Xây Dựng Và Sử Dụng Câu Hỏi Cốt Lõi Để Dạy Học Phần Tiến Hóa, Sinh Học 12

iii

0Ө&/Ө&
Trang phө bìa
/Ӡ,&$0Ĉ2$1 ....................................................................................................... i
/Ӡ,&Ҧ0Ѫ1 ............................................................................................................ ii
0Ө&/Ө&................................................................................................................. iii
'$1+0Ө&&È&.Ë+,ӊ8&È&&+Ӳ9,ӂ77Ҳ7 ................................................v
0ӢĈҪ8 ....................................................................................................................1
1Ӝ,'81* ................................................................................................................6
&KѭѫQJ&Ѫ6Ӣ/Ë/8Ұ19¬7+Ӵ&7,ӈ1&Ӫ$Ĉӄ7¬,.............................6
&ѫVӣOêOXұQFӫDÿӅWjL....................................................................................6
1.1.&kXKӓLYjFkXKӓLFӕWO}L .........................................................................6
&iFFiFKSKkQORҥLFkXKӓL .......................................................................7
&ҩXWU~FFkXKӓLFӕWO}L.............................................................................8
1.1JX\rQWҳF[k\GӵQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}L ......................................................10
3KѭѫQJSKiSVӱGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LWURQJGҥ\KӑFVLQKKӑF...............10
6iXGҥQJFkXKӓLOұSOXұQFyWKӇÿѭӧFVӱGөQJWURQJ[k\GӵQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}L 12
1.2.1. &kXKӓLJL~SViQJWӓYҩQÿӅ ...................................................................12
1.2.2. &kXKӓLÿӇWKăPGzFiFJLҧÿӏQK ............................................................12
1.2.3. &kXKӓLÿӇWuPFiFOêGRYjEҵQJFKӭQJ ................................................12
1.2.4. &kXKӓLYӅTXDQÿLӇPYjWULӇQYӑQJYҩQÿӅ ...........................................12
1.2.5. &kXKӓLGүQWӟLFiFJLҧÿӏQKYjNӃWTXҧFӫDQy ......................................12
1.2.6. &kXKӓLYӅFKtQKFkXKӓL ........................................................................13
&ѫVӣWKӵFWLӉQFӫDÿӅWjL...............................................................................13
1.3.1. 7KӵF WUҥQJ Gҥ\ KӑF P{Q VLQK KӑF Yj SKѭѫQJ SKiS JLҧQJ Gҥ\ FӫD
giáo viên.................................................................................................13
7KӵFWUҥQJYLӋFKӑFWұSFӫDKӑFVLQK .....................................................15


iv

&KѭѫQJ . ;Æ< 'Ӵ1* 9¬ 6Ӱ 'Ө1* &È& &Æ8 +Ӓ, &Ӕ7 /®,
TRONG 'Ҥ< +Ӑ& 3+Ҫ1 7,ӂ1 +Ï$ 6,1+ +Ӑ& 2,

7581* +Ӑ&

3+Ә7+Ð1* ..........................................................................................................17
3KkQWtFKQӝLGXQJYjFҩXWU~FSKҫQ 7LӃQKyD...............................................17
+ӋWKӕQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LÿӇGҥ\KӑFSKҫQ7LӃQKyD.......................................23
+ӋWKӕQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LFKRFKѭѫQJ, ...................................................24
+ӋWKӕQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LFKRFKѭѫQJ,, ..................................................35
2.3. 4X\WUuQKVӱGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LÿӇGҥ\KӑFFKX\rQÿӅ7LӃQKyD FKRKӑF
sinh THPT ....................................................................................................38
9ұQGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LYjRJLҧQJGҥ\PӝWVӕNLӃQWKӭFWURQJSKҫQ7LӃQKyD 39
9ұQGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LWURQJKuQKWKjQKNLӃQWKӭFPӟL.......................39
2.4.29ұQGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LWURQJFӫQJFӕ...................................................43
&KѭѫQJ7+Ӵ&1*+,ӊ06Ѭ3+Ҥ0 ..............................................................47
3.0өFÿtFKYjQKLӋPYөWKӵFQJKLӋPVѭSKҥP................................................47
0өFÿtFKFӫDWKӵFQJKLӋPVѭSKҥP.......................................................47
1KLӋPYөFӫDWKӵFQJKLӋPVѭSKҥP ......................................................47
1ӝLGXQJYjEӕWUtWKӵFQJKLӋPVѭSKҥP ......................................................47
1ӝLGXQJFӫDWKӵFQJKLӋPVѭSKҥP.......................................................47
%ӕWUtWKӵFQJKLӋPVѭSKҥP ...................................................................47
&iFEѭӟFWLӃQKjQKWKӵFQJKLӋPVѭSKҥP .............................................48
.ӃWTXҧWKӵFQJKLӋPVѭSKҥP .......................................................................48
;ӱOtVӕOLӋX ............................................................................................48
3.3.2. Phân WtFKNӃWTXҧÿӏQKOѭӧQJ ..................................................................49
3.3.33KkQWtFKNӃWTXҧÿӏQKWtQK .....................................................................52
.ӂ7/8Ұ19¬.,ӂ11*+ӎ ................................................................................56
7¬,/,ӊ87+$0.+Ҧ2 ......................................................................................57

3+Ө/Ө&


v

'$1+0Ө&&È&.Ë+,ӊ8&È&&+Ӳ9,ӂ77Ҳ7
CLNT : &KӑQOӑFQKkQWҥR
CLTN : &KӑQOӑFWӵQKLrQ
Ĉ&

: ĈӕLFKӭQJ

GV

: Giáo viên

HS

: +ӑFVLQK

KT

: NLӇPWUD

NST

: 1KLӉPVҳFWKӇ

PPDH : SKѭѫQJSKiSGҥ\KӑF
SGK

: sách giáo khoa

SL

: 6ӕOѭӧQJ

THPT

: WUXQJKӑFSKәWKRQJ

TL

: 7ӍOӋ

TN

: 7KӵFQJKLӋP


vi

'$1+0Ө&&È&%Ҧ1*+Î1+
%ҧQJ .ӃWTXҧÿLӅXWUDYӅSKѭѫQJSKiSGҥ\KӑFFӫDJLiRYLrQ.........................14
%ҧQJ .ӃW TXҧ ÿLӅX WUD WKӵF WUҥQJ WKLӃW NӃ Yj Vӱ GөQJ FkX KӓL FӕW O}L
ÿӇUqQFiFNƭQăQJWѭGX\WURQJGҥ\KӑF6LQKKӑF...................................15
%ҧQJ .ӃWTXҧÿLӅXWUDêNLӃQFӫDKӑFVLQKYӅSKѭѫQJSKiSGҥ\KӑFFӫD
JLiRYLrQ6LQKKӑF ...................................................................................15
%ҧQJ .ӃWTXҧÿLӅXWUDêNLӃQÿiQKJLiFӫDKӑFVLQKYӅFKҩWOѭӧQJFӫDKӋ
WKӕQJFkX KӓLGRJLiRYLrQFXQJFҩS .......................................................16

