# &7M/]$<+ L*
KS#E!`=(;*+ * M=7KS#O T2B
Qf9# :*#<",#/H4#/$<* \=7 (;#/KlH4#/* MKS#O T2*87*-*29# :*+ -*B
3. Vai trò của công nghệ bảo quản và chế biến sản phẩm chăn nuôi
Q]OO I#P<2A#//-=FKS#O T2* A##!9 9#/.!7&SM.!S#$<* &#*-*KS#
O T2/S2=-# '()*K? 7MU#$N* `H# H(g#/3'V*&1=M#/2GKO (Z#/O -O* 
&#*>#P<2A#//-=FH# H(g#/$</-=FKlH4#/*87*-*KS#O T2B
Q?=W#/!^#P(Z#/ ?* ?*O T2* M*M##/(YB
Qfb=G#/ F=(Y#/* M* A##!93$(Z#; F=(Y#/.!*+ KS#O T2'J%!
* !T#* `P()#/E!`+ T!K7!+ * &#B
C) TÀI LIỆU HỌC TẬP
B Trần Văn Chương, 2001. Công nghệ bảo quản, chế biến sản phẩm chăn
nuôi và cá. Nhà xuất bản Văn hóa dân tộc.
2. =I# (m !"%#3/!"@# 7# S3knBGiáo trình Công nghệ bảo quản và chế biến
sản phẩm chăn nuôi. <E!`&S#<GB
3. Lê Văn Liễn, Lê Khắc Huy, Nguyễn Thị Liên, 1997. Công nghệ sau thu

hoạch đối với các sản phẩm chăn nuôi NXB Nông Nghiệp.
4. Lâm Xuân Thanh, 2004. Giáo trình công nghệ các sản phẩm sữa. NXB
Khoa học kỹ thuật.
D) CÂU HỎI ÔN TẬP
B #<MP<&SM.!S#* &#KS#O T2* A##!9of.!7#*87#]$;*-*29# :*+ -*
=M#/#/<# * A##!9o
kBp# * F* M&$7=>*87&SM.!S#* &#KS#O T2* A##!9'$;K?O -=D#*87
#/<# * A##!9o
q
CHƯƠNG 1
Bảo quản và chế biến các sản phẩm thịt
n !"n
A) MỤC TIÊU
# $%#&'()*'V*5# *87*-*KS#O T2 F3.!-=d# &#'U*87 FK7!+ 
/2U32GKO (Z#/O -O'D&SM.!S#* &#*-*KS#O T2 FB
# $%#*]+r#A#/ElP'DP<2* N2.!-=d# &#'U'V*5# *87*-*KS#O T2
 F$<&*-* * &#&SM.!S# FB
/ %2L*=M#/ :*NO3* !T#&F=(;**-*#GH!#/&< :*B
B) NỘI DUNG
1.1. Thành phần hóa học của thịt
Q F'G#/$N#!9 !G*PMJ ?*O T2*]/-=FH# H(g#/*7M3*I# * MK,*+ ea*87
*M##/(YBm -#12 F'()*# N# ,* aM*-*.!7#'D2+ -*# 7!
_c!7#'D2 (Z#/2J FP<O I#*Z D*87$N#!9'()*/2UKlH4#/P<2 ,*A#B
_c!7#'D2 sO*87# <&O FP<U* ,**Z$<&hO FB
_c!7#'D2KS#E!` FP<O I#*Z DK7!+ &e2-!3'I!3H73O 8J#/32]#/B
Q <# O I# F=`+ -*# 7!3O 4 !G*$<M*-*"!/#/3PM<3P,7!U3'G&tM/I"$<
'0!+1#* A2K]*#!9H(g#/BBB
Q <# O I#H# H(g#/*87 F/7KL** 8"!P<bU* ,**ZB
 F*]*-** \K=!#/&d# # (K7!
(;* nqQnnu

v=M wQku
O 3Q3qu
 * `*]'J2 3nQk3u
 * `+ 9#/'J2 3xQ3ku
m M-#/ 3wQ3ku
Q <# O I#H# H(g#/=!#/&d# *87 F/7*I2
RS#/ <# O I# ]7 :**87 F/7*I2
M<  `+ 9u v=Mu Ou  1P()#/7PMy/72
< kz3 x3 {3| x3w
F qw3w n3|w n3 kq3
<j" q{3k kq3kw n3z| zz3
/}#/ {z3z |3zw kz3 qn3
1.2. Cấu tạo thân thịt
 j# F/^229*Z3292g329P%#P329E(Z#/3 1 #/ I#+# 32-!3 1Pj2&7B
*Mô cơ:
Q <# O I#* 8"!*87 F/7KL*3/7*I23* 2|Qzu+ P()#/ j# FB
Qf<!Kh*29*ZO 4 !G*$<M/#/PM<3P,7!U3* 'GP<2$1*32,*'G#!9H(g#/B
Q F(Z*]2~ Z23$FH@* F!3+5*  5* 5# #/M#21#/B
Qf9*Z/^2# 0!&]K) FQP<*-*&<M# 0!# j# )OPJ$;# 7!B
{
Q F#J*P< F2<29P%#+/W7*-*&]K) F5O -=D#B
* Mô mỡ:
Q^2*-*&<M2g*]+5*  (;*P;#EO <#  !•B
Qf92g (Y#/EObH(;H73b/I#*Z.!7##GJ#/3b/W7*-*K)*ZJM <# *-*$j#
 J* 3bE!#/.!7# *-*29P%#+B
Q=M#/2g'G#/$N*]O MO 7*$<Ka=3 <2P()#/*87#]O 4 !G*$<M/#/PM<2g&>
* ,73nu32gP)#3|u€2g*C!3uB
* Mô liên kết:
Qf9P%#+P<2# 12$4P%#+$<* #/'gB
Q=M#/ j# FP)#329P%#+* 2{Qzu3 F=j!&>xQ{u3* 8"!P<HM*MP7/a#3

