Định hướng giá trị nghề của cư dân nông thôn trong bối cảnh đô thị hóa - PGS.TS. Phan Thị Mai Hương

DjNH HUONG GIA TRj NGHE CUA
CU DAN NONG THON
TRONG BOI CANH DO THI HOA
PGS.TS. Phan Thj Mai Huong
Gidm ddc Trung tdm Tdm ly hpc Thuc u^hivm, Vi^n Tdm ly hpc.

T6M TAT
Khdo sdt thuc lien fal 5 khii vuc ndng thdn c6 mifc dd dd thi hoa khdc nhau vdi
713 hd gia dinh cho thd'y, dinh hudng gid tri ciia cuddn ndng thdn hien nay vita thSng
nhd't. vUa da dang. Nhin chung, hp thich cdc nghe cd tinh chat Sn dinh, it rui ro, lam
tai dia phuong, lam diing nghi duac ddo tao vd nghi c6 hAng thu. Dinh hudng gid tri
ndy khdc nhau theo liJta tudi va trinh dd hpc vdn, khdng khdc nhau theo gidi tinh va
mite dd dd thi hda. Ngodi ra, dd'i vdi hp, ddt dai ngodi gid tri si( dung cdn cd gid tri
trao ddi. Nghe ndng vdn duoc nhiing ngudi trung niin vd ngudi gid hudng den nhu
mdt nghe an toan vd khdng cdn hpc hdi kie'n thiic mdi. Ket qud cQng minh chicng cho
hien tuang cdi md bdc Id nhiing gid tri da dang khdc nhau d khu vuc ndng thdn hien
nay. Kit qud nghien cih4 gai md nhung chinh sdch phit hop vdi viec dinh hudng vd dao
tgo nghe d ndng thdn hien nay trong qud trinh dd thi hda.
Til kh6a: Dinh hudng gid tri nghe; dinh hudng gid tri nghe ndng: dinh hudng
gid tri ddt dai; dd thi hda; ndng thdn.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 4/9/2012; Ngdyduyit ddng bdi: 20/9/2012.
ModSu
Trong giai doan hifin nay, qud trinh d6 thi hoa dang diin ra manh me
trSn di^n rong 6 nu6c ta. M61 trong nhGng dac tnmg ca ban cua qua trinh d6 thi
hoa chi'nh la su chuydn dich co ca'u kinh l€', trong d6 nang ty trong c6ng nghiep
va djch vu, giam ty trpng nong nghifip. Di ddi vdi qui trinh nay la su dich
chuydn viec lam cua ngucfi dan tCr n6ng nghiep sang cac ngh^ khac. Nhiing
ngu6i ndng dan vC'n bao ddi nay gSn b6 chat che vdi ngh^ n6ng dang diing
trudc mot su bie'n d6i Idn lao trong cupc ddi ciia ho - ho khfing con la nfing dan
niJa. Ho phai thay d6i ngh^ de ki6m s6'ng vk su chuydn d6i nay la bat budc chii
kh6ng phai tu nguy6n. Vdi hp, nhflng gii tri ngh^ nao ma ho hudng tdi trong

24

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, SO' 10 (163), 10 - 2012


qui trinh chuydn ddi nay? Nghd nflng dflT vdi hp cd gii tri ra sao? Dd li nhttng
ciu hoi trpng tim m i bai vidt niy se tra Idi.
Phuong phap nghien curu
Mdu chgn: Nghien ettu dupe thuc hien tai 5 dja phUPng ciia 3 midn Bic,
Trung vi Nam: Hi Nfli, Thii Binh, Hud, Cin 'Tho vi Long An. Tinh theo mttc
do dfl thi hda thi 6 Ha Nfli vi Long An didn ra manh nhit vi li dia bin thuflc
tinh Ha Tiy cu ngay sat Hi Nfli (nay la Hi Nfli) vi thanh phd Hd Cbl Minh.
Thii Binh, Cin Tho vi Hud cd miic dfl dfl thj hda thip hon. Cac xa dupe chpn
la nPi dang didn ra su chuydn ddi dit nflng nghiflp sang dit dfl thi va cac xa lin
cin vdi khu vuc chuydn ddi nay.
Sd lupng miu li 713 hfl gia dinh, dPn vi cung cip thflng tin li chu hfl
hpic dai difln chii hfl dam bao viflc cung cip thflng tin (trfln 18 tudi va minh
min). VT didu kifln khich quan, miu dupe lira chpn theo cich chpn miu cum
(toan bfl sd bfl tai cum din cu cd ngudi dai difln d nhi trong thdi gian thu thip
thflng tin). Cic hfl din chii ydu d noi didn ra viec chuydn ddi muc dich sir dung
dit hoac/va li nflng din hifln tai.
Cdng cu nghiin ciiu: Dd tun hidu dinh budng gii tri xa hfli cua cu din
nflng tbfln hien nay, nghien cdu da sii dung bang hdi kdt hpp vdi phdng vin siu.
Bang bdi la cflng cu chinh, trong dd dua ra nhttng mfl hinh nghe va viec lim dd
ngudi tra Idi lua chpn mfl hinh minh yflu thich hPn. Cd 9 cap gii tri nghd, mdi
cap la hai gii tri nghd dflT lip nhau mflt cich tUPng dflT. Ngudi tra Idi dupe chpn
mflt trong hai gia tri niy va khflng dupe mang tinh lupng difln (tttc la khflng
dupe chpn ca hai). Cic gii tri nghd hfln quan dfl'n thu nhip, tinh chit cia nghd
(dn dinh, riii ro, mttc dfl vit va), noi lam viflc (nhi nude hay tu nhin, tai dia
phuong hay di xa), dio tao nghd, hiing thu, sd thich... Thflng qua each lua chpn

gia tri nghd cd the xic dinh dupe ngudi nflng din hifln nay dang hudng dfl'n
nhihig gii tri nio cila nghd. Bfln canh dd, nghien ctru tim bidu dinh hudng gia
tri cua dit nflng nghiflp va nghd nflng dflT vdi ngudi nflng din hifln nay dd xic
dinh gii tri cua nghe nflng trong tuong quan voi cic nghe khic trong qua trinh
ngudi nflng din phai chuydn ddi nghd do qua trinh dfl thi hda.
Ket qua nghien cuiu
Binh hudng gid tri nghi vd viic lam
Ddnh gid chung
Dinh hudng gia tri nghd li nhttng gii tri cia nghd m i con ngudi hudng
ddn, dupe thd hifln qua dinh gii, mong mufl'n, qua lua chpn va hanh dflng thuc
td ciia hp trong liiih vile nghd nghiflp, viflc lim.
Kdt qua khao sat 6 bang 1 cho thiy ring, vd tdng thd, cu din nflng thfln
trong bdi canh dfl thi hda hudng den mflt each ro ret nhttng nghd cd cic gia tri sau:
TAP CH( TAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012

