DSpace at VNU: Quản lý xã hội của cộng đồng dân tộc thiểu số ở đồng bằng sông Cửu Long, một cách tiếp cận

QUAN LY XA HOI CUA C Q N G DONG DAN TOC THIEU SO
d DONG BANG SONG CtfV LONG, xMOT CACH TIEP C A N
It

Hodng Van Viet

Dong bang song Cuu long (DBSCL) la dong bang Ian nhai Viet Nam. Khae
cac viing mien khae ciia dai nuae, eiia the giai, a day nhieu thanh phan dan Igc sinh
song nhu nguai Viet, nguai Khmer, nguofi Cham, nguai Hoa va mot so Igc nguai
kliae. La nhirng luu dan lir nhieu noi, dii moi toe nguai mang dam nhiing dau an van
boa truyen thong dac thii, nhung hg luon ke vai sal canh ben nhau, chia nggl se biii
Irong qua trinh kliai hoang ma dat, xae lap ehu quyen va bao ve lanh tho.
Vi tri dia - chinh tri quan trgng, y nghia tiem nang kinh te Ian lao, birc tranh
van hoa toe nguai da dang, phong phii eua DBSCL da dat viing nay vao sy quan
tarn dac biet cua cac the che cam quyen, sy tap trung nghicn eiru ciia giai khoa hgc.
Co rat nhieu an pham khoa hgc, cac cong trinh nghien eiru va cac bao cao thong
so phan anh birc tranh dcri song sinh dong ciia cac cong dong dan toe thilu si a
DBSCL. Tuy nhien, mot mang trong it dugc de cap va con gay tranh cai trong giai
hgc thuat rat can dirge tap trung nghien eiru, lam sang to, do la he thong quan ly xa
hoi CO truyen va quan ly xa hoi hien dai trong cac cong dong dan cu nay. Cac van de
dat ra nhu^ to chuc quan ly xa hoi la gi? N6 la mot pham trii van hoa? Cau true to
chiire va thiet che quan ly c6 truyen trong cac xa hoi nguai Khmer, nguai Cham the
hien nhu the nao? Vi tri, y nghia va vai tro cisa chung trong sy phat trien xa hoi?
1. To chirc quan ly xa hgi - pham trii van hoa?
Hoat dong to chue va quan ly la mot thuge tin boat dong von c6 cua giai huu
sinh. Trong dai song bay ong, loai kien, each thirc to chirc va chire nang quan ly cua
chung bet sue chat che, khoa hgc khien moi eon nguai chimg la cung cam ihay Ihern
thuong! Tuy nhien nhung boat dong ay chi mang tinh ban nang nham duy tri dai
song sinh vat thuan tuy ciia chung ma khong doai hoai den mue dich, lire khong c6
tu duy. Kieu song nhu vay nguai la thuong ggi la kieu song sinh hgc ban nang.

PGS.TS., Truang Dai hoc KHXH&NV, Dai hoc Quoe gia TP.HCM.
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QUAN

LY XA HQI CUA CONG D6NG DAN TOC THie'u s6...

Thai mong mugi, khi con nguai buae vao dai song xa hoi, trong cong dong
bay dan ciing eo nhiing each thirc phan chia quan ly vai nhttng hinh thue to chuc
rat tho so. Hoat dong quan ly mang tinh ly phat va ehu yeu giai quyet cac quan he
ea nhan nham tranh nhirng tranh chap sinh ton: giao phoi, lanh tho ... kieu song
dya vao ban nang thuong le thuge mot each nghiet nga vao cac dieu kien ly nhien
a ben ngoai.
To chuc quan ly cua eon nguai chi chinh thue khi eon nguai buae vao dai
song xa hoi Ihye thy, tue moi ea the trong cong dong y thue dugc sy ton tai ciia ban
than khong the khong phy thuge vao sy ton tai cua cac ea the khae va cac dieu kien
chi phoi. De dam bao sy on dinh va duy tri trat ly khong gian xa hoi ay, con nguai
sang lao ra cac hinh thai to chire, cac ky nang hoan thien, cac nguyen tac, cac lieu
ehuan va cac phuang lien ho trg khae cho sy van hanh
Quan ly xa hoi la sy lac dong c6 y thue ciia eon nguai vao mot to chuc xa hoi
hay mot nhom xa hoi nham sap xep va duy tri cac pham chat dac thii cua cac to
chuc, cac nhom xa hoi ay, dap ung sy ton tai va phat trien trong cac ITnh vyc boat
dong cua no.
Doi lugng cua quan ly rat da dang, nhung quan ly con nguai va cac boat dong
etia eon nguai la ehu yeu. Trong xa hoi e6 to chuc, con nguai vira la ehu the ciia
quan ly, vira la khach the cua quan ly. Vi vay, suy cho ciing myc dich sau xa cua
quan ly la phat trien con nguai, hoan thien loan dien cac chirc nang cua con nguai.
Van de dat ra, quan ly xa hoi la mot pham trii ciia van hoa?
Co rat nhieu cac djnh nghia khae nhau ve van hoa, nhung chiing toi cho rang,