aP7K#$<2GK5O=M+ -*B
* Mô xương:
Q=M#/ j# FP)#3E(Z#/* 2wQu3*C!|Qwu3=j!&>kuB
Q•(Z#//^2&#PMJE(Z#/H<3E(Z#/#/h#3E(Z#/Hs3$<E(Z#/*] d# HJ#/O ,*JOB
Q <# O I# M- :*(;*kQk|u€N* `+ 9n|Qwu*MP7/a#$<+ M-#/B
Q`!JM/^2!‚'e$<!‚$<#/B
1.3. Sự hư hỏng của thịt và đánh giá độ tươi của thịt
 !"#!
Q1#()#/*M/N
_•S"=7K7!+ /2U/7KL*3+tMH<'#qQn/YB
_/!"%## j#*87K?*M*Z=M#/*Z DP<K?O j#/Spv'#pv3pfv$<
q
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Q•-**,#/
_•S"=7K7!/7'MJ#*M/NB
_1#()#/E-**,#/E!` 1#C'I!3*U3 7* =(;*=^'#P(#/329#/3 7* K7!B
_Z* pEP7**5* P!r=M#/*-*U* ,**Z D3P<2 7"'U'GO3P<2S#
(b#/'#=J#/ -+aM*87*Z DBMK?O j#/Spv3pv5 7"2` „# d*Z+ 9#/*M
'()*$<b=J#/ -*,#/'YB
_7'MJ##<"*-*K)*Z+ 9#/EOKM#/KM#/2<*]# W#/K)*Z!#+ L*3E!` 1#
# W#/#L*,#/3* 22G+ MS#/# `'F# P<2*A#/&<MB
Q? <#  4**87 FK?M7# ]7B
_•S"=7K7!/7'MJ#E-**,#/B
_?M7# ]7*87 FP<.!-=d# K#  ]7O ,*JOES"=7=M#/U* ,**Z3H(;-*
'G#/*872a#B
_Z* M <2P()#/7EP7**A#/P%## 0!=M#/ F3P()#//P"*M/a#/S2'(Z#/
,#/3'^#/ YK?7#=…pvQ†O*87 F/S2Cn3‡n3k'#|3z‡|3wB
_*'G <#  4**87 FO 4 !G*

_ 1'GB
_ˆGP;#*87 j# FB
|
_ Fb/7'MJ# <#  4**]$F Z2#/M#3# 0!* `H# H(g#/3* #/&4&V2$<$
+ !T#Ej2# NOB
$%&'(
Qc!-=d# ?O j#/S
_•S"=7+  j# F$C7O 72UEM#/+ 9#/'()*=aM M#/b* } M-#/$<2-3* (7
#/!G'…* `'#/ MV*=aMK-# 7!B
_-*2a#O=Ma7ƒ73OaOH7ƒ7$[#O4* MJ'G#/2J# $< aM2G* 0!O j#
!‚3=M#/29 F,PJ <#/PMJ* ` 9 # (72M#7*3#HMP3K*7MP3K!P‰!7 "H=M/a#BBB
_1#()#/?O j#/S*87 F (Y#/ES"=7b F'G#/$N23'G#/$N2;$N#
* !"D#$03'G#/$NP<2$1*.!-K,*BBB
Q1#()#/9 !
_M$K# $NEj2# NO/j"=7$;K? 72/7*87*-*2a#*]=M#/ FB
_M*-*$K# $NP%#2a#3#`22a#3#`22*3*-*$K# $NP%#2a# O -=D#
K# # 0!* `'G*'$;*Z DB
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_ W#/"!S#  (b#/'#.!-.!-=d# 9*87 FP</#/3PM<3!U3d# =J#/
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Q-*O (Z#/O -OE-*'F# 'G(Z
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+ * O 7"'UHI#Cn3k'#|3w€E-*'F# 72M#7*
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1.4. Các phương pháp bảo quản và chế biến thịt
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1.4.1.1. Các trạng thái bảo quản lạnh
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1.4.1.2. Tác dụng của xử lý lạnh
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1.4.1.3. Các phương pháp xử lý lạnh
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1.4.1.4. Kỹ thuật đông lạnh thịt gia súc gia cầm

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QƯu điểm'Z#/S#3H@P<23#^#'G2!C{3{u=bP%#'DH1$+ !T#/j"&1# B
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Q]&7O (Z#/O -O(;O2! F
1.4.5.1. Ướp thịt muối ướt
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C) TÀI LIỆU HỌC TẬP
B Trần Văn Chương, 2001. Công nghệ bảo quản, chế biến sản phẩm chăn
nuôi và cá. Nhà xuất bản Văn hóa dân tộc.
2. =I# (m !"%#3/!"@# 7# S3knBGiáo trình Công nghệ bảo quản và chế biến
sản phẩm chăn nuôi. <E!`&S#<GB
3. Lê Văn Liễn, Lê Khắc Huy, Nguyễn Thị Liên, 1997. Công nghệ sau thu
hoạch đối với các sản phẩm chăn nuôi NXB Nông Nghiệp.
4. Lâm Xuân Thanh, 2004. Giáo trình công nghệ các sản phẩm sữa. NXB
Khoa học kỹ thuật.
D) CÂU HỎI ÔN TẬP CHƯƠNG
Bp# * F …"* M& <# O I# ]7 :*3*`!JM*87 F$<2.!7# 1$;.!-=d# &SM
.!S#* &#*-*KS#O T2 Fo
kB? ( e#/*87 FH@#=7# ( #<Mo-** \%!'D'-# /-'G(Z*87 Fo
qB/!"%#P*87*-*O (Z#/O -O$<+r !N&SM.!S#* &#2GKKS#O T2*87$N#!9o

CHƯƠNG 2
Bảo quản và chế biến các sản phẩm cá
{ !"{
A) MỤC TIÊU
# $%#&'()*'V*5# *87*-*KS#O T2*-3.!-=d# &#'U*87*-K7!+ 
+ 7 -*$<'-# &h32GKO (Z#/O -O'D&SM.!S#* &#*-*KS#O T2*-B
# $%#&2GK*-* * &#&SM.!S#*-# (#(;*2h2*-3*- GO3*- !#
+ ]3*-'9#/PJ# X
/ %2L*=M#/ :*NO3* !T#&F=(;**-*#GH!#/&< :*B