25


- Nghd mang tinh dn dinh, cho dii cd thu nhip thip;
- Lim diing nghd dupe dio tap, chp dtt thu nhip thSp;
- Lim tai dia phUPng cho dtt cd It co hfli hon di lim in xa;
- Chpn viflc lim m.T minh cd hiing thd, cho dtt thu nhip thip;
- Chpn nghd It riii ro, cho thu nhip dn djnh, dtt khflng cao.
Cd thd thi'y, gii tri thu nhip cao khflng hip din ngudi din bing gii trj
dn dinh, lam dung nghd, lam tai dja phuong, httng thu. It rui ro ciia nghd
nghiep, viflc lim. Vdi cu din 6 cic vfmg khio sit, hp cdt cd mflt viflc lim dd cd
thu nhip dn djnh li dupe. Hp khflng coi trpng cic CO hfli dd phat tridn ban thin,
cung nhu khflng thich su rdi ro. Hp hudng dfl'n su an toin trong ITnh vuc viflc
lim nhidu hon. Cd thd ndi, chi cin dd d i sfl'ng vi khflng cd udc vpng lam giiu,
nfl luc dd giiu hPn li djnh hudng chung cua cu din nflng thfln hifln nay vd

nhung gia Iri cia nghd nghiflp, viflc lim.
Nhung nghd cd cic gii trj sau khflng phii li xu hudng chung ma cd su
phin hda ro rSt trong sd nhttng ngudi dupe hdi:
- Mflt bfl phin hudng dsh viflc lim trong co quan nhi nude, mflt bfl phin
khic thi lim d diu ettng dupe, midn li cd thu nhip;
- Mat sd ngudi quyfl't tim lam dung nghd, dtt phai di xa, nhung mflt sd
khic lai chi mufl'n lim d thinh phd nfln sin sing lim bit ctt viflc gi;
- Mot sd ngudi thich nhttng nghe tuy bin rOn, cang thing nhung cd thu
nhip cao, nhung mot sd khic lai thi'ch lam nhung nghe nhin nha, do vit va cho
du thu nhip cd thip hon;
- Mflt sd thich lim nghe nflng vi ching phai hpc hanh gi them, nhung
mflt bfl phin hudng ddn cac nghd khac chp du phai vit va dudng hpc tip.
Su phin hda niy phan inh tinh da dang trpng djnh hudng gia tri 6 mflt xa
hfli phat trifl'n hon so vdi sir thflng nhit.
Ndu nhu trudc kia, su thuin nhit trong sinh boat, trong IflT sfl'ng vi trong
ca be gii trj vi tu duy li mflt trong nhttng die didm cia nflng thfln truydn
thflng. Cd the quan sit thi'y d diy nhidu thtt giflng nhau, ai cung nhu ai. Binh
quin chi nghTa dupe dd cao trong mpi sinh hpat xa hfli cung nhu tu duy cia
CPU ngudi. Va sir giflng nhau nay dudng nhu khifl'n ngudi ta hda minh vio cflng
ddng nhidu hon. Ngupe lai, su khic biflt, die biflt la nhttng khic biflt vd gia tri
li didu khd dupe chip nhin trong bflT canli nflng thfln truydn thflng, khep kin
sau luy tre ling. Tuy nhifln, ngiy nay, khi ling xa dupe md rflng ra bfln ngoii
trong qua trinh do thj hda, sir giap luu, thflng thupng da dem ddn chp nflng thfln
nhieu gii tri mdi ben canh nhttng gii trj ctt. Viflc chip nhin vi bflc Ifl mflt sd

26

TAP CH( TAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012

nhttng dinh hudng gii tri khic biflt nhau trfln diy li mflt didm tupng ddi mdi
trpng bdi canh ngiy nay.
Bdng 1: Dinh hudng gid tri nghe cua cuddn ndng thdn (Ty li %)
Cfic gii trj

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

a. Thu nhdp cao. nhung
kh6ng 6n dinh
b. Thu nhdp ft hon,
nhrniK 6n dinh
a. Cd quan nh^ nirdc
b. Lim bSx dl dftu nii£n
Ik c6 thu nhflp

a. Diing ngh^, dfl phih di
xa
b. Qil cii viec g), nhung ij
th^h ph6
a. Khdng ddng ngh^, thu
nhfip cao
b. Diing ngh£, dh thu
nhap cd Ihaip hon
a. B an r^n, cang thdng.
thu nhAp cao
b. N h ^ nha. nhimg thu
nhan th£p hon
a. Ngh£ ndng, khdng phai
hoch^h
b. Ngh£ kh^c dii phai
hoc tap
a. Lam tai dia phuong
nhung it co hdi
b. L ^ xa gia dinh nhung
nhi£u CO hdi
a. Cd hthlg thd, dii thu
nhdp hoi thip
b. Khdng hdng thd. dflm
bao cuOc sdng
a. Riii ro cao, cd Ih^ thu
nhdp cao
b. ft lui ro, thu nhap 6n
dinh khdne cao