noi din van hoa la noi den nang lye boat dong (pham chat) cua con nguai va cac
san pham ma eon nguai lao ra trong qua trinh lao dong sang lao. Dieu kien dam bao
sy sinh ton cua eon nguai va boat dong e6 ich cua con nguai la moi truang ly nhien
va moi truong xa hoi. Trong mot dieu kien moi truang ty nhien c6 the lao ra hai
nhan each con nguai va hai dang thue van hoa khae nhau.
Nhu vay, van hoa chi eo the nay sinh khi hinh thanh xa hoi con nguai. Xa hoi
la mot lap hgp nguai song chung tren mot viing lanh tho, ciing chia se nhau mot nen
van hoa va c6 sy doc lap tuong doi vai ben ngoai. Nguai la dya vao cac lieu chi
khae nhau de phan loai xa hoi:
1. Theo thai gian: xa hoi truyen thong va xa hoi hien dai
2. Theo khong gian: quoe gia va dan toe (toe nguai)
1. Tat nhien, nguofi nghien cuu khach quan khong the tuyet doi hoa vai tro cua tu nhien la dieu
kien tien quyet tao ra cac san pham van hoa.
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VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HPl THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU
3. Theo trinh do: xa hoi san ban,hai lugm,n6ng nghiep va xa hoi cong nghiep
4. Theo hinh thai kinh te - xa hoi: xa hoi cong xa nguyen thiiy, xa hoi chilm
hiru no le, xa hoi phong kien, xa hoi tu ban ehu nghia, xa hoi xa hoi ehu nghia.
Dii phan chia theo fieu chi nao,ehae chan la, hinh thai xa hoi nao se lao nen
nhirng dac trung van boa tuong ung. Vi dy, trong cac xa hoi san bin va hai lugm, da
thay ro xu huong ren luyen song ty tin, khat vgng dat nhiing thanh tieh ea nhan va
song doe lap'. 6 bg phan dan cu chan nuoi, nhirng thuge tinh nhu doc lap, bilu hien
hung hang khong che day... phat trien ban .
To chuc va quan ly xa hoi la pham trii van hoa dugc hieu dual sy the hien
nang lye,pham chat, kha nang va trinh do ciia con nguai - tue chii the van hoa.
Khae con vat, a eon nguai ban nang kieu song sinh hgc it bi chi phli ma kieu
song van hoa c6 dinh huong ngy tri hoan loan. Tuy nhien, khong thi nhin nhan kieu
song sinh hgc - ban nang la thap kem, tire phuong thue boat dong it phat tri In ban

so vai kien thirc song van hoa - dinh huong. Sy khae nhau giira hai kilu sing tren la
sy khae nhau ve chat.
Con nguai la mot sinh vat cao cap hoan chinh. Cau triic giai phau - sinh ly
ciia eon nguai da tao ra a n6 cac thuge tinh dac biet: kha nang thich nghi manh me,
uyen ehuyen va linh boat; trinh do giao tiep khon kheo; nang lye sang tao phi
thuong. Ben canh moi truang xa hoi va ty nhien, con nguai tra thanh chii nhan eiia
sy sang tao ra cac hinh thai van hoa da dang, phong phii va sinh dong, " 0 ngoai
van hoa, con nguai nhu la mot Ihye the song da chet" .
Cuoi eimg, to chuc - quan ly xa hoi la san pham van hoa cua hoat dong con
nguai. No c6 cac thuge tinh lieh sir, xa hoi va lim truyen - ke thira. Suy cho ciing,
hoat dong to chuc - quan ly xa hoi ciia con nguai deu phue vy cho sy phat trien ciia
xa hgi va hoan chinh ban than con nguai. Thiet che to chuc - quan ly xa hgi chat
che, khoa hoc; nguyen tac sinh boat nghiem minh, mue tieu boat dong ro rang
khong chi phan anh pham chat - nang lye ciia chii the, ma con gop phan quylt dinh
vao sy phat trien ben vihig xa hgi.
To chiic - quan ly xa hgi, nhu ehiing ta trinh bay la pham trii cua van hoa. Tuy
nhien, theo cau true va noi dung, no kliu biet trong pham vi nao cua van hoa? Trong
giai klioa hgc, khi de cap den van de nay, eo nhung each hieu khae nhau. Nha van
hoa hgc My White cho rang, van hoa to chuc thuge khu vyc van hoa xa hgi. Giao su

1. A.A. Belik, 2000, Van hoa hgc - Nhiing ly thuyet nhan hgc van hoa, Nxb. VH-NT, tr. 256.
2. A.A. Belik, 2000, Sdd, tr. 257.
3. A.A. Belik, 2000, Sdd, tr. 23.
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QUAN LY xA HQI CUA CONG D6NG DAN TOC THI^U S6.

Dao Duy Anh xep van hoa to ehiie vao van hoa sinh boat xa hgi. Phan loai van hoa
theo cau true - chirc nang, Giao su Tran Ngge Them khu biet no trong van h6a to