B) NỘI DUNG
2.1. Thành phần hóa học của cá
$)8"60
Q F*-P< 1+aM'V*'()*JM#%#C*-*2<#/#/A#3*-*K)*Z$<#G2J*B
Q-*2<#/#/A#* 7 1*Z <# # W#/O I##/7#/$</^2* 8"!P<*MPP7/a#$<aP7K#B
Q]{29*Z&S## ( F/7KL*/7*I2P<29*Z329P%#+3292g329E(Z#/B
$$A* II'J
Q <# O I#H# H(g#/*87 F*- 7"'U~"PMJ*-3!U'-# &h32~7'-# &h3O (Z#/
O -OElPK7!'-# &h3 Y/7#&SM.!S#3 ,*A#*87*-3X
Q d#* !#/*-*Ž#/(Z#/'(Z#/ <# O I#H# H(g#/$; F/7KL*/7*I2# (#/2GK
7E72#3*-*7E&tMM2a/7Qq3M2a/7Qz+ 9#/*]b ?*O T2+ -*B
Q <# O I#H# H(g#/*872GKPMJ*-
RS#/k <# O I# ]7 :**87 F2GK*-
MJ*- (;*u v=Ma#u Ou m M-#/u
- ^ zn k3z  3{
-2 zn3w x k 3n
-* tO nw w3x k 3
-# aM n{3w k3k {3k 3k
- ! w3 n 3q 3q
Q-*&GO N#O 4*-'I!E(Z#/3#GJ#/3$j"3$S"'()** &# <# HJ#/&GP<2 ,*A#
* M/7KL*B
Q-*PMJ*-# e3*-JO3KS#O T2 ( e#/*87*-'()*K`"+ 93#/ 0#P<2&G*-P<#/!"%#
P1!.!7#=:#/* MKS#E!` ,*A#* A##!9/7KL**9#/#/ 1OB
2.2. Quá trình ươn và hư hỏng của cá
Q7!+ '-# &h*-# 7# * HM#/J b$d !ME"$<5* 47EP7**$<*-*KS#O T2
9 `O"2+ 5B
Q F*-H@&F(Z# e#/ Z# F/7KL*/7*I2$d
_ F*-*] <2P()#/#(;**7MB
_<2P()#//P"*Mƒa# `O#%# Y/7#%*]#/#/h#3 FH@* !"D#K7#/29=(Y#/

+023 !N#P)* M$K# $N/j"  MJ'G#/B

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_-*]# 0!a#ƒ"2a#GJ$< MJ5# a#ƒ"2a2J# B
_<2P()#/* `=5* P"*7MP<29=(Y#/ !N#P)* M$+ !T#O -=D#B
$$%&8DK0A+L
Q-K#/# Y#'D&SM$13+ * $[#O4*3 <# O I#* `H5# P</P!*MO=Ma#B
L*'I!=M#/K!3K7!']$T#'4*P<2* M
_-H!} M<#M<#
_ j#202H@!#
_ZKA#* h*3'<# ^
Q Y/7#CPL** '#PL*E-**,#/*] DH<#/h#~" !G*$<M+5* *g*-3O (Z#/O -O
'-# &h3# 1'GElPB
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$$$%&G"#
Q7!+ *-*  d*Z DHI#%*,#/PJB
Q?%*,#/'I!%#bP(#/=^P7#=G#/=7$~#/+ -*B
QRD! 1#
_Z2`5# '<# ^B
_ j#*,#/PJB
_f^227#/+ tOPJB
QpEP7**O j#/S <# /P"*Mƒa#‘†/S2O‘†*Z*M=L3+ S#A#/ `O !#(;*/S23*-
/I#*]&D! 1# 7MU#$N* `B
$$M"KN&*O/
Qc!7/7'MJ#%*,#/3*-202=bPJHM*-*a#ƒ"2a*]=M#/ F*-O j#/SO=Ma# <#
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Q</7'MJ#=(;**87.!-=d#  =W7B
$$-M"KN?K
Q =W7HM$+ !T#/j"#%#B
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q
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2.3. Các phương pháp bảo quản và chế biến cá
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Q-M'9#/PJ# #/!"%#*M#B
Q-# eEO+ 7"=^2;'9#/PJ# B
-*O (Z#/O -OPJ# '9#/
QJ# '9#//-#O&Š#/ }# )O*-2!
_ M*-$<M&7M#PM#=^* M$<M ~#/'-32!B
_ M*-$<M ~#/*]k#/A#32G#/A#'D*-*>##/A#'D2!3'-B
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QJ# '9#/=M#/+ 9#/+ 5
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Q/!"%#P1!*- !3*-23*-2>3%!3e32!3'(Y#/3 <# 32gP)#3# &G3=!GP)#B
Q•lP#/!"%#P1!PMJ&e'I!3$S"3$j"3'!93#GJ#/B•l7KJ* 3#/ 0## eB
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k3|u2!3#(;*'-‘†# <M=G#B
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Q(;*2h2P<KS#O T2P%#2a#*87*-*PMJ*-B
Q(;*2h2P<H!#/HF* 7E72#37P3*-** ` (Z#/ Z2*87.!-=d# P%#2a#B
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_JM (Z#/ Z2B
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2.3.3.1. Sản xuất nước mắm ngắn ngày từ cá nước ngọt
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_-(ZQw * Mnu2!3qQ{w * Mqu2!3Cnk =b'* M#K*>#PJB
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Q Y/7#2!*-n#/<"3* ()O*-nQ|#/<"B
Q 1'G|Q||
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2.3.3.2. Sản xuất nước mắm ngắn ngày từ cá biển
Qc!"=d# *-#/!"%#P1!‘†P<2KJ* $<O j#PMJ‘†%#2a# 8"O j#‘†&UK!#/ %2
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Qj#/# 1'GCC3+ 9#/.!-z
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Q ()O*-/#/# (=M#/P<2#(;*2h2*-#/:3K7!z#/<"2; !#(;**B
C) TÀI LIỆU HỌC TẬP
B Trần Văn Chương, 2001. Công nghệ bảo quản, chế biến sản phẩm chăn
nuôi và cá. Nhà xuất bản Văn hóa dân tộc.
2. =I# (m !"%#3/!"@# 7# S3knBGiáo trình Công nghệ bảo quản và chế biến
sản phẩm chăn nuôi. <E!`&S#<GB
3. Lê Văn Liễn, Lê Khắc Huy, Nguyễn Thị Liên, 1997. Công nghệ sau thu
hoạch đối với các sản phẩm chăn nuôi NXB Nông Nghiệp.
4. Lâm Xuân Thanh, 2004. Giáo trình công nghệ các sản phẩm sữa. NXB
Khoa học kỹ thuật.
D) CÂU HỎI ÔN TẬP CHƯƠNG
Bp# * F …"* M&*-K7!+ + 7 -*'-# &h*]K?&#'U$0 <# O I# ]7 :*$<
H(g#/# ( #<Moc!-=d# (Z#P</doR1#O -OP<2* N2(Z#*-$</W(Z*-o
kB=d# &<".!"=d# +r !N&SM.!S#* &#2GKKS#O T2C*-o
{
CHƯƠNG 3
Bảo quản và chế biến các sản phẩm trứng
z !"z
A) MỤC TIÊU
# $%#&'()*.!-=d#  d#  <# =,#/3*`!JM=,#/3.!-=d# &#'U*87