%ҧQJ %ҧQJWKӕQJNrÿLӇPVӕEjLNLӇPWUD ........................................................49
%ҧQJ %ҧQJSKkQSKӕLWҫQVXҩW...........................................................................50
%ҧQJ %ҧQJSKkQSKӕLWҫQVXҩWONJ\WtFK .............................................................50
%ҧQJ %ҧQJSKkQORҥLWUuQKÿӝTXDFiFOҫQNLӇPWUD ..........................................51
%ҧQJ %ҧQJWәQJKӧSFiFWKDPVӕÿһFWUѭQJ......................................................51
%ҧQJ6. 7LrXFKtÿiQKJLiYLӋFUqQOX\ӋQNƭQăQJVX\OXұQ ..................................52
%ҧQJ ĈiQKJLiYLӋFUqQOX\ӋQNƭQăQJVX\OXұQWKHRWӯQJWLrXFKt...................53
+uQKĈӗWKӏÿѭӡQJSKkQSKӕLWҫQVXҩW .............................................................50
+uQKĈӗWKӏÿѭӡQJSKkQSKӕLWҫQVXҩWOXӻWtFK ...............................................51


1

0ӢĈҪ8
1. /êGRFKӑQÿӅWjL
+LӋQQD\NKӕLOѭӧQJWULWKӭFFӫDQKkQORҥLQJj\FjQJWăQJQӝLGXQJNLӃQWKӭF
WURQJFKѭѫQJWUuQKSKәWK{QJFNJQJWăQJOrQQrQFK~QJWDNK{QJWKӇKLYӑQJWURQJ
PӝWWKӡLJLDQQKҩWÿӏQKӣWUѭӡQJSKәWK{QJJLiRYLrQ*9
FyWKӇFXQJFҩSFKRKӑF
VLQK+6
FҧPӝWNKRWjQJWULWKӭFPjORjLQJѭӡLÿmWtFKONJ\ÿѭӧFWX\ÿmÿѭӧFFKӑQ
OӑF1KLӋPYөFӫD*9KLӋQQD\NK{QJFKӍFXQJFҩSFKR+6WULWKӭFPjTXDQWUӑQJ
OjFXQJFҩSFKR+6SKѭѫQJSKiSKӑFUqQFKRFiFHPKӋWKӕQJNӻQăQJQKұQWKӭF
ÿӇ+6FKӫÿӝQJJLҧLTX\ӃWQKӳQJYҩQÿӅWURQJKӑFWұSFNJQJQKѭWURQJWKӵFWLӉQĈӇ
WKӵFKLӋQÿѭӧFPөFWLrXQj\WKuFҫQSKҧLÿәLPӟLJLiRGөFWRjQGLӋQWUrQPӑLPһW
Wӯ PөF WLrX QӝL GXQJ SKѭѫQJ SKiS KuQK WKӭF Wә FKӭF Yj SKѭѫQJ WLӋQ Gҥ\
KӑF«7URQJÿyÿәLPӟLSKѭѫQJSKiSGҥ\KӑF33'+
OjWUӑQJWkPYjFyêQJKƭD
FKLӃQOѭӧF
3KѭѫQJSKiSGҥ\KӑFWtFKFӵF33'+WtFKFӵF

OjPӝWWKXұWQJӳU~WJӑQÿѭӧF
GQJӣQKLӅXQѭӟFÿӇFKӍQKӳQJSKѭѫQJSKiSJLiRGөFGҥ\KӑFWKHRKѭӟQJSKiW
KX\WtQKWtFKFӵFFKӫÿӝQJViQJWҥRFӫDQJѭӡLKӑF
33'+ WtFK FӵF KѭӟQJ WӟL YLӋF KRҥW ÿӝQJ KyD WtFK FӵF KyD KRҥW ÿӝQJ QKұQ
WKӭFFӫDQJѭӡLKӑFQJKƭDOjWұSWUXQJYjRSKiWKX\WtQKWtFKFӵFFӫDQJѭӡLKӑFFKӭ
NK{QJSKҧLOjWұSWUXQJYjRSKiWKX\WtQKWtFKFӵFFӫDQJѭӡLGҥ\7X\QKLrQÿӇGҥ\
KӑFWKHRSKѭѫQJSKiSWtFKFӵFWKuJLiRYLrQSKҧLELӃWWKLӃWNӃFiFKRҥWÿӝQJKӑFFKR
KӑFVLQKPjӣÿyQJѭӡLKӑFSKҧLWKXWKұS[ӱOêWK{QJWLQÿӇJLҧLTX\ӃWQKLӋPYө
KӑFWұS33'+Qj\WtFKFӵFӣFKәVӁSKiWWULӇQFKR+6FiFNӻQăQJSKkQWtFKWәQJ
KӧSWѭGX\ORJLFNKҧQăQJSKiWKLӋQJLҧLTX\ӃWYҩQÿӅÿһFELӋWOjFiFYҩQÿӅQҧ\
VLQKWӯWKӵFWӃFXӝFVӕQJNKҧQăQJQJ{QQJӳNӻQăQJWUuQKEj\GLӉQÿҥWêWѭӣQJ
NKRDKӑFYjNKҧQăQJWKtFKӭQJYӟL[mKӝLUqQOX\ӋQWKyLTXHQWӵKӑFWӵQJKLrQ
FӭXWuPWzLNKiPSKiUDQKӳQJYҩQÿӅPӟL
7URQJFiF33'+WtFKFӵFWKuSKѭѫQJSKiSYҩQÿiSOjSKѭѫQJSKiSWURQJÿy
JLiRYLrQÿһWUDFkXKӓLÿӇKӑFVLQKWUҧOӡLKRһFKӑFVLQKFyWKӇWUDQKOXұQYӟLQhau


2

YjYӟLFҧJLiRYLrQ ; TXDÿyKӑFVLQKOƭQKKӝLÿѭӧFQӝLGXQJEjLKӑF .Ĉk\OjSKѭѫQJ
SKiSWKѭӡQJÿѭӧFVӱGөQJQKҩWWURQJPӛLWLӃWKӑF.
ĈLӅXTXDQWUӑQJWURQJYLӋFVӱGөQJSKѭѫQJSKiSYҩQÿiSFKtQKOjPӛLFkXKӓL
KD\PӝWQKyPFiFFk XKӓLQjRÿySKҧLÿѭӧF[k\GӵQJVDRFKRNKLWUҧOӡLWKuKӑF
VLQKQKұQÿѭӧFPӝW³OLӅXNLӃQWKӭF´QKҩWÿӏQKYjUqQOX\ӋQÿѭӧFFiFNӻQăQJWѭ
duy.
&iFORҥLFkXKӓLFyWKӇÿѭӧFSKkQFKLDWKHRQKLӅXFiFKNKLGӵDWUrQQKӳQJFѫ
VӣNKiFQKDXQKѭ FiFNKkXFӫDTXiWUuQKGҥ\KӑFKRһFPӭFÿӝFӫDTXiWUuQKQKұQ
WKӭF. 7URQJÿyFkXKӓLFӕWO}LOjFkXKӓLNKLQrXUDWKuÿiSiQFӫDQy\rXFҫXSKҧL
FyFKӭDQKLӅXQӝLGXQJFҫQQrXEұWYҩQÿӅFҫQWuPKLӇXQKҵPJk\VӵFK~êFӫDKӑF
VLQKÿӕLYӟLEjLPӟLÿӗQJWKӡLWҥRÿѭӧFӣFiFHPêWKӭFYӅQKӳQJQKLӋPYөFKӫ