chirc. Sy phan khu van boa to chuc nhu tren deu ham chua nhirng ly do khoa hgc.
Tuy nhien, chung toi cho rang, van hoa bao gom hai thanh to: van h6a vat chat va
van hoa linh than. Van hoa to chuc nam a giao diem hai thanh phan van hoa ay. Sy
phan chia rach roi ranh giai van hoa vat chat va van boa tinh than la kho chap nhan,
boi le trong van hoa vat chat da an chua nhirng bieu trung eiia van hoa tinh than va
ngugc lai, trong dai song van hoa vat chat eiia eon nguai in dam nhirng dau an cua
van h6a tinh than. Nhiing cong trinh kien triic ton giao do so eo the dugc xay dyng
bang nhirng vat lieu giong nhau nhung trong no an chua nhirng cam thue linh Ihieng
kliae nhau cua eon nguai
2. He thong to chuc quan ly xa hoi c6 truyen trong cgng dong nguoi
Khmer va cong dong nguoi Cham u DBSCL va nhirng dau an con lai
2. /. Nhirng dac trung ca ban cua cpng dong ngirdi Khmer, ngu&i Cham
DBSCL eon ggi la viing Tay Nam Bg, gom 13 tinh, thanh pho, vai dan so ban
17 trieu dan (vai thong ke chinh xae vao nam 2010 la 17.273.797 nguai), chiem
21% dan si ca nuae. d day cu tni hon 20 thanh phan toe nguai, nhung chii yeu la
nguai Viet (80 %), nguai Khmer (1,3 trieu, chilm 7,43%), nguai Cham (14.215
nguai, chilm 0,08 %.), nguai Hoa (210.064 nguai, chilm 1,22 %)
Nguai Khmer song tap trung ehu yeu a 9 tinh thanh pho: Soc Trang, Tra Vinh,
Ca Mau, Bac Lieu, Hau Giang, VTnh Long, Kien Giang, An Giang va Can Tho,
nhung dong dao ban la a hai tinh Soc Trang (367.518 nguai) va a Tra Vinh
(313.318 nguai)
Nguai Cham cu tni chii yeu a tinh hien giai An Giang (13.722 nguai) va song rai
rac a cac tinh Long An (248 nguai), Hau Giang (86 nguai) va Dong Thap (97 nguai)
Co Ihl khai quat nhiing dac diem ehu yeu cua hai cong dong dan tgc thieu so
nay nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, khae nhau ve thai gian, mue do so nguai hay each thue di ehuyen,
nguofi Khmer va nguai Cham la nhiing luu dan tir nhung viing khae den ty cu, lap
nghiep a DBSCL. Nguai Khmer c6 mat a day som hon, tir the ky XIII; con nguai
Cham - mugn ban, vao the ky thu XVIll. Thanh phan cua cac luu dan nay la rat da
dang, nhung phan Ion la nong dan ngheo tron chay sy ap hue ha khae eiia giai cap

thong tri, hoac do ngheo doi fim den noi viing dat yen lanh. Ciing canh ngg, rat bo
el huong nen ngay tir dau a hg hinh thanh tinh c6 ket cong dong het sue chat che va
thai do hoa dong trong tiep xiie vai cac cong dong toe nguoi khae. Ngay nay, trong
cac Phum - Sork nguai Khmer song xen ke la nhung gia dinh nguai Viet, nguai
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VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU
Hoa, nguai Cham va ngugc lai ben canh nhirng Palei (lang) cua nguai Cham eo ca
nhom nguai Viet, nguai Hoa, nguai Cham.
Thie hai, nguai Khmer va nguofi Cham chii yeu san xuat nong nghiep (tring
Ilia, chan nuoi, danh bat ca...). d tinh Tra Vinh, noi nguai Khmer chilm dong dao
trong dan cu, c6 tren 90% nguai Khmer a nong thon. Nguai Cham, ngoai mot bg
phan lam nghe nong, mot so it tham gia buon ban vira va nho, lam nghl thii cong.
Chinh vi vay, dac trung nguai nong dan hien lanh, chat phat, giau cam xiic, nhung
van cham chap, tu tuang chap nhan va ngai "di dong" la tam ly el hu-u eiia nguai
Khmer va nguai Cham. Ngheo doi, it hgc la van nan quoe gia, nhung doi vai nguai
Khmer la dinh menh! Theo ket qua khao sat 600 hg gia dinh Khmer, Cham a tinh
An Giang do nhom nghien cuu Vo Cong Nguyen - chii nhiem de tai, thi c6 din
22,7% so hg tra lai " Dai song rat kho khan"'. Trong 400 hg gia dinh nguai Khmer
CO 46% " kho khan", 23,3% " rat kho klian"l
Thu ba, nguai Khmer va nguai Cham la cong dan ciia cac xa hgi trong lieh sii
CO nen van hoa - van minh phat trien kha rye ra. Nhirng gia tri van hoa Khmer va
Champa da ket tinh a hg niem ty bao, ty ton ty cuang dan tgc cao do. Tinh than dan
tgc sau sac mot mat giup hg y thue gin giii nhirng pham gia dan tgc, mat khae tao
nen a hg nhirng cam xiic e ngai, xa lanh giao tiep ben ngoai.
Thu tu, khi den ty cu a DBSCL, nguai Cham va nguai Khmer diu limg trai
qua thai ky xa hgi c6 nha nuae - to ehurc. Nhung tri thirc, Ihoi quen va hanh vi cu
xii cua hg trong mot trat ty xa hgi eo ky euang, phap luat la ca so kinh nghiem giup
hg nhanh chong lam quen vai nhirng thiet che chinh tri mai ben canh vice duy tri

cac thiet che quan ly c6 truyen
Thie nam, lieh su dan toe Viet la lieh sir cua nhung cugc dau tranh dyng nuae
va chien tranh giti nuae lau dai va gian kho. Trong cugc chiln khic liet da hinh
thanh a nguai Khmer, nguai Cham va cac cong ding dan tgc khae y thue sinh tin
va finh than doan ket, gan bo cao ca. Trong hai cugc khang chiln ehing thue dan
Phap va de quoe My da eo rat nhieu tam guang sang trong dau tranh ben bi va by
sinh cao ea la nguai Khmer va nguai Cham. Trong thai ky khang chien ching My
xam luge, hang chuc ngan dong bao Khmer va sir sai trye dien dau tranh vai chinh
quyen ngyy quyen chong khiing bo, chong bat linh, chIng pha hoai chiia chien. Tir
phong trao do xuat hien nhirng can bg uu tii la nguai Khmer, xuat than tir su sai nhu

1. Bao cao long hgp de tai nghien cuu khoa hoe " Phat trien kinh te - xa hoi vung dong bao dan
loc Khmer, Cham a An Giang giai doan 2011 - 2015 va den nam 2020", thang 6/2011.
2. Nhu tren.
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QUAN LY xA HQI CUA CQNG D5NG DAN TOC THIEU SO.