=,#/K7!+ 'i3'-# /-* `P()#/=,#/$<2GKO (Z#/O -O'D&SM.!S#* &#=,#/B
# $%#&'-# /-* `P()#/=,#/$<2GK*-* * &#&SM.!S#=,#/
# (=,#/2!3&G=,#/3'9#/PJ# X
Q -'G/ %2L*=M#/ :*NO3* !T#&F=(;**-*#GH!#/&< :*B
B) NỘI DUNG
3.1. Hình thái cấu tạo trứng
SNITA!A"R
Q=,#/*] d# aPO32G'I!M32G'I!# eB
Q‚P1H<y=G#/P<3qQ3znB
Qf<!Kh**87=,#/ 7"'UC=h#/3=h#/E7# '##j!B
Qm P()#/=,#/O 4 !G*$<M/#/3!U3* 'G#!9H(g#/B
$)8"60K
Qe=,#/*]* ,7*-*P}+ 5$;+5*  (;*=`# eB
Q>#/=h#/* 8"!P<O=Ma#B
Q>#/'e/^2O=Ma#3$72#3*-** `+ M-#/B
A* II'JK
Q <# O I#H# H(g#/*87=,#/O 4 !G*$<M ,*A#3/#/329=(Y#/K#/3=J#/
 -K,*+ ea$< Y/7#+ 7 -**87/7*I2B
RS#/q <# O I# ]7 :**87=,#/
#/ (;*u v=9%#u Ou P!Eu m M-#/u
7PMy
/
< n{ k3w 3| 3n  n
F n q3 {3k  3w wx
/}#/ n3{ q3x q3q 3q 3 Q
<j" n{3{ 3q 3w 3n 3w Q
3.2. Phân loại trứng và sự hư hỏng của trứng
$FO406K
Qv j#PMJ aMO T2* `v T2* `=,#/'()*E-*'F#  aMd# =J#/$e3&!^#/+ 53=J#/
 -P>#/'e3P>#/=h#/X^2*-*PMJK7!pp3p3R33&T#3=J#3$gB

_pp$eKJ* # ’#3#/!"%#$s#3&!^#/+ 5U#'F# $<*]* 0!*7MH(;q223P>#/'e
b$F=5=!#/j23'67O 9+ 9#/=“3P>#/=h#/'V*# 0!B
_p# (=%## (#/* 0!*7M&!^#/+ 5H(;z22B
|
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=h#/ ZPM…#/B
_$e&T#* 2”H1#5* &02V$e3&!^#/+ 5*7M=%#x3|223P>#/'ePZPl#/3
P>#/=h#/PM…#/# 0!B
Qv j#PMJ=,#/ aM+ P()#/=,#//<*9#/#/ 1O'()** 7=7# ]2p*]+ P()#/†
|x/3# ]2RC|{‡|x/€# ]2C|‡|{/€# ]2Œ|/B
$$%&'(K
*Hiện tượng tự phân hủy
Q/!"%## j#ˆ0!+1#&SM.!S#=,#/+ 9#/3=M#/=,#/K•H@#=7*-*O S#,#/O j#
/SO=M3PO3/P!EB
Qm.!SK?O j#/SJM=7*-** `
_-* )O* `
q
3
k
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k
3
k
5* 4=M#/=,#/B
_<2P()#/$72#/S23'V*&1P<$72#pB
_?O j#&*-*KS#O T2=!#//7#/W7P>#/=h#/$<P>#/'e&F'SMPG#B
_ `P()#/=,#/&F/S2KL3+ 9#/H~#/P<2 ?*O T23*] DH~#/=M#/* A##!9
*Sự hư hỏng gây ra do vi sinh vật
Q/!"%## j#e=,#/&T#32`2<#/#/M<3P}+ 5 b3$+ !T#Ej2# NO$<M&%#=M#/
=,#/2a#O j# 8"*-* <# O I# W!*Z*87=,#/P<2* M=,#/&F e#/B

Q-*HJ#/ ( e#/HM$+ !T#
_=,#/ + 9#/2<!B
_=,#/ 2<!P4*B
_=,#/ 2<!'a#B
_=,#/2<! ^#/ MV*2<!'e5 `" Z#B
_-*HJ#/ ( e#/+ -*$02~$F# (=,#/*]2~2*32~*-B
Q-*HJ#/ ( e#/HM#`22*
_=,#/2*
_>#/=h#/=W7=73P>#/'e=,#/*] d#  <# + !T#PJ**]# 0!2<!Kh*+ -*# 7!B
QJ#/ ( e#/HM* ,7$+ !T#/j"&1# 
_=,#/# @2$+ !T#'(Y#/=!GB# (Salmonella3S. Typhi – muriumBBB
_=,#/# @2O T"+ !T#S3=?*+ !T#P7M$<2GK$+ !T#/j"&1# + -*B
*Các biến đổi khác của trứng (biến đổi vật lý)
Q=7M'U#(;*B
Q=7M'U+ 5B
Q1#()#/=,#/!#/B
3.3. Đánh giá chất lượng trứng tươi
* Xác định trạng thái cảm quan và tính chất lý hoá của trứng tươi
Q`"2[!3uU#/K=,#/'D+D2=73# (#/2}PI#+D2=7+ 9#/H(;.!SB
Q•-*'F# =J#/ -*S2.!7#
_mD2=7=J#/ -&%##/M<*87=,#/B
_ˆNO=,#/'D+D2=72~$<.!7#K-&%#=M#/=,#/B
z
_!G*=,#/'D+D2=7PJ*-** \%!=%#3K7!']+D2=72~$F*87=,#/B
_ˆM‚=:#/=,#/B
_h*=,#/=,#/ e#/3=,#/*]&!^#/ Z=G#/ d+ Ph*K•#/ a*]#/]*-* B
_M=,#/ˆD=,#//W7#/!^#K-#/$<2h3+D2=7&!^#/ Z3E-*'F# $F=5P>#/
'e3P>#/=h#/3Hj"* Š#/3O - 1#O 9372-!3$&T#=M#/=,#/B
* Đánh giá chất lượng trứng
Q=,#/(Z