\ӃXNKLQJKLrQFӭXEjLKӑFĈyFNJQJOjQKӳQJQӝLGXQJFKtQKFӫDEjLPjKӑFVLQK
FҫQQҳPYӳQJ[2]
9LӋFQJKLrQFӭX[k\GӵQJYjVӱGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LWURQJGҥ\KӑFFNJQJOj
PӝW WURQJWiPFKLӃQOѭӧFGҥ\KӑFKLӋXTXҧKLӋQQD\ [2].&kXKӓLFӕWO}LFjQJJӧLPӣ
WKuOҥLFjQJPDQJOҥLKLӋXTXҧFDR , NtFKWKtFKWѭGX\YjOLrQKӋFӫDKӑFVLQKYӟLEjL
KӑF, JL~SKӑFVLQKPDXFKyQJQҳPYӳQJÿѭӧFNLӃQWKӭF WK{QJTXDJLҧLTX\ӃWYҩQ
ÿӅPjJLiRYLrQÿѭDUD.
7URQJFKѭѫQJWUuQKVLQKKӑF7+37SKҫQ7LӃQKyD– 6+OjQӝLGXQJNLӃQ
WKӭFWѭѫQJÿӕLNKyYjWUӯXWѭӧQJÿӕLYӟLFҧ*9Yj+69LӋFWUX\ӅQWKөNLӃQWKӭF
FKR+6FKӍFyWKӇWUrQOêWKX\ӃWPjNK{QJFySKҫQWKӵFKjQK1rQYLӋF[k\GӵQJKӋ
WKӕQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LÿӇGҥ\KӑFSKҫQ7LӃQKyDVӁJL~S+6 FKӫÿӝQJWuPNLӃPYj
SKkQWtFKWѭGX\WKҧROXұQWUDQKOXұQÿӇJLҧLTX\ӃWYҩQÿӅÿһWUDFiFHPKLӇXÿѭӧF
PӕLTXDQKӋJLӳDQJX\rQQKkQFѫFKӃWLӃQKyDYjTXiWUuQKSKiWVLQKSKiWWULӇQFӫD
VӵVӕQJWUrQWUiLÿҩWWK{QJTXDFiFEҵQJFKӭQJWLӃQKyDQrQ+6FyWKӇYұQGөQJÿѭӧF
NLӃQWKӭFOêWKX\ӃWYjRWKӵFWLӇQÿHPOҥLQLӅPYXLKӭQJWK~KӑFWұS
;XҩW SKiW Wӯ QKӳQJ Oê GR WUrQ ÿһF ELӋW YӟL PRQJ PXӕQ JyS SKҫQ YjR YLӋF
nkQJ FDR FKҩW OѭӧQJ Gҥ\ KӑF 6LQK KӑF ӣ WUѭӡQJ SKә WK{QJ FK~QJ W{L FKӑQ ÿӅ WjL
QJKLrQFӭX “;k\G͹QJYjV͵GͭQJFkXK͗LF͙WO}Lÿ͋G̩\K͕FSK̯Q7L͇QKyDsinh
K͕F”.


3

2. 0өFWLrXQJKLrQFӭX
7KLӃWNӃTXLWUuQK[k\GѭQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LYұQGөQJTXLWUuQK[k\GӵQJFkX
KӓLFӕWO}LVӱGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LWKHRQӝLGXQJFӫDSKҫQ 7LӃQKyDQKҵPQkQJFDR
QKұQWKӭFYjSKiWWULӇQWѭGX\FKRKӑFVLQKNKLKӑFWұSSKҫQQj\
3. 1KLӋPYө QJKLrQFӭX
3.1 7uPKLӇXFѫVӣOêOXұQFӫDYLӋF[k\GӵQJ , VӱGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LWURQJ
Gҥ\KӑF

%ҧQFKҩWFӫDFkXKӓLFӕWO}LPDQJWtQKSKәTXiWNK{QJFҫQFyPӝWFkXWUҧ
OӡLÿ~QJGX\QKҩW
9DLWUzFӫDFkXKӓLFӕWO}LFKXҭQÿRiQWUuQKÿӝKӑFVLQKWUѭӟF NKLEҳWÿҫX
PӝWÿѫQYӏEjLKӑFFөWKӇUqQOX\ӋQFKRKӑFVLQKNӻQăQJVX\[pWQKӳQJYҩQÿӅSKә
TXiWWӵQJKLrQFӭXPӝWFiFKFѫEҧQFKӭNK{QJFKӍOjWKXWKұSQKӳQJNLӃQWKӭFKLӇQ
nhiên.
3.2 ;iFÿӏQKFiFQJX\rQWҳF , quy trình , WLrXFKt[k\GӵQJ VӱGөQJWӯQJFkX
KӓLFӕWO}LWKHRWӯQJSKҫQQӝLGXQJWѭѫQJӭQJ.
3.3 ;k\GӵQJKӋWKӕQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LÿӇGҥ\KӑFSKҫQ 7LӃQKyD
- 7KӵFQJKLӋPVѭSKҥPÿӇÿiQKJLiKLӋXTXҧVӱGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LÿѭӧF[k\
GӵQJ
4. ĈӕLWѭӧQJYjNKiFKWKӇQJKLrQFӭX
- ĈӕLWѭӧQJ: TX\WUuQK[k\GӵQJ, VӱGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LWURQJSKҫQ7LӃQKyD
- 1JKLӋPWKӇ : +ӑFVLQKOӟS 12, WUѭӡQJ7+37 1JX\ӉQ +XӋ, WKӏ [m /DJL WӍQK
%uQK7KXұQ
- .KiFKWKӇQJKLrQFӭXSKѭѫQJSKiSGҥ\KӑFVLQKKӑF
5. PKҥPYLQJKLrQFӭX
&KѭѫQJYjFKѭѫQJSKҫQWLӃQKyDVLQKKӑF
6. 3KѭѫQJSKiSQJKLrQFӭX
6.1. 1JKLrQFӭXOêWKX\ӃW
- 1JKLrQFӭXFiFWjLOLӋXOLrQTXDQÿӇOjPFѫVӣOêOXұQFKRÿӅWjL: FiFWjLOLӋX
YӅSKѭѫQJSKiSGҥ\KӑF, SKѭѫQJSKiSYҩQÿiSJLҧLTX\ӃWYҩQÿӅ, FiFOXұQYăQ, các


4

WjLOLӋX, các bài báo...FyOLrQTXDQÿӃQYҩQÿӅQJKLrQFӭX.
- 1JKLrQFӭXQӝLGXQJSKҫQ 7LӃQKyD, FiFWjLOLӋXNKRDKӑF , FiFFKX\rQÿӅ ...
FyOLrQTXDQÿӃQ7LӃQKyD
6.2. 3KѭѫQJSKiSFKX\rQJLD