Malia Thong (tri thirc trong su sai), hoa thugng Son Wong (thanh vien eiia Mat Iran
dan toe giai phong Tay Nam Bg)
Cuoi ciing, trong thai ky cong nghiep boa, hien dai hoa dat nuae, sy ehuyin
minh lien bg cua dat nuae keo theo nhiing thay doi, ea ve vat chat, ea ve tinh thin
eiia cong dong nguai Khmer va nguai Cham
Sy ehuyen dich eo cau kinh le a cac tinh eo dong nguai Khmer, Cham nhu
linh An Giang, Soc Trang, Tra Vinh da tac dong manh me den boat dong kinh te va
cai thien dai song nguai dan. Ngoai san xuat thuan nong, nguai Khmer, nguai
Cham da dan dan ehuyen sang khu vyc san xuat hoac la ket hgp boat dong kinh le
nong nghiep va phi nong nghiep; hoac la hoan loan tach khoi nong nghiep de buon
ban, san xuat thu cong nghiep...

Sy da dang boa cac hoat dong kinh te da gop phan cai thien dai song cac
dong bao dan tgc nhu vice lam, thu nhap va thay doi ea cau lao dong trong cong
dong. Nhom thanh nien nam nii Khmer, Cham rai bo nong thon ve do thi fim kiem
viec lam.
Nhirng dac trung long hgp tren cho thay, ve ca ban, dien mao ciia nguai
Khmer, nguofi Cham a DBSCL rat it thay doi. Tinh c6 ket cong dong, tam ly ty ton,
ty hao dan tgc, dai song vat chat, tinh than la dau an nen van hoa c6 truyen cua
nguaii Khmer, nguai Cham.
2.2. TS chijrc quan ly xd hoi truyin thdng ciia cpng dSng ngirdi Khmer,
ngirdi Cham
Van boa to chiic la loan bg gia tri, niem tin, truyen thong, thoi quen quyet dinh
hanh vi ciia moi ca nhan trong to chuc, ngay cang phong phii them va thay doi theo
thai gian, mang lai cho to chuc mot ban sac rieng'.
Nhu da n6i, nguai Khmer la tgc nguai c6 mat sam a DBSCL. Don vj kinh te xa 10 i truyen thong cua hg hien eon ton tai la Phum va Sork. Moi Phum eo khoang
tir 50 den 200 hg. Nhieu Phum hgp lai ggi la Sork. Quan he giira cac thanh vien
troiig Phum thuong la quan he ba con dong hg (huyet thong). Dung dau Phum la
cac Me Phum, dieu hanh ehu yeu cac cong viec moi Phum. Me Phum la nguai am
hiea cac phong lye tap quan, cac kinh nghiem san xuat, gioi noi, giao tiep va eo uy
fin trong cong dong. Hg thuong la nguai Ion tuoi, c6 thir bac, dung dau dong hg.
Coig viec chii yeu cua Me Phum la thu xep cac moi quan he giira cac thanh vien
troig Phum, cac nghi thue tin nguong, ton giao, ciing gio theo phong tue c6 truyen.
Me Phum eiing Me Sork (dung dau Sork) va cac Me Phum khae tham gia cac boat
1. Quan ly hdnh chinh - ly thuyet va thue hanh, Nxb. Chinh tri quoe gia, Ha Noi, 2000, tr. 39.
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VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THIJ TU

dong quan ly cua Sork. Dja vi ciia Me Phum gilng nhu Po - Piteq cac dong hg
nguai Raglay va tgc truang cac dong hg nguai Viet.

Moi quan he giiia cac thanh vien trong Phum dya tren nguyen tic hinh ding,
eimg chia se trach nhiem, quyen Igi. Ban than Me Phum ciing nhu mgi thanh vien
khae trong Phum khong c6 dac quyen dac Igi gi.
Nhu da noi, nhilu Phum hgp thanh Sork. Dung dlu Sork la Me Sork (Chii
Sork). Nguai dirng dau Sork thuong la nhiing nguai dan ong trung nien, eo sire
khoe va trai nghiem am hieu phong tye tap quan, biet each xii the va kha nang giao
fiep, CO uy tin cao trong cong dong.
Giiip da cong viec cho Me sork la mot Ban quan tri (Kanak kamaka) gim cac
chii Phum va mot so nguofi dai dien khae, vi dy nhu Chu - chuc (Nhom wat). Ban
quan tri thuang c6 tir 5 den 9 nguofi, nhiem ky 3 nam. Cong viec chii ylu ciia Me
Sork la dieu hanh cac cong viec trong Sork, giai quyet cac cong viec lien quan giira
cac Phum. Sy khae biet gitJa Me Sork va Me Phum la a cho, nlu Me Phum quan
tam nhieu lai cac cong viec lien quan tai viec duy tri, bao ton cac gia tri gia dinh va
truyen thing dong hg thi Me Sork giir vai tro to chuc cac boat dong kinh ll, xa hgi
trong Sork va dieu fiet cac mli quan he giira cac Phum. Gilng Me Phum, Me Sork
eQng khong eo cac dac quyen dac Igi
Tham gia vao he thong to chirc quan ly va dieu hanh cong viec ciia Phum va
Sork la Ban quan tri chiia. Mot dac trung trong dai song nguofi Khmer trong thill
che xa hgi c l truyen la vai tro eiia Phat giao. Ngoi chiia la Imng tam ton giao, tin
nguong, van boa xa hgi ciia nguai Khmer. Moi Phum eo mot ngoi chiia. Vi su ca
(Luk Kroa) - dirng dau cai quan cong viec trong chua, c6 vi tri rat Ion trong dai
song van hoa xa hgi nguai Khmer. Su ca dugc nguai dan coi trgng, tin tuong.
Trong nhieu cong viec mang tinh quyet dinh ciia Phum - Sork khong thi thieu sy
tham gia cua su ca.
Trong xa hgi eo truyen ciia nguai Khmer, ngoai cac tu sT, nguai tri thiic - nhan
sT (Achar) c6 vai tro kha quan trgng trong dofi song van hoa, giao due. Hg la nhUng
nguai dugc kinh trgng trong xa hgi vi sy hilu bill rgng, dao dire, pham chat til;
gioi dang trong cac nghi le ciing kieng, va thuong la cac tu sT tirng trai qua thai gian
tu hanh trong chua.
Trong xa hgi ngay nay, cac dau an cua thiet che quan ly xa hgi truyen thong