_eKJ* 3*,#/'^#/'0!B
_M `"=M#/K!3*]2<! ^#/# JB
_R!^#/ Z*]'(Y#/&7M.!7# *'F# 3+ 9#/H* !"D#3* 0!*7MŒ*2B
_h*=,#/+ 9#/+%!B d2E!#/H(;'-"H!#/HF* #(;*2!uB
_ˆNO$g+ 9#/*]2~B
_>#/=h#/ Z'V*3P>#/'eH<"32<!$<#/# J'#2<!'e'^#/'0!B
_m 9#/*]O 9O -H4*B
Q=,#/'DPj!
_M `"=,#/+ 9#/*>#=M#/K!B
_R!^#/ Z*]'(Y#/&7M.!7# H'G#/3* 0!*7M&!^#/ Z3|Qk3*2B
_ZPl#/=M#/H!#/HF* #(;*2!uB
_h**]#/]*-* # sB
_m 'NO$g+ 9#/*]2~3P>#/=h#/ ZPM…#/32<#/P>#/'e+t2H73+ 'U=7'67
Oa=P>#/'eHsOE!#/B
Q=,#/ e#/
_h**]#/+%!B
_M `"P>#/'eH'G#/B
_m 'NO$g3P>#/'e$g MV*H5# $<M$e3 MV** S" <# HF* PM…#/32~ 9B
Q=,#/ 
_M `"'4*B
_e=,#/2<!K[2*]$Š#3 Z M-=7P}+ 5*]2~ 9 + ]* F!B
Q=,#/2*
_M `"'2#j! MV*'a#E-2NO=!#/b&!^#/ ZB
_ˆNO$g=,#/ `"*]2~2*B
Q•t#/ 12$+ !T# :*
_`"3uU#/K=,#/'DEt#/ 12B=,#/(Z3KJ* 3$e+ 9#/=J##,'D+D2=7B
_`"=,#/'…8=M#/8`2qn
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B
_~#/'I!*VOKh ZPl7'D#/!G'NO$g$e=,#/b2G* }3=^H~#/#/ Lv7KZ'…
$9=~#/ LP>#/'e$<P>#/=h#/3*`"$<M2G#/#(;* F32G#/#(;* F/7#"2+ 5*]
P;OHI!O7=7‰#$<2G#/29=(Y#/A#/K# f!aPPa=m7!‰‰27##B
_ˆD$<M8`2=M#/k{/Y'#n#/<"B aMH“ <#/#/<"B
_m *]$+ !T#2:* dP<2%!&S#*7# + !T#3# !G2/=72$<KM+5# B
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O (Z#/O -O (Y#/.!'$;C#//#/$+ !T#B
QR1#O -OElP
_!O - 1#*]$+ !T#=M#/=,#/ d=,#/']O SKlH4#/#/7"B
_!KP()#/$+ !T## 0!O SP!G*=,#/=^* &#H~#/* M'G#/$NB
_m 9#/'()*# NO3E!`=,#/# @2+ !T#B
3.4. Các phương pháp bảo quản trứng gia cầm
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Qc!-=d# &SM.!S#PJ# /^2*-*&(;*K7!
_O# N#=,#/-OH4#/$;=,#/.!S# e3$e2023=J##,BBB
_RSM.!S#PJ# 'GT2wQw|u3# 1'G
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Qc!-=d# &SM.!S#=,#/=M#/#(;*$9/^2
_O# N#=,#/
_•O=,#/$<M* !23$JBBBB'U#(;*$9$<MK7M* M#(;*$9#/NO=,#/kQk|*2B
_RSM.!S#m M&SM.!S#b# 1'G

B Y/7#&SM.!S#CqQz -#/B
-./01"/KK0!:K'D#BK+

Q (Y#/H~#/P<
k
3
k
 7" }# )O*87* L#/B
QRSM.!S#=,#/=M#/29=(Y#/+ 5=Z/^2
_O# N#=,#/B
_RSM.!S#m M'S2&SM# 1'GP<

3'GT2w|

3#^#/'G+ 5
k
P<quB
_ Y/7#&SM.!S#P<x -#/B
--./01"/K2,3457
QˆD2/; J#'7'D* M+.!S&SM.!S## `P<# 1'GP<2* M=,#/&h'I!'9#/B
 1'Gz|

 MV*=%#z|

P<2* MP>#/=h#/'9#/PJB
QO# N#=,#/*]* `P()#/$<* !T#&F#(;*#]#/'D# L#/=,#/&SM.!S#B
Q L#/=,#/$<M#(;*#]#/3!•# 1'G*87#(;*2< Y/7## L#/+ -*# 7!
_(;*#]#/{x

 Y/7## L#/P<q|O LB
_(;*#]#/|{

 Y/7## L#/P<|O LB

_(;*#]#/|x

 Y/7## L#/P<O LB
w
_(;*#]#/z

 Y/7## L#/P<|O LB
Q Y/7#&SM.!S#Qk!I#
->K!"?
Qv (Z#/O -O&SM.!S#=,#/&Š#/2!A#7PB]*-**-* 2!=,#/# (K7!
Qf!(;
_O# N#=,#/B
_•O=,#/$<M ~#/'?#/E2A#/3$JK<# BBB'U#(;*2!$<M#/NO=,#/kQq*2B
+RSM.!S#B 1'G+ M&SM.!S#P<wQk