*һSJӥFiFFKX\ӋQJLD , FiFJLiRYLrQFyNLQKQJKLӋPYjFKX\rQP{QFDRÿӇ
WUDRÿәLYj KӑFKӓLQKӳQJYҩQÿӅFyOLrQTXDQÿӃQYҩQÿӅQJKLrQFӭX.
6.3. 3KѭѫQJSKiSÿLӅXWUD
7K{QJTXDKuQKWKӭFGӵJLӡTXDQViWWUѭQJFҫXêNLӃQWLӃS[~FWUDR ÿәLYӟL
JLiRYLrQYӅTXiWUuQKGҥ\KӑFFyVӵGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}L
6.4. 3KѭѫQJSKiSWKӵFQJKLӋPVѭSKҥP
- 0өFÿtFKWKӵFQJKLӋP : NLӇPWUDFKҩWOѭӧQJFӫDFkXKӓLFӕWO}LÿѭӧF[k\
GӵQJFySKKӧSYӟL\rXFҫXQӝLGXQJFKѭѫQJWUuQK

, ӭQJGөQJWURQJWKӵFWӃFy

PDQJOҥLKLӋXTXҧKD\NK{QJ, FyNKҧWKLKD\NK{QJ.
- &KӑQWUѭӡQJYjOӟ SWKӵFQJKLӋP : FKӑQNKRҧQJ 8 OӟSNKӕL 12 WUѭӡQJ7+37
1JX\ӉQ+XӋWKӏ[m/DJLWӍQK%uQK7KXұQ7URQJÿyFyFiFOӟSWKӵFQJKLӋPYjOӟS
ÿӕLFKӭng.
/ӟSWKӵFQJKLӋPGҥ\KӑFFyVӱGөQJFiFFkXKӓLFӕWO}L
/ӟSÿӕLFKӭQJGҥ\KӑFNK{QJVӱGөQJFiFFkXKӓLFӕWO}L
6.5. 3KѭѫQJSKiSWKӕQJNrWRiQKӑF
7UrQFѫVӣ[k\ GӵQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LYjWKӵF QJKLӋPVѭSKҥPGҥ\KӑFFyVӱ
GөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LGҥ\ EjLPӟLNLӇPWUDEjLFNJNLӇPWUDSK~WNLӇPWUDWLӃW

- 7UѭQJFҫXêNLӃQFӫDFiFJLiRYLrQYӅKLӋXTXҧVӱGөQJFiFFkXKӓLFӕWO}Lÿm
ÿѭӧF[k\GӵQJWURQJTXiWUuQKGҥ\EjLPӟLEҵQJFiFKVӱGөQJSKLӃXÿiQKJLiFy
FiFWLrXFKtYӅPӭFÿӝKLӋXTXҧ
- &KҩPEjLNLӇPWUDFӫDKӑFVLQKWKHRWKDQJÿLӇPVDXÿyWKӕQJNrOҥLEҵQJ
SKѭѫQJSKiSWRiQKӑF7LrXFKtÿiQKJLiEjLOjPFӫDKӑFVLQKJӗPQKyP
ĈiQKJLiNLӃQWKӭFKӑFVLQKOƭQKKӝLÿѭӧF
ĈiQKJLiNӻQăQJWѭGX\ELӇXKLӋQWURQJOұSOXұQ[ӱOêWK{QJWLQÿӇWUҧ
OӡLFkXKӓLFӕWO}L

5

- /ӵDFKӑQFiFFkXKӓLFӕWO}LSKKӧSYjFyKLӋXTXҧWURQJGҥ\KӑFWtFKFӵF
ÿӇKRjQWKjQKEӝFkXKӓLFӕWO}LFKRÿӅWjLQJKLrQFӭX
7. *LҧWKLӃWNKRDKӑF
BҵQJYLӋFQJKLrQFӭXQӝLGXQJFӫDSKҫQ WLӃQKyD, WӯÿyVӁ[k\GӵQJÿѭӧFKӋ
WKӕQJFiFFkXKӓLFӕWO}LÿӇӭQJGөQJGҥ\KӑFWKu

FKҳFFKҳQ VӁQkQJFDRKLӋXTXҧ

Gҥ\YjKӑF.
8. 'ӵNLӃQÿyQJJySFӫDOXұQYăQ
8+ӋWKӕQJKyDFѫVӣOêOXұQYӅGҥ\KӑFWKHRSKѭѫQJSKiSYҩQÿiSYjTX\
WUuQK[k\GӵQJEӝFkXKӓLFӕWO}LFKRSKҫQ7LӃQKyDVLQKKӑF
8;k\GӵQJÿѭӧFKӋWKӕQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LFKRSKҫQ7LӃQKyDYjVӱGөQJ
FyKLӋXTXҧWURQJGҥ\KӑFӣWUѭӡQJ7UXQJKӑFSKәWK{QJ
9&ҩXWU~FOXұQYăQ
1JRjLSKҫQ0ӣÿҫXYj.ӃWOXұQQӝLGXQJOXұQYăQJӗPFKѭѫQJ


6

1Ӝ,'81*
&KѭѫQJ&Ѫ6Ӣ/Ë/8Ұ19¬7+Ӵ&7,ӈ1&Ӫ$Ĉӄ7¬,
&ѫVӣ lý luұn cӫDÿӅ tài
1.1.1. Câu hӓi và câu hӓi cӕt lõi
&kXK͗L
7KHRTXDQÿLӇPYӅORJLFKӑFWKu$ULVW{WOjQJѭӡLÿҫXWLrQSKkQWtFKFkXKӓL
ÐQJFKRUҵQJ&kX KӓLOj PӝW PӋQKÿӅWURQJÿyFKӭDÿӵQJFҧFiLÿmELӃWYjFiL

FKѭDELӃW7UҧOӡLFkXKӓLÿyOjEjLOjPPjNKLKRjQWKjQKFK~QJKӑFVLQKSKҧLWLӃQ
KjQKKRҥWÿӝQJWiLKLӋQFyWKӇOjWUҧOӡLPLӋQJWUҧOӡLYLӃWKRһFNqPWKHRWKӵFKjQK
KRһF[iFPLQKEҵQJWKӵFQJKLӋP
.KiL QLӋP FkX KӓL FNJQJ FzQ ÿѭӧF GLӉQ ÿҥW GѭӟL GҥQJ NKiF QKѭ &kX KӓL Oj
GҥQJFҩXWU~FQJ{QQJӳGLӉQÿҥWPӝWQKXFҫXPӝWÿzLKӓLKD\PӝWPӋQKOӋQKFҫQ
ÿѭӧFJLҧLTX\ӃW&kX KӓLWKXӝFSKҥPWU NKҧQăQJQJKƭDOjVӁÿѭӧFJLҧLTX\ӃW Qy
FKӭDÿӵQJFҧKDL\ӃXWӕVӵFyPһWFӫDFiLFKѭDU}FҫQÿѭӧFJLҧLTX\ӃWYjÿLӅXELӃW
OLrQTXDQÿӃQÿLӅXFҫQWuP [2]
7X\ Fy QKLӅX TXDQ QLӋP NKiF QKDX QKѭQJ YӅ GҩX KLӋX EҧQ FKҩW FӫD FiF FkX
KӓL ÿӅXÿѭӧFFiFWiFJLҧQrXUDÿyOj;XҩWKLӋQÿLӅXFKѭDU}FҫQÿѭӧFJLҧLTX\ӃWWӯ
ÿLӅXÿmELӃW7URQJÿӡLVӕQJFNJQJQKѭWURQJQJKLrQFӭXNKRDKӑFFRQQJѭӡLFKӍQrX
UDWKҳFPҳFWUDQKOXұQNKLÿmELӃWQKѭQJFKѭDÿҫ\ÿӫFҫQELӃWWKrP6ӵWѭѫQJTXDQ
JLӳDFiL ÿmELӃWYjFiLFKѭDELӃWWK~Fÿҭ\YLӋFPӡUӝQJKLӇXELӃWFKRFRQQJѭӡL
&kXK͗LF͙WO}L
7KHRMHIIUH\'ZLOKHOPH³&kXKӓLFӕWO}LOjFkXKӓLFҩXWU~FFҧPӝWÿѫQYӏEjL
KӑFKRһFPӝWQӝLGXQJQjRÿyWKjQKPӝWYҩQÿӅFҫQJLҧLTX\ӃW&kXKӓL FyQKLӋP
YөNӃWQӕLFiFNLӃQWKӭFÿmFyYӟLKӭQJWK~KӑFWұSNLӃQWKӭFPӟLFӫD+6NӃWQӕL
FiFNLӃQWKӭF+6ÿmÿѭӧFKӑFYӟLWKӃJLӟLWKӵFWӃQѫL+6FyWKӇVӱGөQJKLӇXELӃW
FӫDPuQKÿӇOjPYLӋF´
CkXKӓLFӕWO}L NKLQrXUDWKuÿiSiQFӫDQy\rXFҫXSKҧL