dan dan bi phai ma, nhung nhirng nen tang ea ban etia no van con luu giu trong dai
song cong dong nguoi Khmer.
Nguai Cham song tap trung chii yeu a tinh An Giang. Palei (lang) - don vi
kinh te - xa hgi cua nguoi Cham, phan bo dgc theo song Hau, tren cac cii lao Ihugc
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QUAN LY xA HOI CUA CONG O5NG DAN TQC THIS'U SO.

huyen An Phii va thi xa Tan Chau. Tat ea Palei cua nguai Cham a An Giang,
DBSCL la cac Palei Hoi giao, tao thanh mot don vi cu tru - hanh le (ggi la yama ah)
giong nhu hg dao hay giao xii trong cac lang Cong giao cua nguoi Viet. M6i Palei
CO nhieu Puk (tuong dong xom cua nguai Viet)
Trong he thong quan ly xa hgi c l truyin cong ding nguai Cham, Ban Haken
hay Ban quan tri thanh duong giir vai tro chii dao trong cac Palei. Con nguai dirng
dau cac Puk la Ably. Trong Puk c6 cac tilu thanh duong (surao) thi Ably ding liie
kiem luon cong viec quan tri lieu thanh duong.
Khae he thong ty quan eiia nguai Khmer, trong he thing ty quan cua nguai
Cham CO sy thong nhat giira quan ly xa hgi va quan ly ton giao
To chirc ly quan cua nguai Cham bao gom:
1. Haken: nguai dirng dau Palei, con ggi la giao ca, nguai quan tn cao nhat a
thanh duimg
2. Naifi nguai phy la chinh cua Haken
3. Ably: dirng dau Puk, la nguai thu ky hay thu quy ciia Ban quan In
Ngoai ra trong ban giiip viec cho JHaken con c6 Haji - nguai hanh huong tra
ve lir thanh dia Mecca.
Cong viec ehu ylu etia Ban quan tri la trong coi cac cong viec sinh boat kinh
te, van boa, xa hgi ciia cong dong; giai quyet cac vu viec lien quan giira cac Puk;
van dong, dong vien cac dong bao Ihye hien cac chinh sach van hoa, xa hgi eiia
Dang va Nha nuae... Noi torn lai, nhiem vu chii ylu cua cac Ban quan tri nay la

lien quan den cac sinh boat cong ding.
M6i thanh duong trong cac Palei dIu eo mot t l chuc ty quan. Dung dau ban
quan trj nay la Haken - nguofi quan tri cao nhat cua thanh duong. Naif la pho giao
ca, thay mat Haken khi vang mat giai quylt tat ca cong viec. Ably - phy trach tilu
thanh duong, nguoi giiip viec cho Haken. Ngoai ra con eo: Biiak (muszin) - nguai
lam nhiem vy keu ggi tin dl lam ll vao trua cac ngay thanh ll (thu sau hang tuan);
khotip - nguoi giang giai giao ly cho fin dl tai thanh duong vao cac ngay thanh ll.
Imam - huong dan tin dl Ihye hien nghi thue cki nguyen vao cac ngay thanh ll;
Tuol - thay giao cham soc Ire em dgc thanh kinh; Seak - nguoi cham soc, dgn dep
thanh duong.
Ngoai cac boat dong lien quan den ton giao va quan ly giao dan. Ban quan tri
thanh duong con tham gia giai quyet cac cong viec lien quan din Palei, hoac nhirng
viec quan trgng vugt qua tam tay cua cac Ably.
407


VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU

Ngoai ra Ban quan tri thanh duong con dai dien cho cong dong Ihye hien cac
cong viec quan he voi cac Palei khae hoac tiep xiic, quan he voi chinh quyen dia
phuang trong viec quan ly xa hgi, Ihye hien cac chii truang, chinh sach phap luat.
To chirc ly quan o Puk, Pulei boa quyen vao to chuc ty quan thanh duong ca
ve phuong dien to chirc, ea ve cac boat dong quan ly thong thuang.
Quan sat cac each thiic to chirc va van hanh cac thiet che quan ly trong cong
dong ngucri Khmer va cong dong nguofi Cham, nguoi ta thay net noi bat la vai tro
eua ton giao va cac gia tri tri thiic ban dia the hien rat Ion. Cac gia tri van hoa to
chirc ciia hg nhu vay, mot mat, da dam bao sy on dinh trat ty xa hoi; mat khae, giiip
cho viec thich nghi de dang cac eo cau, thiet che quan ly xa hgi hien dai.
3. He thong quan ly xa hoi hien dai trong cong dong nguoi Khmer, nguoi
Cham va sy thich nghi