3'GT2+ 9#/+ 5wQw|uB
_ Y/7#&SM.!S#{#/<"B
Qf!+ 9
+O# N#=,#/B
+•l7KJ* $<P7!+ 9=,#/B
+f!=,#/B
+RSM.!S#B 1'G+ M&SM.!S#P<wQk

3'GT2+ 9#/+ 5wQw|uB
_ Y/7#&SM.!S#qQ{#/<"B
Qf!=,#/&:*'`Kt
_/!"%#P1!
_ˆ`Kt$<#/ |+/
_f!A# +/
_(;*KJ* P5

_=,#/.!S
-* P<2=G#'0!*-*#/!"%#P1!&:*#]=%#=^'a2&:*E!#/.!7# C#/.!S=,#/B
R:*EM#/* M$<M$J3'N"+5#BRŠ#/*-* #<"*] D&SM.!S#=,#/=M#/qQ{#/<"B
3.5. Các sản phẩm chế biến của trứng
>K46:
<O (Z#/O -O* &# }# )O*87P>#/'e$<P>#/=h#/=,#/Bc!-=d# PJ# '9#/
/^2*-*&(;*
Q•l7$<K-=~#/=,#/B
QˆNO=,#/=,#/B
Q<#/P:*'D-* =%#/P>#/'e$<P>#/=h#/
Q 7# =~#/# 1'Gz

y{O LB$;P>#/'e*>#P>#/=h#/+ 9#/*I# 7"# 7#  Z#
Q<2PJ# BJ#/7"# 1'G=,#/E!#/qQ|

B=G#'0! }#HF* B
Qˆ]#/ GO$<P<2PJ# '9#/B
QRSM.!S#=M#/+ MPJ# *]# 1'GCQk

'#Qw

3'GT2+ 9#/+ 5wQwuB
Q Y/7#&SM.!S#H<wQ| -#/B
>$K#:<K=
* Bột lòng trắng trứng: c!"=d# * &#&GP>#/=h#/=,#//^2w&(;*
QO# N#=,#/$<* !T#&F*-*H4#/*4B
Q•l7$<K-=~#/$e=,#/B
QˆNO$g=,#/B
x
Q<#/P:*'D-* $e=,#/3-* =%#/P>#/'e3P>#/=h#/B

Qm !`"=G#'0!$<*`"2a#$<MBˆDqQ|#/<"!• aM# 1'GO >#/B
Q-* #(;*$<tO <# &-# 3K7!'] - <# P-2e#/=^K`"+ 9b# 1'G{xQ|z

B
Q/ 0## e$<&7M/]B
QRSM.!S#BRG=,#/'()*&SM.!S#=M#/+ MPJ# 3# 1'GC

'#Qk3'GT2
+ 9#/+ 5=M#/+ MH(;nu3T2'G*87KS#O T2H(;nuB
* Bột lòng đỏ trứng: c!"=d# * &#&GP>#/'e=,#//^2w&(;*
QO# N#=,#/$<* !T#&F*-*H4#/*4B
Q•l7$<K-=~#/$e=,#/B
Q<2$g=,#/B
Q<#/P:*'D-* $e=,#/3-* =%#/P>#/'e3P>#/=h#/B
Qm !`"=G#'0!P>#/'e=^&Z2K7#/ 1 #/K`"&Š#/ 1 #/#/H[#B
Q`"+ 9B
QRSM.!S#B#/# (&SM.!S#&GP>#/=h#/=,#/B
* Bột hỗn hợp:
Q<&G }# )O/^2P>#/'e$<P>#/=h#/=,#/B
Q-* * &#/#/# (* &#&GP>#/'e=,#/B
C) TÀI LIỆU HỌC TẬP
B Trần Văn Chương, 2001. Công nghệ bảo quản, chế biến sản phẩm chăn
nuôi và cá. Nhà xuất bản Văn hóa dân tộc.
2. =I# (m !"%#3/!"@# 7# S3knBGiáo trình Công nghệ bảo quản và chế biến
sản phẩm chăn nuôi. <E!`&S#<GB
3. Lê Văn Liễn, Lê Khắc Huy, Nguyễn Thị Liên, 1997. Công nghệ sau thu
hoạch đối với các sản phẩm chăn nuôi NXB Nông Nghiệp.
4. Lâm Xuân Thanh, 2004. Giáo trình công nghệ các sản phẩm sữa. NXB
Khoa học kỹ thuật.
D) CÂU HỎI ÔN TẬP CHƯƠNG

Bd#  -*`!JM$<5# * `*87=,#/o?+ -*&1/W7=,#/(Z$<=,#/*Žo
kB-* +D2=7$<'-# /-* `P()#/=,#/o
qB-*O (Z#/O -O'D&SM.!S#$<* &#=,#/o
KIỂM TRA GIỮA KỲ
Q  YP()#/
Q GH!#/9#NO? ( e#/*87*-*KS#O T2 F3=,#/3*-BR1#O -O&SM.!S#B
k
CHƯƠNG 4
Bảo quản và chế biến các sản phẩm sữa
z !"z
A) MỤC TIÊU
# $%#&'()*.!-=d#  d#  <# KW73 <# O I# ]7 :**87KW73'-# /-
* `P()#/KW7$<2GKO (Z#/O -O'D&SM.!S#* &#KW7B
# $%#&'-# /-* `P()#/KW7$<2GK*-* * &#&SM.!S#KW7# (
 7# =~#/3KW7&G3KW7* !73&Z3O M2-BBBB
/ %2L*=M#/ :*NO3* !T#&F=(;**-*#GH!#/&< :*B
B) NỘI DUNG
4.1. Thành phần hóa học và giá trị dinh dưỡng của sữa
Q <# O I# M- :**87KW7 7"'U aM/#//7KL*3!U32~7$43* 'GH#
H(g#/3+r !N$hKW7X
RS#/{ <# O I# ]7 :**87KW7
MJKW7 N* `+ 9u v=Mu Ou P!Eu m M-#/u
/(Y k3 3k‡3| q3| z‡n 3q
R> k3{ q3q q3n {3n 3n
% q3 q3 {3q {3w 3w
/?7 3| 3n k3 z3| 3q
=j! n3x {3| {3| {3w 3w
C! w3n |3w z3n {3n 3
•?JMKW7
Q <# O I#* 5# *87KW7# ((;*3/PM&!P#3* `+ M-#/3$72#*]#/!^#/*=?*