Tdng

Trinh dd hoc vfl'n

Khu vuc
BTH

Tudi

TH

THCS

THPT

<3S

11,0

17,8

12.8

6.9

10.2

3555
10.0

89,0

82,2

87,2

93.1

89,8

90.0

51,1

42,2

41,9

62.3

78.0

43,1

48,9

57,8

58,1

37,7

22.0

56,9

Sd,2

46,2

42,5

69,4

74,4

56.8

43,8

53,8

57,5

30,6

25,6

24,5

31,3

23.6

21,0

75,5

68.8

76,4

48,9

36,5

51,1

Yfu

>S6

Manh

11.5

7.4

13,0

88.5

92.6

87,1

52.6

54,9

48.9

47,4

45,1

51.1

47,6

54,7

57.1

43,2

52,4

45,3

42,9

26,1

24,5

22.9

23.3

25,2

79,0

73,9

75,5

77.1

76,7

74,8

46.7

54.7

51,1

53,0

41,2

50,2

48,2

63,5

53.3

45,3

48,9

47.0

58,8

49,8

51,8

43,9

62,9

53,3

30,6

12,0

46,8

51,4

47,4

41,8

56,1

37,1

46,7

69,4

88,8

53,2

48,6

52,6

58,2

75,4

82,3

75.9

73,5

62,6

77,0

78,1

82,3

71,3

24,6

17,7

24.1

26,5

37.4

23,0

21,9

17,7

28.7

65,9

66,0

61,5

72,0

68,8

63,2

68,7

65,6

66,0

34,1

34,0

38,5

28,0

31,2

36,8

31,3

34,4

34,0

12,0

22,6

12,7

8,3

12,1

12.8

10,6

8,0

14.4

77.4

87.3

91,7

87,9

87.2

89,4

92.0

85,6

88,0

Nhu viy, cd thd thiy ring, cu din nflng thfln hifln nay cd mot sd thdng
nhit vd dinh hudng gii tri nghd bfln canh mflt sd dinh hudng khac biet. Su dan
xen gitta thflng nhSt va khac biflt vd dinh hudng gia tri nghd cho thiy, su cdi md
vd mit xa hfli cila nflng thfln hifln nay 6 chd chip nhin vi bflc 16 su khic biflt

TAP CH( TAM LY HOC, 86 10 (163), 10 - 2012

27


dd trfln binh difln xi hfli. Tuy chua di siu tim hidu vd nhung bing chiing ro ring
dd li do dfl thj hda hay li do xu thd chung cia su phit tridn kinh td - vin hda xa hdi, nhung nd phin inh mflt thuc td da dang hifln nay 6 nhttng vttng vfl'n
hoic dang li nflng thfln Viet Nam d nhidu vttng midn tren khip nude ta.

Dinh hudng gid tri nghe vd vice luni ciia cdc nhdm ddn cU
Nhttng kdt qua trfln diy da chi ra dinh hudng gii trj nghd vd mit tdng
thd, dua ra nhung dinh gia chung nhi't vd thuc trang djnh hudng gii trj nghd
hifln nay cia cu din nflng thfln Irong bflT canh dfl thj hda. Kfl't qua cung cho
thi'y, xu budng da dang hda vd djnh hudng gii trj, cung nhu thiy dupe sir phin
hda nhit djnh gitta ngudi din vd vi'n dd niy. Ciu hdi dit ra li liflu cd sir khac
biet nio khflng gitta cac nhdm din cu theo mflt sd tiflu chi nhit djnh hay ndi ro
hon, lieu cd xu hudng nio chung cho su phin hda niy hay khflng, cd tao thinh
qui luit cia sir khac biflt hay khflng?
Khic biflt gidi tinh
Sfl' liflu khao sit di cho thi'y ring, trong djnh hudng gii tri nghd, nhttng
khic biet gidi tinh li khflng r5 ret. Sir khic biflt nbd chi tim thiy d hai didm:
hung thu va noi lim viflc. Theo httng thu, kflT qua cho thiy, ty 16 nam gidi thich
lim viec theo hung thu nhidu hon ntt (70% d nam so vdi 60,9% d ntt). Trong
khi dd, ty Ifl ntt mong mufl'n cd viec dam bio cufle sfl'ng chtt it theo hung thii
cia minh nhidu hon nam (39% d ntt so vdi 30% d nam). Cdn theo noi lim viflc,
nghien cttu phit hien ra ring, ntt thi'ch lim viec d cP quan Nha nude hPn
(55,3% d ntt so vdi 46,8% d nam), trong khi dd, nam gidi cd thd lam bit ctt diu
mien la cd thu nhip cd ty le cao hon sd ntt cd cung djnh butSng gii trj dd
(53,2% d nam so vdi 44,7% d ntt).
Khic biet Itta tudi
Djnh hudng gia trj nghd li mflt khii niflm khflng chi lifln quan den
nhttng thuflc tinh nhin cich cua con ngudi m i cdn bao him trong dd sir hidu
biet cttng nhu trai nghiflm cufle sfl'ng. Viy d diy, heu dinh hudng gii trj nghd
cua cu din nflng thfln cd khac biflt theo Itta tudi hay khflng?
Sd lieu da chi ra ring, nhttng ngudi thuflc cac Itta tudi khic nhau cd djnh
budng khic nhau d 5 trong sd 9 cip gii trj dupe khao sit.
Thtt nhit, dd li khic biet vd djnh hudng gii trj tdi noi lam viec. Trong
khi nhttng ngudi tre (dudi 35 tudi) phin Idn mufl'n lim d Nha nude, thi nhttng
ngudi gii (ttt 55 tudi trd Ifln) lai cd hai hudng: mflt nhdm hudng dfl'n gia trj cua

to chtte Nhi nude khi mufl'n lim viflc tai cac co quan Nhi nude. Cdn mflt nhdm
khac thi thi'ch ban thin gii trj cia lao dflng viflc lim vi cd thu nhip cdn lim 6
diu cttng dupe, dflT vdi hp khflng la vin dd. Cdn nhdm ngudi ttt 36 - 55 tudi thi