FyFKӭDQKLӅXQӝL

GXQJFҫQQrXEұWYҩQÿӅFҫQWuPKLӇXQKҵPJk\VӵFK~êFӫDKӑFVLQKÿӕLYӟLEjL


7

PӟL ÿӗQJ WKӡL WҥR ÿѭӧF ӣ FiF HP ê WKӭF YӅ QKӳQJ QKLӋP Yө FKӫ \ӃX NKL QJKLrQ
FӭXEjLKӑFĈyFNJQJOjQKӳQJQӝLGXQJFKtQKFӫDEjLPjKӑFVLQKFҫQQҳPYӳQg.

%ҧQFKҩWFӫDFkXKӓLFӕWO}LPDQJWtQKSKәTXiWNK{QJFҫQFyPӝWFkXWUҧOӡL
ÿ~QJGX\QKҩW>]
9DLWUzFӫDFkXKӓLFӕWO}LFKXҭQÿRiQWUuQKÿӝKӑFVLQKWUѭӟFNKLEҳWÿҫXPӝW
ÿѫQ Yӏ EjL KӑF Fө WKӇ UqQ OX\ӋQ FKR KӑF VLQK Nӻ QăQJ VX\ [pW QKӳQJ YҩQ ÿӅ SKә
TXiWWӵQJKLrQFӭXPӝWFiFKFѫEҧQFKӭNK{QJFKӍOjWKXWKұS QKӳQJNLӃQWKӭFKLӇQ
nhiên. [18]
1.1.2. Các cách phân loҥi câu hӓi
&iFORҥLFkXKӓLFyWKӇÿѭӧFSKkQFKLDWKHRQKLӅXFiFKNKLGӵDWUrQQKӳQJFѫ
VӣNKiFQKDXQKѭFiFNKkXFӫDTXiWUuQKGҥ\ KӑFKRһFPӭFÿӝFӫDTXiWUuQKQKұQ
WKӭF &kX KӓL FӕW O}L FNJQJ FKtQK Oj FkX KӓL QrQ FiF FiFK SKkQ ORҥL FkX KӓL ÿӅX
WѭѫQJ ӭQJ YӟL FiF SKkQ ORҥL FkX KӓL FӕW O}L 7KӵF WӃ WKu FkX  KӓL Fy UҩW QKLӅX Yj
SKRQJSK~QKѭQJYLӋFOӵDFKӑQVӱGөQJFkXKӓLYjFkXKӓLFӕWO}LVDRFKRSKKӧS
YӟLPөFWLrXYjQӝLGXQJGҥ\KӑFÿzLKӓL*9SKҧLQJKLrQFӭXÿӇ[k\GӵQJUDPӝW
KӋWKӕQJFkXKӓLSKKӧSÿӇKѭӟQJGүQ+6SKiWKLӋQNLӃQWKӭFFKtQKYuYұ\NKL
SKkQORҥLFkXKӓLFӕWO}LFNJQJFҫQSKҧLSKKӧSYӟLPөFWLrXGҥ\KӑF
1.1.2.1. 9ͣLPͭFÿtFKNL͋PWUDN͇WTX̫WK͹FKL͏QPͭFWLrX có
- &kXKӓLÿӇNLӇPWUDVӵJKLQKӟQKӳQJNLӃQWKӭFÿmKӑF
- &kXKӓLÿӇNLӇPWUDVӵQҳPYӳQJEҧQFKҩWFӫDNLӃQWKӭFQJKƭDOjQrXJLҧL
WKtFKQӝLGXQJNLӃQWKӭFÿmOƭQKKӝL
- &kXKӓLÿӇNLӇPWUDNKҧQăQJYұQGөQJNLӃQWKӭFÿmKӑFYjRJLҧLTX\ӃWPӝW
QKLӋPYөQKұQWKӭFPӟL
- &kXKӓLÿӇNLӇPWUDVӵQҳPYӳQJJLiWUӏNLӃQWKӭFQJKƭDOj[iFÿӏQKÿѭӧFYDL
WUzêQJKƭDFӫDNLӃQWKӭFWURQJOêOXұQYjWKӵFWLӉQ
- &kXKӓLÿӇNLӇPWUDWKiLÿӝKjQKYLFӫDFRQ QJѭӡLVDXNKLKӑFWұSPӝWFKӫ
ÿӅQjRÿy
9ͣLPͭFÿtFKKuQKWKjQKSKiW WUL͋QQăQJO͹FQK̵QWKͱF có
- &kXKӓLUqQOX\ӋQNӻQăQJTXDQViW


8

- &kXKӓLUqQOX\ӋQNӻQăQJSKkQWtFK
- &kXKӓLUqQOX\ӋQNӻQăQJWәQJKӧS
- &kXKӓLUqQOX\ӋQNӻQăQJVRVinh
- &kXKӓLUqQOX\ӋQNӻQăQJVӱGөQJFRQÿѭӡQJTX\QҥS
- &kXKӓLUqQOX\ӋQNӻQăQJVӱGөQJFRQÿѭӡQJGLӉQGӏFK
9ͣLPͭFÿtFKV͵GͭQJWURQJFiFJLDL ÿR̩QFͯDTXiWUuQKG̩\K͕F có
- &kXKӓLKuQKWKjQKNLӃQWKӭFPӟL
- &kXKӓLFӫQJFӕKRjQWKLӋQNLӃQWKӭF
- &kXKӓLNLӇPWUDYjÿiQKJLi
1.1.2.4. Theo quan h͏ FͯDFiFFkXK͗LF̯Q[iFÿ͓QKcó
- CkXKӓLÿӏQKWtQK
- CkXKӓLÿӏQKOѭӧQJ
1.1.2.5. Theo cáFKWUuQKEj\FkXWU̫OͥLcó
- &kXKӓLWӵOXұQ
- &kXKӓLWUҳFQJKLӋPNKiFKTXDQ
7KHRQ͡Ldung mà FkXK͗LSK̫QiQK có
- &kXKӓLQrXUDFiFVӵNLӋQ
- &kXKӓL[iFÿӏQKFiFGҩXKLӋXEҧQFKҩW
- &kXKӓL[iFÿӏQKPӕLTXDQKӋ
- &kXKӓL[iFÿӏQKFѫFKӃ
- &kXKӓL[iFÿӏQKSKѭѫQJSKiSNKRDKӑF
- &kXKӓL[iFÿӏQKêQJKƭDOêOXұQKD\WKӵFWLӉQFӫDNLӃQWKӭF
[2], [5], [8], [13]
1.1.3. Cҩu trúc câu hӓi cӕt lõi
0ӛLFkXKӓLÿӅXFyKDLWKjQKSKҫQOjÿLӅXÿmELӃWYjÿLӅXFҫQWuPFK~QJFy
PӕLTXDQKӋYӟLQKDXQKѭQJYӅPһWFҩXWU~FWDFҫQ[HPWKjQKSKҫQQjRQrXWUѭӟF
WKjQKSKҫQQjRQrXVDX7KӵFWLӉQFKRWKҩ\WUuQKWӵQj\NK{QJÿzLKӓLQJKLrPQJһW
YuUҵQJFkXKӓL FNJQJSKҧQiQKKLӋQWKӵFNKiFKTXDQQKѭQJYӅ KuQKWKӭFWKӇKLӋQ
FӫDFkXKӓLOҥLWK{QJTXDFҩXWU~FORJLFFӫDWѭGX\FRQQJѭӡLQJKƭDOjWKHRORJLF