OC2-!$<MKW7&Š#/*M#'(Y#/ T2 `!B
Qv=M'()*U#/ )OC*-*7E72#3OMP"OaO$<O=M*872-!B
QfgKW7C2g*87 ,*A#3C7E&tMO j#l `OB
Qˆ(Y#/P7*Mƒ7'()*JMC/P!*ƒ7*872-!B
QˆDJM=7P5KW7*I#*]{Q|P52-!* S".!7!"#KW7B
Qc!-=d# KW7ES"=7H(;K?* \'JM*87 1 I#+# =!#/(Z#/3 9#/.!7-*
'G#/*87*-* M=2M#aO=MP7*#3ME"ME#B
4.2. Một số tính chất đặc trưng của sữa
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Q‚=:#/*87KW7H
_‚=:#/KW7P<K?(Z#/.!7#/W7P()#/$N* `+ 9$; D5* *87#]B
_‚=:#/'()*'M&Š#/‚=:#/+*87KW7B
Q–OK!` T2 `!vP<z3z72MO ab
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Q 1'G']#/&A#/*87KW7P<3||
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QˆG* !7*87KW7'G7E
_ˆG7EU#/KKlH4#/'D'-# /-'G(Z*87KW73'()*&D! F&Š#/'Ga*#a
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']P<K2PH!#/HF* 7 MV*m3*I#'D=!#/ M<'G* !7*872PKW7B
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_W7(Z*]O‘z3qQz3wB
Q5# ME" M-+ l*87KW7=M#/KW7*]* ,7# 0!* `*]+ S#A#/+ l 7"ME" M-# (7E
7K*M&*3M*M‰a=M#3=&M‰P7$#3E"K#3*-*a#ƒ"2BBBP<2* MKW7*Ž#/*]5# + l MV*ME" M-B
-$B8U

QW7(Z2;$h*]5# H1+ !T#*87KW7/:P<O 7H1+ !T#*>#/:P<O 7+ -#/ D3B
Qv 7H1+ !T#*87KW7O 4 !G*$<M
_ 1'G&SM.!S#*87KW7B
_f,*'G# @2+ !T#*87KW7B
_ˆ0!+1#K,*+ Mi*87/7KL*
_ˆ0!+1#$1K#  L"#Z$h$<#ZO# N#KW7B
-$-B8
QW7'I!
_W7'I!P<P()#/KW7'()*=7=M#/# W#/#/<"'I!K7!+ 'i3*]/-=FK#  :**7MB
_m P()#/=%#/*87KW7'I!*7M Z#KW7&d#  (Y#/3|B
_()#/$N* `+ 9=M#/KW7'I!bPI#$h'I!%## 0! Z#&7PI#KM$;&d#  (Y#/B
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QW7*872GKPM</7KL*
_W7&><KS#O T2H# H(g#/O U&## `=M#/*-*PMJKW7BW7&>*]2<!=h#/
7"=h#/#/<3*]+ P()#/=%#/&#'G#/=M#/+ MS#/3knQ3qqB
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<2P()#/O=M$<PO*7M Z#kPI#KM$;KW7&>Bm P()#/=%#/*87KW7*C!P<3q{Q3qwB
W7*C!*]2~$F'V* 1!P<HMK?*]2V*87*-*7E&tM*7O=#*$<*7O=P*=M#/2gKW7B
_W7H%f<!=h#//#/KW7&>3+ P()#/=%#/P<3knQ3qwB
_W7=j!m P()#/=%#/*87KW7=j!P<3kwQ3qBW7=j!*] <2P()#/$N* `
+ 9*7M Z#KW7&>B
_W7#/?7]2<!=h#/E-2B<2P()#/'(Y#/PA*Mƒ7$<7P&!2#*87KW7#/?7*7M
Z#KW7&>3*># <2P()#/PO3+ M-#/3*7Ka#*87KW7#/?7PJ `O Z#B
4.3. Những biến đổi khi bảo quản sữa và các dạng hư hỏng của sữa
-#/01"/
Q%#2a#'(Y#/
_v S#,#/P%#2a#=()!

_v S#,#/P%#2a#P7**B
_v S#,#/P%#2a#&!"=*B
_v S#,#/P%#2a#O=MO"M#*B
Qv j# !‚2gKW7?&#'U*872gKW7HM2a#$K# $N3HMME" ]7$</^2k.!-=d# 
_c!-=d#  8"O j#2gKW7B
_c!-=d# ME" M-2gKW7B
Qv j# !‚O=M
v=MKW77E72#EaM#372#37E&tM2J* #/h#3/j"2~7# 393+ ]* F!B
-$)I6'(
* Sự hư hỏng về màu sắc của sữa
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QW7&d#  (Y#/*]2<!=h#/3=h#/#/<B
Qm  ( e#/3KW72<!Kh*+ 9#/&d#  (Y#/# (2<!E7# 3'e3$<#/B
Q/!"%## j#
_M$+ !T#K# Kh*JM=7B
_M/7KL*A#O S*e*]* ,7Kh*3HM !*'0!=FB
* Sự hư hỏng về trạng thái của sữa
QW7&F# ;
QW7PM…#/
QW7'9#/
* Sự hư hỏng về mùi vị của sữa
QRd#  (Y#/KW7*]2~$F Z2'V*=(#/B
Qm  ( e#/$02~KW7*]2~ 9 -232~72M#7*32~*-3$F'h#/BBB
Q/!"%## j#
_M'DKW7/I##Z*] ,*A#3*-** `/j"2~B
_M ,*A#B
4.3. Kiểm tra và đánh giá chất lượng sữa
-V89!W"
Q`"2[!=M#/H4#/*4* ,7KW7
_=(;*+ P`"2[!3Ph*=G#'0!3=^P`"2[!KW7b'-" ~#/ MV** 7KW7B