28

TAP CHITAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012


phin nhidu thich gia trj cia viflc lim, khflng quan tim dfl'n nPi lam, chi mflt sd
It hPn thich co quan Nhi nude.
Mat khac, nhdm ngudi nhidu tudi (ttt 36 trd Ifln) mufl'n lim tai dja
phuong nhidu hon diu cd It co hfli, trong khi ngudi tre (dudi 35 tudi) lai sin
sang di lim xa dd cd nhidu co hfli hon.
NhOng ngudi cang tre thi cing thi'ch lam dung nghd du di xa khoi thinh
pho\ trong khi dd, nhttng ngudi cang nhidu tudi hon, cing thi'ch lam d thinh
phd hem, vi thfl', ho sin sang lim bit ctt viflc gi.
Thtt hai, khic biflt vd dinh hudng gii trj tdi tinh chit cua viflc lam. Sd
Ueu cho thi'y, dflT vdi nhdm ngudi gia, ty le thich gii trj an nhin cia cflng viflc
du thu nhip thip nhidu hon, nhung ngudi trong dfl tudi iao dflng (tttc la dudi 55
tudi) thi lai thich cflng viflc bin rfln nhung btt lai, lai cho thu nhip cao. Vdi
nhdm ngudi niy, rd ring li gii trj cia thu nhip ldn hon gii trj bin rfln cua cflng
viflc. Ho sin Idng bd cflng stte dd nhin dupe thu nhip cao hon.
Su khac biet ro ret nhit li d gia trj cia nghd nflng: Trong sd nhttng ngudi
tre, rit It ngudi cd mong mufl'n lim nghd nflng, hp cd cd xu hudng ly nflng
nhidu hon dtt viflc dd khifl'n hp phai hpc tip nhidu hon. Trong khi dd, trong sd
nhttng ngudi gia, ty le mufl'n ly nflng thip hon nhidu. Nhieu ngudi vin mufl'n
lim nflng nghiflp, bdi vdi hp dd la didu dfl ding, tu nhien, hp khflng cin phai
hpc tip gi nhidu. Vdi thuc trang biflu qua boat dflng nflng nghiep bien nay, khi
thu nhip ttt nghd nflng rit thip so vdi mat bing chung, cufle sfl'ng cia ngufli

lim nflng nghiflp trd nfln bi'p bflnh ma bo vin huflng tdi nghe nay cho thiy
ring, cd thd kha ning dd hpc tip nghd mdi vdi hp li bit kha khang hoic nghd
nflng gin bd nhu mdt phin ruflt thjt cua nhttng ngu&i gii, khifl'n hp rat khd Ijd
nghd nay. Mat khic, viec hudng ddn mflt nghd mod cung ddi hdi d con ngudi
nhttng nang luc nhit djnh, ma khflng phai ai cung cd nhttng nang luc niy, nhit
la d ngudi trung nien hoic gia. Vi the, nghd nflng dudng nhu li mflt nghd tUPng
dflT an toan ddi vdi ho.
Khac biflt khu vuc
Nghien cttn li'y bdi canh dfl thi hda lim ndn de thiy dupe dinh hudng gii
tri nghe cia cu din nflng thfln ngay nay trong hoan canh mfli. Vi the, khu vuc d
diy bao him S nghTa cia cic khu vuc cd mttc dp dfl thi hoa khic nhau.
Mttc dp dfl thj hda im chi ty Ifl phin tram gitta difln tich dit dfl thi trfln
dien tich tpan bfl khu vuc hay gitta sd din do thi tren toan bfl din sd cila khu
vuc. Vdi y nghTa nay, kliu vuc dfl thi hda manh hon (tinh theo don vi xa) li khu
vuc cd ty le difln tich dit dfl thi tr6n tdng dien tich cua xa ldn hon hoic khu vuc
cd su gia ting dien tich dit dfl thj ldn hon trpng thdi gian vtta qua. Thep each
hidu nay, cd hai cich phin nhdm khu vuc dfl thi hda dua vao tim didm dfl thi

TAP CH( TAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012

29


hda: ci'p dfl dja phuong (tinh) vi cip dfl Trung. uong. d cSp dfl dja phuong, viflc
so sinh mttc dfl dfl thj hda li tuong dflT, so sinh hai didm tai cttng mflt khu viic,
cu the li so sinh hai dia bin (xa) vdi mttc dfl thj hda cao tbSp khic nhau tai
cttng mflt tinh. Trfln binh difln li cip dfl Trung uong thi viflc chpn dja bin cd
mttc dfl dfl thj hda cao pbii thuflc vio didm chpn cin thinh phd Idn hay thinh
phd nhd. Cin thinh phd Idn (Hi Nfli vi thinh phd Hd Chi Minh, cic dja bin cd
mttc dfl dfl thj hda cao hon, cin thinh phd nhd (Cin Tho, Thii Binh vi Hud) cd mttc dfl dfl thj hda chim hon. Nghifln cttu se phin tich dtt lieu theo ca hai