9

QKұQWKӭFPjORJLFQKұQWKӭFNK{QJSKҧLO~FQjRFNJQJWXkQWKӫORJLFYұQÿӝQJFӫD
Vӵ YұW WURQJ WKӵF WҥL NKiFK TXDQ 7URQJ WKӵF WҥL EDR JLӡ QJX\rQ QKkQ FNJQJ [XҩW
KLӋQWUѭӟFWӯÿyPӟL[XҩWKLӋQNӃWTXҧ1KѭQJWURQJQKұQWKӭFOҥLFyWKӇGӵDYjR
NӃWTXҧPӟLWuPÿѭӧFQJX\rQQKkQ'RYұ\WXǤWiFJLҧWUX\ӅQÿҥWPjWURQJ FkXKӓL
FyWKӇQrXÿLӅXÿmELӃWVDXÿyPӟLQrXÿLӅXFҫQWuPKRһFFyWKӇQrXÿLӅXFҫQWuP
WUѭӟFYjNqPWKHRÿLӅXNLӋQÿmFKR
- 3KҫQWKӭQKҩWÿLӅXÿmELӃW
OjWjLlLӋXFyWtQKFKҩWQJX\rQOLӋXEDRJӗP
ĈRҥQWѭOLӋXWURQJ6*.
ĈRҥQWѭOLӋXWUtFKWURQJFiFWѭOLӋXWKDPNKҧR
&iFWұSKӧSWӯFөPWӯFKRWUѭӟF
&iFWK{QJWLQJӧLêFKRWUѭӟF
&iFYtGөFKRWUѭӟF
&iFKuQKYӁFKRWUѭӟF
&iFWKtQJKLӋPYjNӃWTXҧFKRWUѭӟF
v…v……….
- 3KҫQWKӭKDLÿLӅXFKѭDELӃW
OjFiFFkXKӓLKѭӟQJGүQ+6KRҥWÿӝQJWѭGX\[ӱ
OtFiFWѭOLӋXÿmFyEDRJӗP
7yPWҳWQӝLGXQJOұSVѫÿӗKӋWKӕQJKRi
;iFÿӏQKQӝLGXQJFѫEҧQKD\GҩXKLӋXEҧQFKҩW
&KӑQFkXWUҧOӡLÿ~QJWURQJWұSKӧSFiFFâXFKRWUѭӟF
+ ĈLӅQWӯFөPWӯÿRҥQWK{QJWLn WKtFKKӧSYjREҧQJYjR{WUӕQJYjRKuQKYӁ
0{WҧKuQKYӁJKLFK~WKtFKYjRKuQKYӁSKkQWtFKWuPQӝLGXQJFѫEҧQTXD
KuQKYӁ
3KiWELӇXWtQKTX\OXұWFӫDFiFKLӋQWѭӧQJ

/ұSEҧQJVRViQK
*LҧLWKtFKWKtQJKLӋP
;iFÿӏQKPӕLTXDQKӋ
;iFÿӏQKêQJKƭDKD\JLiWUӏFӫDNLӃQWKӭF
[11], [15], [18]


10

1.1.4. Nguyên tҳc xây dӵng câu hӓi cӕt lõi
3KѭѫQJ SKiS Gҥ\ KӑF KLӋQ ÿҥL QKҵP SKiW KX\ WtQK WtFK FӵF FKӫ ÿӝQJ NKҧ
QăQJWӵKӑFQJKLrQFӭXFӫD+6ĈӇKRҥWÿӝQJGҥ\-KӑFFyKLӋXTXҧOҥLSKөWKXӝF
UҩWQKLӅXYjRYLӋF[k\GӵQJKӋWKӕQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LVDRFKRSKKӧSYӟLWӯQJÿӕL
WѭӧQJ9uYұ\NKL[k\GӵQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LFҫQSKҧLÿҧPEҧRPӝWVӕQJX\rQWҳFFѫ
EҧQVDXÿk\
1.1.4.1. &kXKӓLSKҧLFyWiFGөQJQrXYҩQÿӅÿӗQJWKӡLYҩQÿӅÿySKҧLFKӭD
ÿӵQJPkXWKXүQQKұQWKӭFOX{QEXӝF+6ӣWUҥQJWKiLFyQKXFҫXJLҧLTX\ӃW
1.1.4.2. &kX KӓL WKLӃW NӃ SKҧL Fy WtQK KӋ WKӕQJ SK KӧS YӟL FҩX WU~F FӫD
FKѭѫQJ EjL ÿӇ VDX NKL WUҧ OӡL +6 WKX ÿѭӧF PӝW NLӃQ WKӭF PӟL KӋ WKӕQJ Yj WKHR
QKӳQJORJLFQKҩWÿӏQK
1.1.4.3. &kX KӓL ÿѭӧF WKLӃW NӃ SKҧL Fy QӝL GXQJ \rX FҫX QJҳQ JӑQ U} UjQJ
FKtQK[iFWUuQKWuPWzLOӡLJLҧL
1.1.4.4. 7URQJPӛLEjLKӑFFkXKӓLÿѭDUDSKҧLÿҧPEҧRQJX\rQWҳFWӯGӉÿӃQ
NKyFyWiFGөQJKҩSGүQNtFKWKtFK+6ÿDPPrQJKLrQFӭXWuPWzLOӡLJLҧL
1.1.4.5. &kXKӓLWURQJFiFEjLWRiQQKұQWKӭFNKLWKLӃWNӃSKҧLFyWtQKNӃWKӯD
VDRFKRNKLWUҧOӡLPӝWFkXKӓLVӁFKRWKrPPӝWJLҧWKLӃWJL~SFKRYLӋFJLҧLTX\ӃW
FiFYҩQÿӅOLrQTXDQÿӃQEjLWRiQÿѭӧFGӉGjQJKѫQ
1.1.4.6. FkXKӓLSKҧLFyNKҧQăQJKX\ÿӝQJWtQKWӵOӵFFKӫÿӝQJViQJWҥRFӫD
QKLӅXWҫQJOӟSKӑFVLQK1JKƭDOjFkXKӓLÿѭӧF[k\GӵQJSKҧLYӯDVӭFNK{QJNKy