Mot Ihye te hien nay la, trong cong dong cac dan tgc thieu so o DBSCL ciing
ton lai hai he thong quan ly xa hgi: he thong truyen thong va he thong hien dai (Mot
so nguoi ggi la he thong quan phuang va phi quan phuong)', lire mot he thong dya
tren cac tri thire to chire ban dia va cac nguyen tac quan ly ty quan, dan chii cgng
dong va mot he thong dya tren cac tri thire to chirc hgp hien va cac nguyen tac quan
ly dan chii nhan dan.
DBSCL gom 13 tinh, thanh pho, 130 don vi hanh chinh cap huyen hoac tuong
ducmg (12 thanh pho, 5 quan, 7 thi xa, 106 huyen), 1606 don vi hanh chinh cap xa
(178 phucrng, 118 thi Iran, 1310 xa).
He thong chinh tri dia phuong a DBSCL cung nhu a noi khae bao gom 3 cap,
dugc cau triic theo: Dang bg, Hgi dong nhan dan, Uy ban nhan dan va cae to chire
chinh tri - xa hgi (cac doan the chinh tri - xa hgi).
He thong chinh tri xa hgi la mot eo che ma giai cap Ihong tri dya vao no de
lanh dao chinh tri va thyc hien viec quan ly xa hgi. Nguyen tac to chuc va boat dong
ciia he thong chinh tri Viet Nam hien nay la: Dang Cong san lanh dao loan dien,
Nha nuae thyc thi cong viec quan ly va nguoi lao dong tham gia thong qua cae To
chirc chinh tri - xa hgi va cae to ehiic doan the quan chung khae.
Dieu 26 ciia Hien phap nuae Cong hoa xa hgi ehu ngliTa Viet Nam nam 1992
khang dinh: Dang Cong san la lye lugng chinh tri duy nhat lanh dao sy nghiep each
mang Viet Nam.
1. Lieh su nghien eiru vd phuang phdp tiep can. Ky yeu Hoi thao Khoa hoc Ian 1, Ha Noi,
12/8/2008, tr. 137.

408


QUAN LY XA HOI CUA CQNG DONG DAN TOC THIEU S6.
6 DBSCL hien nay c6 8.492 t l chirc eo so Dang voi ban 400.000 dang vien.
To chiic Dang 16 chiic theo don vi hanh chinh gIm 13 t l chue Dang cap linh - thanh
pho, 130 to chirc dang cap huyen va tuong duong. Con lai la ll chirc cip eo so. Cac

to Dang hay chi bg Dang dugc xay dyng a cac ap theo nguyen tac lanh thi hoac
nghe nghiep. Ci cac finh - thanh. Ban Chip hanh Dang bg do Dai hgi dai bilu bau ra,
la 10 chirc cao nhat, ehiu trach nhiem loan bg cong viec, dua ra duong lli, ehu
Iruofng, true tiep lanh dao to chire dang cap duoi trye thuge.
Dang bg huyen la t l chirc dang cao nhat trong huyen. Dai hgi Dang bg biu ra
Bail Chap hanh (Dang liy) voi nhiem ky 5 nam. Dang liy khong chi don thuin la ea
quan trung ehuyen cac nghi quyet, duong lli va cac chii truong ciia dang bg liy cap
trer ma eon vach ra cac chinh sach phat Iriln cua huyen va trye lilp lanh dao cae
darg bg eo so.
Chi bg Dang la don vi eo so Dang thap nhat, trye tilp chi dao cae cong viec a
dia phuang. Dang vien va nh&ng nguoi lanh dao dang eua cac eo so dang la hinh
anh sinh dong nhat phan anh loan bg dien mao eiia dang truoe quan chiing nhan dan
Ve he thong chinh quyen cac cap, o cac tinh DBSCL (ciing nhu a loan quie)
bac gom:
Thu nhdt, cae ea quan dai dien - eo quan quyen lye nha nuae a dia phuong
1. Hgi dong nhan dan cap tinh - thanh (13 don vi)
2. Hgi dong nhan dan cap huyen (130 don vi)
3. Hgi dong nhan dan cap xa (1060 don vi).
Hgi dong nhan dan cac cap c6 chuc nang: quyet djnh va giam sat cae ea quan
nhi nu(Vc khae o dia phuang.
Thu hai, theo Dieu 129, Hiln phap nam 1992, tJy ban nhan nhan cac d p do Hgi
dorg nlian dan ciing cap bau ra, la eo quan chap hanh ciia Hgi ding nhan dan, eo
quai hanh chinh a dia phuang, ehiu trach nhiem chap hanh Hiln phap, phap luat va
cac van ban eua eo quan nha nuae cap tren vao nghi quylt ciia Hgi ding nhan dan.
Vai nhung tu each do, Uy ban nhan dan cac d p eo nhiem vy thyc hien quan
ly rha nuae mot each loan dien tren viing lanh tho thuge pham vi eiia minh; t l ehurc
thy: hien nhiing nghi quyet va quyet dinh cua Hgi ding nhan dan ciing cap va ehiu
trach nhiem quan ly boat dong ciia cae Uy ban nhan dan cap duoi. Cy thi, Uy ban
nhin dan xay dyng ke hoach phat trien kinh te - xa hgi timg nam, nhilu nam eua dia
phiong, lap dy loan va phuong an bo sung ngan sach dia phuang, quan ly cae boat

dgrg kinh te, xa hgi, van hoa, ton giao, giao due, y tl, quic phong, an ninh trat ty,
an oan xa hgi, kiem tra va thyc hien phap luat tren dia ban.
409


VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU

De hoan thien chiic nang, nhiem vy eiia Uy ban nhan dan, cac ban chirc nang
ehuyen mon eiia Uy ban nhan dan la nhirng eo quan ehuyen trach giiip do va xir ly
cong viec. Vi tinh chat ehuyen mon cao nen cac ea quan nay doi hoi doi ngii ehuyen
vien vira eo nang lye, vira eo kien thiic.
d DBSCL e6 13 Uy ban nhan dan tinh - thanh. Giup viec cho Uy ban nhan
dan la cae so - ban nganh ehuyen trach. Vi van de dan tgc luon tro nen birc fiiilt nen
hau het 6 cac tinh thanh DBSCL thanh lap Ban dan tgc (tuong duong cap So). Ban
ton giao truoe day, giof day sal nhap vao So noi vu. Dirng dau cae Uy ban nhan dan
la cae ehu lieh, pho chu lieh.
O cap huyen, cae xa eo cac Uy ban nhan dan ciing cap. Giiip viec cho Oy ban
nhan dan la cae ban - nganh. Cae ban - nganh cap huyen vira ehiu trach nhiem true
tiep quan ly eiia ehu lieh huyen (hoac cac pho chii lieh huyen), vira c6 nghia vy ehiu
sy giam sat va chi dao eiia cac eo quan cap tren ciing nganh.
Uy ban nhan dan cac xa la eo quan hanh chinh thap nhat. Hieu qua boat dgng
cao ciia Uy ban nhan dan la thuoe do nang lye, uy fin cua bg may nha nuae trong
nhan dan. O cac xa eo dong nguoi dan tgc thieu so (nhu o tinh Soc Trang, Tra Vinh)
cac can bg nguoi Khmer tham gia kha dong dao.
Trong he thong chinh tri dia phuang, cac to chirc chinh tri - xa hgi nhu Mat
tran To quoe, Doan Thanh nien Cong san, Hgi Phu nir, Hgi Nong dan va Hgi Cuu
chien binh eo vat tro quan trgng trong viec tap hcjfp, thu hiit dong dao cac lang lop
nhan dan tham gia va la noi giao due, to chirc, luyen truyen, giai thich cac duofng
loi, ehii truong, chinh sach eua Dang va Nha nuae. Hgi Phy nir of cae tinh DBSCL
thu hut kha dong dao phy nir tham gia Hgi. Rieng a tinh An Giang, niia dau nam

2012 CO tai 2244 nguoi Cham la hgi vien cae doan the. Nhirng nguofi dan tgc thieu
so tra thanh nguai diing dau cac to ehiic chinh tri - xa hgi dia phuong.
Trai qua nhieu che do chinh tri, nguofi Khmer va nguoi Cham da tirng lam
quen va nhanh chong thich nghi voi eo cau quyen lye moi. Tir sau nam 1976, dac
biet tir khi doi moi dat nuoe, Dang va Nha nuae rat quan tam den doi song va sy
phat trien eiia cac cgng dong dan tgc thieu so 6 DBSCL. Vi vay, nhan thiic cua hg
ve he thong quyen lye moi la kha ro rang ciing nhu sy tham gia eiia hg vao viec xay
dyng, bao ve chinh quyen va cae phong trao phat trien kinh te xa hgi, van hoa giao
due rat thuong xuyen, soi noi va c6 trach nhiem.
Nhan thiic ciia nguoi Khmer va Cham ve he thong quan ly nha nuae the hien
nhiing chieu huong dang quan tam, tham chi trai ngugc nhau.
1. Nhan thiie ve ea cau cac don vi hanh chinh: trong cgng dong nguoi Khmer
xuat hien thyc trang, mot bg phan nguofi Ire tuoi (tir 25 den 40 tuoi), dac biet la
410


QUAN LY XA HOI CUA CQNG O6NG DAN TQC THIEU S6.

tharh nien nam nu it dirng khai niem "Phum Sork" trong quan he cong viec, hanh
chirh, tham chi a hg cac don vi "ap - xa" thay cho "Phum Sork".
Ngugc lai, gan nhu tat ea nguoi Cham dIu dung ten ggi Palei thay cho "Lang"
2. Quan he nguoi dan tgc thilu so voi doi ngii can bg lanh dao cac cap, cac nganh.
Qua khao sat dinh lugng (228 phieu danh cac can hoi cho ding bao dan tgc
Khmer va Cham) nam 2011 va 2012, ehiing toi thu dugc kit qua nhu sau:
Thir nhdt, iniic do quan trgng ciia quan he voi chinh quy In cac cap: 56%
Thu hai, nhan biet nhirng can bg cae cap:
- Vi Bi thu Dang uy xd:

51,1% khong bill

12,7% biet mat, biet ten
- Vi Chu tich Hgi dong nhan ddn: 59,8% - khong bill
10,0% - hilt mat, bill ten
7,4% - da tiep xuc
- Vi Chu tich Uy ban nhan ddn:

52,9% - khong hilt

17,2% - bill mat, bill ten
5,7% - deu tiep xuc
- yi Chu tich ede doan thi:

tren 50% - khong biet

15%-bill mat
3. Nhan xet ve can bg dang, chinh quyen va cac doan thi
Qua phan tieh 225 phieu khao sat o ding bao dan toe, chiing toi nhan thay:
- Vi can bg Dang:
Quan tam dofi song nhan dan

20,8%

Co uy tin

20,8%

Co nang lye

15,9%

Dcgangui:

13,3%

Co thien cam:

12,4%

- Vi can bg nha nude:
Quan tam den doi song nhan dan:

14,9%

Couytin:

15,3%
411


VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU

Co nang lye:

13,5%

Khong y kien:

41%

- Vi can bg doan thi:

Quan tam doi song nhan dan:

20%

Co uy fin:

15%

Co nang lye:

15%

De gan giii:

10%

Co thien cam:

10%

Cac thong so tren cho thay: chua noi den danh gia eiia dong bao dan toe thieu
so ve chat lugng doi ngii can bg trong he thong chinh tri dia phuong, ma ro rang,
trong nhan thirc eua hg da danh mot phan sy quan tam va trach nhiem eiia hg doi
voi he thong quyen lye moi.
Khong chi dirng lai o viec nhan thiic, dong bao Khmer va nguoi Cham eon
tham gia mot each eo Iraeh nhiem vao viec xay dyng doi ngii can bg dia phuang.
Nhieu nguoi dan tgc tham gia vao cae cong viec Dang, quan ly nha nuae va cong
tac doan the'.
Dau nam 2012 o DBSCL eo 8492 to chire, ca so Dang vai 409.864 dang vien,
trong do dang vien la nguoi dan toe Khmer : 11.991 nguoi .