cip niy dd thi'y dupe ro ndt mflT lifln hfl cua dfl thj hda vdi djnh hudng gii tri
nghd cia ngudi din.
Ket qua cho thiy ring, d cip dfl Trung uohg, su khic biflt chi cd d mflt
djnh hudng gii trj: noi lim viflc (co quan Nhi nude hay d diu cung dupe). Cu
din cin thinh phd nhd chpn gia trj cP quan Nhi nude (57%), cdn cu din 6 cin
thanh phd ldn thi chpn gii trj viflc lim d bit ctt chfl nip midn cd thu nhip
(43%). Cdn nhin chung, hp giflng nhau d chfl cttng bUtSng dfl'n nhttng gii trj nghd
nhu nhau.
d ci'p dfl dja phUPng, kftt qua cttng chp thiy, khflng co su khac biflt vd
xu hudng lua chpn nghd nghiflp mi chi khic d lupng ngudi djnh hudng vio mfli
gii tri (cap gii trj sd 1, 7 vi 9 trong bang 1). Noi cd mttc dfl dfl thi hda ydu, ty
le ngudi chpn gia trj cua thu nhip cao hon gii trj dn djnh cia cflng viec; ty le
chpn di lim xa dja phuong cao hon de cd nhidu co hfli vi chip nhin cflng viflc
cd nhidu rii ro dd cd thu nhip cao hPn. Cd the thiy, mflt sfl' bing chung de
nhin djnh ring, d nhttng nPi cd mttc dfl dfl thj hda yflu hon, gii trj thu nhip
dupe dinh gia cap hon cic gii trj khic so vdi cu din 6 vttng cd mttc dfl dfl thj
hda cao hon.
Tuy nhifln, tren tdng thd, sd liflu chi ra ring, du xdt 6 ci'p dfl Trung uong
hay dja phuong thi ngudi din d cic vttng cd mttc dfl dfl thi hda khac nhau cttng
khflng cd nhttng khac biflt ldn vd djnh hudng gii tri nghd cia hp. Nghifln cdn
chua khap sat su khac biflt vd vi'n dd nay cia cu din 6 vttng nflng thfln dang
trong qua trinh dfl thj hda va vttng nflng thfln truydn thflng dd xem thuc su djnh
budng gii tri nghd cd chju anh hudng cua dfl thj hda hay khflng nhung trong
nghifln curu niy chua tim thiy nhttng bing chttng xic dang dd kfl't luin vd vin
dd niy tai nhttng vttng cd mttc dfl dfl thj hda khic nhau. Cd thd, sir mo rflng cic
mfli lifln he xi hfli cia ling Viflt ngiy nay da phi bd hang rio ngin each ling
vdi bfln ngoii. Ngudi din cip nhit thflng tin hon, hidu biflt hon vi trd nfln gin
gtti hon vdi xa hfli bfln ngoii ling vi do dd, su xi'ch lai gin nhau trong mflt sd
gii trj mang tinh xa hfli li cd thd hidu dupe.
Khic biflt thep trinh dfl hoc vin

Trinh dfl hoc vin la co sd cia nhin thiic xa hfli cua cpn ngudi. Viy nd cd

30

TAP CH( TAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10-2012


hfln quan gi dfl'n dinh hudng gia trj nghd cia cu din nflng thfln hay khflng? KflT
qua nghifln cttu da chi ra ring, nhttng khich thd cd trinh dfl hoc vin khic nhau
thi CO su khac biet vd djnh hudng gia trj nghd kha ro ndt d tit ca cic cip gii tri
dupe khao sit.
Theo dd, nhttng ngudi cd hpc vi'n cap hPn budng ddn cic gia tri sau cia
nghe nghiflp - viec lam:
- Chpn viec lim cd ti'nh chit dn djnh hon li chpn viflc lim cd thu nhip cap;
- Lim d cp quan Nhi nttdc;
- Lam dung nghd, du phai di xa;
- Lam dung nghd, dtt thu nhip thip;
- Cflng viflc bin rfln, nhung cho thu nhip cao;
- Ly nflng;
- Cflng viflc cd hihig thu;
- Cflng viflc It rii ro, dtt thu nhip thip;
Trong khi dd, nhttng ngudi cd hpc vi'n thi'p hPn hudng dfl'n nhttng viflc
lam cd gii trj nhu:
- Cflng viflc cho thu nhip cao du khflng dn djnh;
- Lim d diu cung dupe, mifln cd thu nhip chtt khflng nhit thidt phii vio
CO quan Nha nude;
- L,am trai nghd dd dupe d gin nha;
- Lim bit ctt viec gi mifln la dupe d thinh phd;
- Chpn cflng viec an nhin du thu nhip thi'p;
- Lim nghd nflng, de khdi phai hpc;

- Chpn viec lam tai dja phuPng, dtt It co hfli;
- Chpn cflng viflc khflng httng thu nhung dam bio cufle sfl'ng;
- Chpn cflng viec rii ro cao nhung thu nhip ettng cao.
Cd thd thiy, trinh dp hpc vin gin bd chat che vdi djnh httdng gii tri nghd
6 cu din nflng thfln hien nay. Cd hpc vin cao, ngudi din djnh hudng tdi nhttng
gia tri cOT loi cia lighd nhu lim dung nghd dupe dao tao, co httng thu, bin ri5n
chtt khflng phai cic gia tri bfln ngoii cia viec lim nhu thu nhip, lim d thinh
phfl', cflng viflc nhan nhi, khflng cin hpc hanh thflm. Vdi nhttng ngudi ed hpc
vin thip hon, cd duoc viec lim va cd thu nhip dam bao cufle sfl'ng li du dflT vdi
hp. Trpng khi dd, vdi ngudi cd hpc vi'n cao hon thi cac gii tri nghd dupe de cao
chtt khflng chi la viec lim. Cd nghd vi cd viec chinh li cic dinh budng khic
nhau cia nhiing ngudi cd trinh dfl hpc vin khic nhau.
Nhu viy, su khic biflt ro nhit trong djnh hudng gia tri nghd d cu dan
nflng thfln la d trinh dfl hpc vin vi Itta tudi. Khic biflt vd gidi va khu vuc dfl thi
hda Ii khflng ding kd.
Cd thd ndi djnh hudng gia trj nghd nghiep, viec lim cua cu din nflng
thfln trong boT canh dfl thi hda dudng nhu hda vao ddng chay chung cua xa h(5i.
ICHfTAMLYHpC,SdlO(163), 10-2012

31


trong qui trinh phit tridn kinh td - xa hfli cia dit nude chtt khflng rd ring dd la
do dfl thj hda mang lai. Nhung dfl thj hda lim qui trinh niy xiy ra nhanh hon,
didn ra quyflt liflt ban. (3 nhttng noi cd mttc dfl, tdc dfl dfl thj hda cao hay thip
khic nhau thi cttng ddu thiy xu hudng niy.
Binh hudng gid tri ddt dai vd nghi ndng
Dfl thj hda lam mflt bi5 phin din cu nflng nghiflp bi mit mflt phin hoic
toin bfl dit sin xuit vi cttng vdi hifln tuijng niy li hp phii mit nghd hoic giam
b(St boat dflng nghd truydn tbfl'ng cia minh. Nghifln cdu tim hidu, vdi hp hifln

nay, gii trj cua dit dai vi nghd nflng nhu thd nip?
Dinh hudng gid tri ddt dai
Bdng 2: Dinh hudng gid tri ddt dai vd nghi ndng
Ctz nbdn dinh