TXiNK{QJGӉTXiSKKӧSYӟLQăQJOӵFFӫD+6
1.1.4.7. &kXKӓLNK{QJQrQ\rXFҫXÿѫQWKXҫQOjWUuQKEj\NLӃQWKӭFWURQJWjL
OLӋX 6*. Pj SKҧL Fy QKӳQJ \rX FҫX SKkQ WtFK JLҧL WKtFK KRһF FKӭQJ PLQK FKR
QKӳQJNLӃQWKӭFPj+6OƭQKKӝLWӯWjLOLӋX6*.KD\WӯFiFWjLOLӋXWKDPNKҧRNKiF
[15], [16], [21]
1.1.5. 3KѭѫQJSKiSVӱ dөng câu hӓi cӕt lõi trong dҥy hӑc sinh hӑc [18], [21]
7URQJGҥ\KӑFFkXKӓLOX{QÿѭӧFVӱGөQJWURQJFiFNKkXNKiFQKDXQKҵPÿҥW
ÿѭӧF QKӳQJ PөF WLrX NKiF QKDX 7URQJ SKҥP YL QJKLrQ FӭX FӫD ÿӅ WjL W{L FKӍ


11

QJKLrQFӭXVkXYjRYLӋFVӱGөQJFkX KӓLFӕWO}LÿӇGҥ\KӑFSKҫQ7LӃQKyD
- 6ӱGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LÿӇWҥRWuQKKXӕQJ&RQQJѭӡLKRҥWÿӝQJNKLFyQKX
FҫXQKXFҫXFyÿѭӧFNKLÿӭQJWUѭӟFPӝWQKLӋPYөFҫQJLҧLTX\ӃW'Rÿy*9FҫQ
[iFÿӏQKU}QKLӋPYөFҫQQKұQWKӭFYjGLӉQÿҥWQKұQWKӭFÿyEҵQJFkXKӓLEjLWұS
- 6ӱGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LÿӇÿӏQKKѭӟQJYҩQÿӅKӑFWұS.KLQJKLrQFӭXPӝW
YҩQÿӅPjFKӭDÿӵQJQKLӅXQӝLGXQJQJѭӡLKӑFNK{QJGӉJu[iFÿӏQKÿѭӧFYҩQÿӅ
FѫEҧQÿһFÿLӇPQjROjEҧQFKҩW'Rÿy*9FҫQÿӏQKKѭӟQJFKRQJѭӡLKӑFEҵQJ
câu KӓLKD\EjLWұS
- 6ӱGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LÿӇJӧLêÿӇJLӟLKҥQYҩQÿӅFҫQWUҧOӡL.KLPӝWFkX
KӓLOӟQÿһWUDJӗPQKLӅXNKtDFҥQKNKiFQKDXWDFyWKӇQrXFkXKӓLÿӇJӧLUDWӯQJ
YҩQÿӅQKӓYjQӝLGXQJWӯQJYҩQÿӅ6DXPӝWFkXKӓLJӧLêVӁGүQQJѭӡLKӑF JLҧL
TX\ӃWÿѭӧFYҩQÿӅOӟQ
- 6ӱGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LÿӇKѭӟQJGүQTXDQViW.KLTXDQViWKuQKYӁVѫÿӗ
FyQKLӅXFKLWLӃWQKѭQJFKӍFҫQQJKLrQFӭXPӝWFKLWLӃWQjRÿy*9SKҧLUqQOX\ӋQ
FKR+6FyNӻQăQJTXDQViWYjQKұQELӃWWDWKѭӡQJGQJFkXKӓLKRһFEjLWұSÿӇ
KѭӟQJGүQ
- 6ӱGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LÿӇSKiWWULӇQNKҧQăQJWѭGX\7URQJGҥ\KӑFQJRjL
YLӋFKѭӟQJWӟLPөFWLrXWULWKӭFWKuÿӗQJWKӡLSKҧLKѭӟQJWӟLPөFWLrXTXDQWUӑQJ

QӳDOjSKiWWULӇQWѭGX\7URQJFiFNӻQăQJWѭGX\WUѭӟFKӃWSKҧLVӱGөQJFkXKӓL
FӕWO}LÿӇSKiWWULӇQNӻQăQJVRViQKSKkQWtFKWәQJKӧS
- 6ӱGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LÿӇWӵNLӇPWUDYjNLӇPWUDNӃWTXҧKӑFWұSĈӇ+6
KRҥWÿӝQJWtFKFӵFWӵOӵFWURQJKӑFWұSNKkXNLӇPWUDYjWӵNLӇPWUDVӁJySSKҫQ
ÿӏQKKѭӟQJFKRKRҥWÿӝQJGҥ\YjKӑF'RÿyFҫQ[iFÿӏQKU}PөFWLrXGҥ\KӑFFө
WKӇWӯÿyPjVӱGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LSKKӧSÿӇ+6WӵNLӇPWUDYjWӵÿLӅXFKӍQK
FiFKKӑFQKҵQQҳPYӳQJNLӃQWKӭFNӻQăQJYjSKiWWULӇQQăQJOӵFQKұQWKӭF
4XD QJKLrQ FӭX Oê OXұQ YӅ FkX KӓL FӕW O}L W{L QKұQ WKҩ\ Fy WKӇVӱ GөQJ ViX
GҥQJFkXKӓLOұSOXұQVDXÿk\ÿӇ[k\GӵQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}L


12

1.2. Sáu dҥng câu hӓi lұp luұn có thӇ ÿѭӧc sӱ dөng trong xây dӵng câu hӓi cӕt lõi
1.2.1. Câu hӓi giúp sáng tӓ vҩQÿӅ: [8], [10], [15]
- 7ҥLVDREҥQOҥLQyLQKѭYұ\"
- &K~QJOLrQTXDQJuÿӃQFKӫÿӅFXӝFWKҧROXұQQj\"
- %ҥQWUuQKEj\QKѭWKӃOjFyêJu"
- &K~QJWDÿmELӃWÿѭӧFQKӳQJJuYӅ"
1.2.2. Câu hӓLÿӇ WKăPGzFiFJLҧ ÿӏnh
- &K~QJWDFyJLҧWKLӃWQjRNKiFNK{QJ"
- %ҥQFyWKӇ[iFPLQKKD\SKӫÿӏQKÿѭӧFJLҧWKLӃWQj\NK{QJ"
- %ҥQFyWKӇOêJLҧLYLӋFÿѭDUDNӃWOXұQQj\NK{QJ"
- ĈLӅXJuVӁ[ҧ\UDQӃX"
- %ҥQÿӗQJêKD\NK{QJÿӗQJêYӟLNӃWOXұQQj\"
1.2.3. Câu hӓi ÿӇ tìm các lý do và bҵng chӭng
- %ҥQFyWKӇÿѭDUDYtGөQjRNK{QJ"
- ĈLӅXQj\FyWKӇWѭѫQJÿѭѫQJYӟLÿLӅXJu"
- %ҥQFyELӃWÿѭӧFQJX\rQGRFӫDQyNK{QJ"
- %ҥQFyEҵQJFKӭQJJuFKRFkXWUҧOӡLFӫDEҥQNK{QJ"