_f}2[!P`"+ MS#/k|Qq2PKW7* M$<MP:$9+ !T#B
Q`"2[!=%#'<#/7KL*
_ˆDE-*'F# * `P()#/KW73*I#P`"2[!=!#/&d# 3
_# `P<P`"bC#/*M#32}*M#k|2PB
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Qf[!KW7P`"EM#/O S+D2=7#/7"B
Q!* (7+D2=7#/7"'()* d*I#&SM.!S#&Š#/*-* 
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_ MH!#/HF* ‰M=2MPqwQ{u$<MKW7 aM‚P12PKW7* MQk/:3*] D/W
=M#/#/<"B—M=2MP*]-*H4#/H1+ !T#=`2J# B
_!#/HF* #(;*ME"/<qQqqu*]5# ME" M-2J# 3,** K?K# =(b#/O -
=D#*87$+ !T#B M$<MKW7$;‚P1*,2PKW7* MkQq/:H!#/HF* 
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&SM.!S#'()*=M#/zQ#/<"B
-)*'+**#L!K84'X'+
QmD2=7*S2.!7#
_•a2Et2<!Kh*32~$F*Ž#/# (=J#/ -+ -*# 7!*87KW7B
_W7P<H!#/HF* '^#/# `2<!=h#/3=h#/#/< 7" Z$<#/~"PM<'G#/$N3*]

$F Z#/:32~ Z2'V*=(#/B
Q•-*'F# 'GKJ* *Z :*
_] DP:*KW7.!7&9#/3/`"P:* MV*$SP:*=^Ea2Et*V#Ph#/B
_ aM2,*'GKJ* 3&T#*Z :**87KW73#/(Y7* 7P<2q# ]2
kq
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 ]2k]$*V#&T#=%#/`"P:*B
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Q•-*'F# ‚=:#/*87KW7
_‚=:#/*87KW7P<‚K/W7+ P()#/=%#/*87KW7KM$;#(;*3'()*E-*'F#
&Š#/‚=:#/+H~#/=%#/* MKW7B
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_ M‚=:#/+$<M$<':*+.!S=%#‚=:#/+
_ˆ^#/ Y/ P!9## 1'G*87KW7B
_7!']5# +.!S aM# 1'G# (K7!!# 1'G*87KW7P<k
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 d+.!S':*
'()*P<+.!S']#/B!# 1'GP;# Z# 7"# e Z#k
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 d*G#/ %2 7"&;'3k
* M2}'GP;# Z# 7"# e Z#B
Q•-*'F# 'G* !7*87KW7
_•-*'F# 'G* !7*87KW7'D'-# /-'G(Z*87KW7B
_ˆG* !7*87KW7'()*5#  aM'Ga*#a
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'G* !7*872PKW7B`"k|2PKW7$<M&d# 72/-*3# e|/:O a#MPO 7Pa#uO 7

=M#/*^#3Ph*'0!=^* !T#'G&Š#/H!#/HF* 73* M'#+ E!` 1#2<! ^#/
&0#$W#/=M#/q/j"=^HC#/PJBˆG* !7*87KW7'()*5# &Š#/*9#/ ,*
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Q•-*'F#  <2P()#/2gKW7
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'D M<7#O=Ma#b
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_7!']* M*^#ƒM72P*$<P"j2'D2g4PJB
_ˆ:*+.!SbO I#=%#*87#/ a*&a=B
‚P12gKW7u‘ \K#/ a*&a=y‚=:#/*87KW7B
Q•-*'F#  <2P()#/* `+ 9*87KW7
_] DH~#/O (Z#/O -OK`"+ 9KW7(Z'DE-*'F#  <2P()#/* `+ 9=M#/KW7B
_<2P()#/* `+ 9=M#/KW7&>P<k3{uB
Q•-*'F# 'G# @2+ !T#*87KW7
_ˆDE-*'F# 'G# @2+ !T#*87KW73#/(Y7KlH4#/O S#,#/=aH!*7ƒ7B
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P<22`2<! !*# lE7# 2a"Pa#B
_-* # <#  M2PKW7$<M2G#/#/ 12$9=~#/3+ 9B MO3|2P
H!#/HF* E7# 2a"Pa#B]+5##/#/ 123Ph*'0!=^'V$<M#^*-*  !‚# 1'GqwQ
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QmD2=7$+ !T# :*KW7
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O (Z#/O -O*87—=MK

4.4. Các phương pháp bảo quản sữa
--./01"/78*
Qv (Z#/O -O#<"-OH4#/'$;KW7# + 3KJ* B
QW7*I#KZ* P<2KJ* .!7kPI#P:*# (K7!
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<# #/7"K7!+ P`"KW73$N#* !"D#KW7CO (Z#/1#$N#* !"D#K7#/ ~#/* ,7B
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Q<2PJ# KW7b# 1'GH(;&A#/'D2BH(;{Qz
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.!S#=M#/*-*Ea*€qQ|
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$;#(;*'-~"'0!+1#*87C#/*ZKb
--$./01"/270
Qv (Z#/O -Ov7KZ M-KW7 7"*>#/:P<O (Z#/O -O 7# ‡1=~#/
QW7 7# =~#/P<KS#O T2/W'()* I! 'V*5# 3 <# O I#/-=FH# H(g#/*87KW7B
Q/!"%#P*87 7# =~#/P<KlH4#/# 1'Gb2,*# `'F# 3=M#/+ MS#/ Y/7## `
'F# 'D%!H1*-* <# O I#$+ !T#/j" e#/KW7# Š224*'5* +tMH< Y/7#&SM
.!S# Z#B
Q-*O (Z#/O -OO7KZ ]7KW7
_ 7# =~#/b# 1'G `O#/!^#*!#/*`O# 1P<#(;*#]#/ MV* Z#(;*#]#/B
 1'Gz|
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Pj!$<+ 9#/*7MB] DKlH4#/# 1'Gn|Qw|
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#/ 1*7M Z#kO (Z#/O -O*>#PJB
Qˆ0!+1#*87$1* `Ov7KZ M-KW7P<
_v S `OKW7b# 1'G%!H1'()*$+ !T#P7M
_f!#%!H1$K# $N MJK# 3O S* L'#* `P()#/*87KW7(Z*I#ElPB
_W7K7! `Ov7KZEM#/O S'()*P<2PJ# E!#/qQ{
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