(1)
Hoin
to&n
ItbOng
d6ngy

MlicdiJ dfinei
(2)
(3)
Khdng D6ng:f
ddng^ nhi^u
nhl^u
hon
htm

(4)
Hoin
toin
dongy

Dilm
trung
binb

Do

Idch
chuin

Gid tri ciia dUt dai
L Gi& tri i& aim d ch6 trfing trot diroc
cdy trii

20,5

14,1

24,8

40.5

2.85

1,16

2. Gid tri dit la 6 gii ci ciia n6

37,7

20,1

19,2

22.9

2,27

1,19

1. TOi mu6n hix dung dait dai 6i Ijtm
nOng ngtiigp

11,9

8,7

14,4

65.1

3.33

1,05

2. TOi mu6n Ikm nha &i cho thuft

45,7

18,0

18,3

18.0

2.09

1,16

3. DSt njOng cua gia dinh c6 Ih^ cho
ngu&i kMc muctn/thue &i canh tfic

52,7

19,3

14,2

13,6

1,89

1.10

4. TOi mufin bdn mOt phdn ddt 6 ciia gia
dinh

71,9

10,5

6,6

11.0

1,57

1,02

5. Gia dinh toi murfn chuydn d6i muc
di'ch si!i dung ddt ndng nghi£p sang
huiSng khdc

44,4

15,0

18,4

22,2

2,18

1,22

6. Gia dinh toi c6 mOt stf ddt, toi muO'n
Nhd nu6c nhanh ch6ng thu h6i d^ duoc
hudng ti^n d^n bil

63,8

12,8

9.0

14,5

1,74

1,12

7. TOi mutfn cilng vfii mijt stf hfl khdc
fi6p ddt d^ xdy dung trang trai

58,7

15,5

12,6

13,3

1,8

1,1

Dinh hu&ng si dung dM

32

TAP CHf TAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012


Cung vdi qua trinh dfl thj hda, dit nflng nghiflp ngay nay dupe mang
them gia trj mdi la gia trj trap ddi ben canh gia trj s i dung cia nd. Dit dai cttng
li vin dd giy nhieu btte xue cho ngudi din cung chinh bdi gii trj trao ddi niy.
Sd liflu cho thi'y, ngudi din tai cac vttng nflng thfln thi'y nhttng gii trj

khic nhau cua dit dai. Hon 65% sd ngudi dupe bdi nhin nhin gii tri cia dit
nim d chtte ning trdng trpt cua nd, tttc li chtte ning s i dung. Trong khi dd, hon
43% sd ngudi dupe hdi nhin nhin dit dai d gii trj trap ddi trfln thj trudng, xem
xdt nd cd gii bap nbiflu. Kdt qui cdn cho thi'y, sd ngudi vtta thiy dit dai cd gia
trj s i dung lin gia trj trao ddi khflng nhidu (chi khoang 8% sd ngudi dupe hdi).
Dudng nhu vdi nhidu ngudi, gii trj su diing cia dit dai cho nghd nflng vdi gia
trj trao ddi li cap gii trj trii ngupe nhau. Nd cttng cho thi'y djnh hudng ro ring
vd gii tri cia dit cia ngudi din: da trdng trpt thi khflng mua bin hpic da mua
bin thi khflng trdng trpt vi nd cttng phin nio phan anh thuc td hifln nay cua
ngudi din trong mflT quan hfl vdi dit dai.
Tinh hinh niy cung phan inh su ddi thay trfln binh dien xa hfli vd gii trj
cua dit. Nflu nhu trudc kia, trong xi hfli nflng thfln truydn thflng, dit dai dupe
vi nhu tac vang bdi gia tri s i dung: "Ai ai chd bd rudng hoang; Bao nhiiu tdc
ddt tdc vdng bdy nhieu" thi ngiy nay, thuc te cho thi'y, vdi nhidu ngudi, dit cdn
cd gii tri dd trao ddi, dit dai trd thanh hing hda, thim ehl mflt loai hang hda
die biet.
Quan diem niy khflng khic biflt d nam vi ntt, cttng khflng khac biflt d
nhung khu vuc cd mttc dfl dfl thj hoi khic nhau nhung nhin ro su khic biet theo
Itta tudi vi trinh dfl hoc vin. cing ldn tudi, ngudi ta cing nhin thi'y gii trj s i
dung cia dit nhidu hon va cang tre tudi, cing nhin thi'y gii tri trao ddi cua dit.
Ngiy nay, cung vdi su phat trien kinh td xa hfli va dfl thj hda, sd lupng
ngudi cpi (lit dai cd gia trj chuydn ddi ngiy cang nhidu thflm. Co the thi'y, sd
liflu da chttng minh phin nio vd su dich chuydn gii trj cia dat dai cua cu din
nflng thfln trong bdi canh dfl thi hda (ttt gii tri s i dung trong canh tic, trdng trpt
sang gia trj trao ddi).
Dinh hudng gid Iri nghe ndng
Trudc tinh trang gii tri cia dit dupe djnh hudng dfl'n khflng chi li gii tri
stt dung m i cdn cd gia trj trao ddi thi ngudi din nflng thfln hien nay coi nghd
nflng nhu thd nao, lieu nd cd cdn li cp nghiep, sin nghiep cua ngudi nflng thfln
ntta hay khflng?