1.2.4. Câu hӓi vӅ TXDQÿLӇm và triӇn vӑng vҩQÿӅ
- &yJuNKiFWKD\WKӃÿѭӧFNK{QJ"
- &yFiFKQjRNKiFÿӇWLӃSFұQYҩQÿӅNK{QJ"
- %ҥQFyWKӇOêJLҧLWҫPTXDQWUӑQJFӫDQyÿѭӧFNK{QJ"
- 1yFyOӧLtFKJuYjDLVӁÿѭӧFKѭӣQJQKӳQJOӧLtFKÿy"
1.2.5. Câu hӓi dүn tӟi các giҧ ÿӏnh và kӃt quҧ cӫa nó
- %ҥQFyWKӇNKiLTXiWQyQKѭWKӃQjR"
- .ӃWTXҧFӫDJLҧWKLӃWQj\OjJu"
- %ҥQÿӏQKQyLÿӃQ ÿLӅXJu"
- 1yFyҧQKKѭӣQJQKѭWKӃQjR"
- 1yFyOLrQTXDQJuÿӃQQKӳQJWKӭFK~QJWDÿmELӃWNK{QJ"
- 9uVDRQyOҥLTXDQWURQJ"


13

1.2.6. Câu hӓi vӅ chính câu hӓi
- 0өFÿtFKFӫDFkXKӓLQj\OjJu"
- %ҥQFyELӃWWҥLVDRW{LKӓLFkXQj\NK{QJ"
- 1KӳQJFkXKӓLQj\FyJL~SJuFK~QJWDWURQJFXӝFVӕQJNK{QJ"
&ѫVӣ thӵc tiӉn cӫDÿӅ tài
ĈӇFyFѫVӣWKӵFWLӉQFӫDÿӅWjLFK~QJW{LÿmWLӃQKjQKTXDQViWVѭSKҥPWKDP
NKҧRJLiRiQGӵJLӡWUDRÿәLêNLӃQYӟLPӝWVӕJLiRYLrQEӝP{QGQJSKLӃXWKăP
Gz ê NLӃQ FӫD JLiR YLrQ SKLӃX ÿLӅX WUD KӑF VLQK ӣ PӝW Vӕ WUѭӡQJ 7+37 FӫD WӍQK
%uQK7KXұQQKҵPWKXWKұSVӕOLӋXFөWKӇYӅWKӵFWUҥQJGҥ\YjKӑFsLQKKӑFӣWUѭӡQJ
7+37KLӋQQD\
1.3.1. Thӵc trҥng dҥy hӑc môn sinh hӑF Yj SKѭѫQJ SKiS JLҧng dҥy cӫa
giáo viên
ĈӇWuPKLӇXWKӵF WUҥQJGҥ\- KӑF7LӃQKyDӣWUѭӡQJ7+37KLӋQQD\FK~QJ tôi
ÿmWLӃQKjQKTXDQViWVѭSKҥPGӵJLӡWUDRÿәLWKDPNKҧRFiFEjLVRҥQFӫD*9WuP

KLӇX TXD SKLӃX NKҧR ViW YӟL FiF *9 6LQK KӑF YӟL FiF HP +6 NKӕL  WKXӝF FiF
WUѭӡQJ7+371JX\ӉQ+XӋ7+37/ê7KѭӡQJ.LӋW-7Kӏ[mODJL%uQK7KXұQ
&K~QJW{LÿmWKLӃWNӃFiFSKLӃXNKҧRViWVDX
- 3KLӃXVӕĈLӅXWUDYӅSKѭѫQJSKiSGҥ\KӑFFӫD*9 GV)
- 3KLӃXVӕ ĈLӅXWUDWKӵFWUҥQJWKLӃWNӃYjVӱGөQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LÿӇUqQFiF
NƭQăQJWѭGX\WURQJGҥ\KӑF6LQKKӑF.
6DXÿk\OjWәQJKӧSNӃWTXҧNKҧRViW


14

Bҧng 1.1. KӃt quҧ ÿLӅu tra vӅ SKѭѫQJSKiSGҥy hӑc cӫa giáo viên
0ӭFÿӝVӱGөQJ
TT

3KѭѫQJSKiS

7K˱ͥQJ[X\rQ

Không

Không

WK˱ͥQJ[X\rQ

V͵GͭQJ

6͙
O˱ͫQJ

7͑O͏
(%)

6͙
O˱ͫQJ

7͑O͏
(%)

6͙
O˱ͫQJ

7͑O͏
(%)

1

*LҧQJJLҧLÿӑFFKpS

13

40,63

17

53,12

2

6,25

2

+ӓL ÿiS WiL KLӋQ
thông báo

27

84,38

5

15,63

0

0

3

+ӓLÿiSWuPWzL

20

62,50

12

37,50

0

0

4

'ҥ\ KӑF Fy Vӱ GөQJ
EjLWұSWuQKKXӕQJ

7

21,87

19

59,38

6

18,75

5

'ҥ\ KӑF Fy Vӱ GөQJ
EjLWұSWKӵFQJKLӋP

5

15,63

18

56,25

9

28,12

6

'ҥ\ KӑF Fy Vӱ GөQJ
VѫÿӗEҧQJELӇX

19

59,38

13

40,62

0

0

7

'ҥ\KӑFQrXYҩQÿӅ

15

46,88

14

43,75

3

9,37

8

'ҥ\ KӑF Fy Vӱ GөQJ
SKLӃXKӑF WұS

14

43,75

13

40,63

5

15,62

9

'ҥ\KӑFWKHRQKyP

15

46,88

17

53,12

0

0

8

25,00

20

62,50

4

12,50

10

&KR KӑF VLQK Wӵ KӑF
YӟLViFKJLiRNKRD

4XDNӃW TXҧӣEҧQJ WUrQNӃWKӧSYӟLYLӋFWKDPNKҧR JLiRiQYjWUDRÿәLYӟL
PӝWVӕJLiRYLrQW{LWKҩ\SKѭѫQJSKiSGҥ\KӑFFӫDJLiRYLrQÿmFyQKӳQJEѭӟFÿәL
PӟLWKHRKѭӟQJWtFKFӵFKyDKRҥWÿӝQJKӑFWұSFӫDKӑFVLQK
ĈһF ELӋW Oj SKѭѫQJ SKiS KӓL ÿiS – tìm WzL ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ WKѭӡQJ [X\rQ Yj
FKLӃP Vӕ OѭӧQJ OӟQ WURQJ FiF JLiR iQ Yj JLӡ Gҥ\ WKӵF WӃ WUrQ OӟS 7X\ QKLrQ Vӕ
OѭӧQJJLiRYLrQiSGөQJQKӳQJFkXKӓLFӕWO}LFkXKӓLFyFKҩWOѭӧQJFDRFkXKӓL
FyWtQKQrXYҩQÿӅFzQtWFKѭDWKѭӡQJ[X\rQKRһFVӱGөQJNK{QJFyKLӋXTXҧĈLӅX
ÿyÿmOjPKҥQFKӃFKҩWOѭӧQJYjJLҧPKӭQJWK~KӑFWұSEӝP{QFӫDKӑFVLQK