IChi dupe hdi vd mong mufl'n stt dung dit cia minh, kST qua cho thi'y,
dinh hudng gii tri stt dung dit dupe nhidu ngudi hudng dfl'n la lim nflng nghiflp.
SO' nay chiem khoang 80% sd ngudi dupe hdi. Ben canh dd, bp cdn cd nhttng
mong mufl'n stt dung dit theo each khic, cu thd la:

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012

33


- 40% mufl'n chuydn dit nflng nghiflp sang hudng khic;
- 36% mufl'n lim nhi cho thufl dd ting thu nhip;
- 28% mufl'n cho ngudi khic thufl lai dd hp canh tic;
- 24% mufl'n dupe Nhi nude thu hdi dd nhin tidn ddn btt.
Bdng 3: Dinh hudng gid Iri ddt dai vd nghe ndng d
cdc nhdm cu ddn khdc nhau (%)
B d i hjhdo
Cdc nhdn djnh

Cao

Thfl'p

CIdl tinh
Nam

NO

<=
35

Tulil
3655

>55

Trinh d$ ho< vdn
TH
TH
Tl«u
h9c
CS
PT

Gid tri cia ddt dai
1. Gid tri ddt lil trdng ti^t

2.88

2,83

2,84

2,89

2.59

2,89

2.91

2.78

3.03

2.68

2. Gid tri ddt Id 6 gid cd cda nd

2,20

2.33

2,28

2,29

2.56

2.22

2,27

2,35

2.13

2.40

Binh hudng sU dung ddt

1. Ldm ndng nghidp

3,39

3,28

3,31

3.33

2.78

3.47

3.32

3,42

3,45

3.18

2. Ldm nhd cho thuC

1.87

2.24

2.04

2.15

2.47

2.10

1.91

2,02

1.95

2.28

3. Cho ngudi khdc muonAhue

1.82

1,93

1,83

1.94

2,07

1.87

1.85

1,63

1.94

1,89

4. Bdn mdt phdn ddt

1.56

1,57

1,49

1.64

1,51

1,60

1.54

1,31

1.57

1.66

5. Chuydn ddi muc dich .si!r dung
ddt

2,10

2.25

2,25

2.15

2,38

2,20

2,08

1.60

2,18

2.38

6. Nha nude thu hdi d^ duoc
hudng tidn ddn bil

1.61

1.84

1.68

1,79

1.44

1,82

1.76

1.61

1.90

1.66

7. Gdp ddt a xdy dung trang Irai
chung

1.76

1.84

1.98

1,68

1,91

1.87

1.66

1.45

1.76

1.95

Ghi chu: EfTB dugc tinh theo thang 4 diem, trong do: 1 Id khdng ddng y vd 4 Id hodn loan
dong y.

Cd thd thi'y ring, cu din nflng thfln hifln nay dinh hudng gii tri sir dung
dit dai bfln canh trdng trpt cdn cd nhidu gii trj s i dung khic. DSt nflng nghiflp
ttt chfl chi cd mflt gii trj li trdng trpt ciy trai, ngiy nay duoc mflt bfl phin cu
din nflng nghiflp mufl'n s i dung vio nhidu muc dich khic nhau. Dd li nhttng
mong mufl'n cia cu din nflng thfln vd viflc s i dung dit dai hifln nay. Trfln thuc
te', hp s i dung dSt nflng nghiep nhu thd nap? Sd liflu didu tra clii ra ring:
- 84,8% sd he dang s i dung dSt dd trdng trpt, chin nufli (Diy chi yflu la
nhttng hfl cdn dit nflng nghiflp sau khi bi thu hdi mflt phin trong qua trinh dfl
thi hda);
- 28,4% - lim nhi dd 6;
- 6,5% - lim trang trai;

34

TAP CH( TAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012


- 5,1% - lim nha cho thufl;
. . . " ^'^'^''''™ <=*<= cflng viflc khac (cho thufl lam cia hing, lam nhi xudng
kinh dpanh, md etta hang..,).

Nhttng bfl d khu vuc dfl thi hda cao cd ty le ngttdi dttng dit vio muc dich
lam nhi d vi lam noi kinh dpanh, bufln bin nhidu hPn. Didu nay cttng hpp Iflgic
kbi su chuydn djch cp ciu kinh te tai nhttng khu vuc niy ettng difln ra manh me
hon. Tuy nhifln, khflng phai ai trong sd dd cung tliiy su chuydn dich niy la cd
hiSu qua dflT vdi hp. Thep S kidn cia hpn 70% sd ngudi duoc hdi, dit dai stt
dung vao mtic dich nflng nghiflp li cd biflu qua nhit. Nhu thd, mflt bfl phin
nflng din tuy da mil dit sin xuiT nflng nghiflp nhung vin dd cao gia tri nghd
nflng cia minh. Khflng phai nhttng ngttdi niy khflng thi'y duoc uu thd cua dfl
thj hda, cia viflc thu hdi dit nhung cd thd vdi hp, viflc chuydn ddi sang nghd
khic cho cd biflu qui la didu khflng dfl ding. Vi thfl', vdi hp, s i dung dit cho
nghd nflng vin dupe coi la cd biflu qua nhit.
Cd thd thi'y, thuc td s i dung dit cia ngudi din chi phan inh mflt phin
djnh hudng gii trj dit dai cia cu din nflng thfln. Dfl thj hda, cd thd ndi la mflt
qui U-inb ma kbi dd, ngudi din cd thd tii cp ciu lai sd (lit dai cdn lai cia minh
nhu mong mufl'n cia hp. Nhung thuc td s i dting dit cttng cho thi'y, ngudi din
vin lam nflng nghiflp, nhidu ngudi mufl'n Tim nflng nghiep.
Trong phin phin tich d tren, nghd nflng trong mflT tuong quan vdi nghd
khac khflng pbii la djnh huoog nghd hifln nay cia da sd ngudi dupe hdi mi chi
cua mflt bfl phin ngudi ldn tudi (trung nifln vi ngudi gia) ma tbfli. Diy li nhttng
ngttdi cd it CP biji thinh cflng nhit trong viflc chpn nghd mdi ngoii nghd nflng
(bdi mdi tie, bdi trinh dp, bdi kha ning hpc tip kien tbtte mdi). Vi the', ed thd
hidu, nghe nflng vdi bp nhu mot lua chpn duy nhit an toan trong hoin canh
hifln tai cia minh. Nflu cd co hfli cflng bang vi dupe lira chpn, rat co thd ngudi
ta se chpn nghe khic.
DflT chifl'u vdi nhiing kflT qua nghifln cttu vd tim ly cu din ven dfl trong
qui trinh dfl thj hda vi tim ly cua ngudi din mat dat de xiy dung khu cflng
nghiflp cua Vifln Tim ly hpc cich diy 6 - 8 nim (Luu Song Hi, 2009; Phan Thj
Mai Huong, 2010) cho thi'y, hien nay, ngudi din da cd nhttng djnh hudng gii
tri ve dit dai vi nghd nflng thuc td hon. Nhidu nam trudc, khi dfl thi boa va cic
hfl qua cia nd cdn li mflt hien tupng chua dupe nhidu ngudi din quan tim, thi

phin Idn ngudi nflng din ddu rit mong dit dai dupe thu hdi dd nhin tidn den
btt. Khi nhttng hfl qua xi'u cia viflc thu hdi niy la tinh trang khflng cflng in,
viec lam, la nhttng bifl'n ddi IflT sdng ttt lao dflng sang hudng thu, la su tiflu xai
thii qui... cia mflt bfl phin ngudi din, nhit la ting Idp thanh nifln trd thinh
mflt thilc td dang bao dflng d nhidu vung, nhidu khu vuc, thi hifln nay, xu hudng
ngudi nflng din mufl'n bim dit, bim rupng, bim nghe da ndi Ifln ring, hp da
hpc dupe nhttng kinh nghiflm ttt viflc "mit di't" cua nhung ngudi di trudc.

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10-2012

35


Nfl'u nhu dfl thj hda li mflt qui trinh tit ydu, thi viflc thu hdi dit nflng
nghiflp chuydn thinh dit dfl thj li didu khflng trinh khdi thi vdi dinh hudng gii
trj dit dai cua da sd ngudi din nhu thd niy, hp sd gip phii nhung khd khin nhit
djnh trong mfli quan hfl vdi gii trj s i dung cua dit dai.
Mit khic, kdt qui nghien cttu cung cho thiy, su bit an vdi nghd nghiftp,
viflc lim cua minh, cia gia dinh d mflt bfl phin cu din nflng thfln trong qui
trinh dfl thj hda. Thuc trang niy ddi hdi sU quan tim cia cic cip quin IS ddi
vdi cflng tic dio tao nghd, djnh hudng nghd cho cu din cic khu vuc nay dupe
thiST thuc hon.
Kcl luin
KflT qua phin tich trfln diy cho thiy mflt sd didm sau:
Djnh hudng gii trj nghd cua cu din nflng thfln trong bdi canh dfl thj hda
vtta cd ti'nh tbfl'ng nhit, vtta cd tinh da dang. Nhin chung, cu din nflng thfln
tupug dflT thflng nhit hudng dfl'n cic nghd cd tinh chit dn dinh. It rui ro, cac
nghd lim tai dja phuong, nghd cd hung thu vi lim dttng nghd dupe dio tao. Bfln
canh dd, tinh da dang thd hien d viec dinh hudng ddn cic gii trj nhu thu nhip
cao (bin rfln thu nhip cao hay nhin ha thu nhip binh thudng), noi lim viflc

(thanh phd hay khflng thanh phfl'), td chtte (Nhi nttdc hay ttt nhin) vi nghd
nflng (lam nflng nghiflp hay li nflng). Dinh hudng gia trj nghd cia cu din nflng
thfln khic nhau theo Itta tudi vi trinh dd hpc vin. Dinh hudng gia trj nghd
khflng khic nhau theo gidi tinh vi khu virc cd mttc dfl dfl thi hda khic nhau.
Dinh hudng gid tri ddt dai vd nghe ndng: DflT vdi cu din nflng thfln trong
bflT canh dfl thj hda, dit dai cd nhidu gii tri. Bfln canh gia trj s i dung trong boat
dflng nflng nghiflp, dit dai cdn cd gia tri trao ddi. Nhidu ngudi cho ring, dit dai
stt dung cho muc dich nflng nghiflp li cd biflu qua nhit. Nghd nflng dupe nhidu
ngudi tudi trung nifln vi ngudi gii hudng dfl'n bdi gii trj an toin cia nghd nay
doT vdi hp. Nhidu ngudi vin lim nflng nghiflp du thuc td chp thiy, thu nhip ttt
nghd nflng khflng cap.
Mot so kien nghi
Ttt nhttng kflT qua nghifln cttu trfln diy, cd thd de xuit mflt sd S kifln vd
cflng tic djnh hudng vi dio tao nghd hifln nay cho cic vttng nflng thfln trong
qui trinh dfl thj hda sau diy:
- Nfln chu trpng phit tridn nghd tai dja phupng dd thu httt thanh nifln
khflng phai di lim in xa, vtta giai quyflT viflc lam, vtta cd Ipi chp cflng tic xa hfli
vi gia dinh, lai phi hi3p djnh httdng gia trj cia hp. Mufl'n viy, khflng nhttng cin
thu hut diu tu vio dja phucmg m i cdn cd nhttng nghifln cttu xa hfli cir thd vd thd
manh, didm ydu vd mpi mil cia ngudi din tuong ttng vdi ipi thd cua dia
phupng, ttt dd mdi cd nhttng quydt djnh phtt hpp vdi dja phuong dd.

36

TAP CHITAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012


- DflT tupng dinh hudng gii trj nghd nflng nhidu nhit li nhttng ddi tupng
6 tudi trung nifln va tudi gii. Diy la nhttng ngudi cd bit ipi nhit vd chuydn ddi
nghd trong qua trinh dfl thj hda va diy chinh la nhung dflT tupng mi chinh sich

xa hai cin budng, dfl'n trudc hdt.
- Cflng tic dao tao nghd cho thanh nifln cin huiSng dfl'n nhu ciu va djnh
hudng gii trj cia hp. Bfln canh dd, cung cin cd nhttng boat dflng dd djnh hudng
nghd cho hp phtt hpp hon vdi nhu ciu cua dja phuong.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Luu Song Ha (Chu bifln), Dii'u tra diem Idm ly ndng ddn bi thu hdi ddt idm khu
cdng nghiip, NXB Ttt didn Bach khoa, 2009.
2. Phan Thi Mai Huong (Chu bien), Nhiing bii'n dSi Idm ly cua cu ddn ven dd trong
qud trinh dd thi hda, NXB Ttt didn Bach khoa, 2010.

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012

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