Loan khu vyc c6 12131 can bg cong chirc la nguai Khmer lam viec a cap linh,
thanh, cap huyen va cap eo so (xa phuofng thi Iran); cy the: eo 2 dong chi la Uy vien
Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang, 5 dai bieu Quoe hgi khoa Xlll. Cap finh c6 708
nguofi, trong do c6 50 dai bieu Hgi dong nhan dan (chiem 1,64%). 25 nguoi la cap
truang, pho so, ban, nganh; cap huyen c6 1620 nguoi, trong do eo 208 nguoi la dai
bieu Hgi dong nhan dan, 13 nguoi la cap truang, pho phong ban nganh. Cap co so
CO 8711 can bg cong chirc, trong do e6 2949 can bg ehuyen trach, 2064 trong Ban
Chap hanh dang iiy xa, FIgi dong nhan dan xa^.

1. Chung toi khong di sau phan tich so lugng va chat lugng doi ngii can bo dan toe thieu so
a DBSCL, ma ehi dua ra mot con so chung minh cho y thirc xay dung he thong chinh tri
dja phuang.
2. Ban can su Dang Uy ban dan toe Trung uong; Bao cao ket qua thue hien Chi thj 68 CT/TW eua Ban Bi thu Trung uang Dang (khoa VI) ve cong tae a vung dong bao dan
toe Khmer.
3. Bao cao long ket eua Ban Chi dao Tay Nam Bo 2010 - 2011.
412


QUAN LY XA HQI COA CONG D6NG DAN TOC THI^U S6...

So lugng can bg cong chire nguoi Khmer tham gia vao t l chire chinh tri nhu
tren, so voi ti le dan cu eiia nguoi Khmer o day (7,43%) la chua tuong xiing, nhung
ro rang, viec tham gia ciia hg c6 y nghia chinh tri - xa hgi het sue quan trgng.
So voi cgng dong nguoi Khmer, cgng dong nguoi Cham eo dan so it hon va
song chii yeu 6f tinh An Giang. Nhiing eon so sau day cho thdy ding bao nguoi
Cham cQng the hien sy quan tam va eo gang tham gia vao cae t l chiic chinh trj - xa
hgi, cac eo quan nha nuoe dia phuong.
Nam 2011, so nguoi Cham tham gia cap liy o tinh An Giang la 5 nguoi, trong
do: 1 nguoi cap huyen, 4 nguoi cap xa phuang.
Truoe do, nam 2010 eo long so 32 nguoi Cham a An Giang tham gia cac ea

quan dang, chinh quyen, doan thi: 7 nguoi cap tinh, 2 nguoi ekp Huyen, 23 nguoi
cap xa.
Sy tham gia ciia nguoi dan tgc vao he thong chinh tri dia phuong eo y nghTa
ehinh tri - xa hgi va tam ly het siic to Ion. Hg khong chi la cau nli quan he giita
dong bao dan tgc voi dang va chinh quyen dia phuong, ma eon la niem ty bao, kieu
hanh cua hg.
Trong thofi ky khang chien cung nhu ngay nay trong cong cugc xay dyng va
phat trien dat nuoe, dong bao dan tgc Khmer va Cham tham gia mot each fich eye
voi tinh than trach nhiem ^ao. O cac finh dong nguoi dan tgc thieu so nhu a S6c
Tmng va Tra Vinh, nguoi Khmer la cac chii thi tham gia, huong ting vk nhiet tinh
va thuimg xuyen vao cae phong trao xay dyng phat trien kinh te - xa hgi, bao ve trat
ty va an ninh chinh tri, giir gin ban sac van hoa truyen thong dan tgc...
Tuy nhien, nhu trinh bay a tren, dac trung van hoa tgc nguoi, hoan canh Ijch
sir va dieu kien sinh song da anh huong den nhiing ban che trong nhan thiic tam ly
dan tgc: that tha, chat phat, ea tin, nhe da de bi cae the lye, nguoi xau Igi dung, loi
keo tham gia cac boat dgng chong doi chinh sach, chii truong cua Dang va nha
nuae; tam ly dan tgc hep hoi va phan nao hien him trong nhan thiic ban che den sy
doan ket cgng dong, tam trang y lai, dya dam, trong cho vao " phao cuu sinh" eua
chinh quyen da ban che den sy nang dgng, sang tao eua hg; niem tin manh me vao
ngoi chiia phat giao eo the se lam cho hg phan nao xao nhang trach nhiem cgng
dong, ban than va gia dinh.

Viet Nam la quoe gia da dan tgc, da van hoa. Do nguon goe va qua trinh tgc
nguoi, hoan canh lieh sir va moi truang sinh song da tao nen sy phat trien khong
413


VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TVf

dong deu giira cac dan tgc, dac biet d i i voi cac dan toe thilu s i . Birc tranh tgc

nguoi tuong phan o Viet Nam la mot nhom tgc nguoi da tirng trai qua nhung giai
doan phat trien van hoa - van minh rye ro, trong khi nhom khae van eon dang 6f
trong linh trang phat trien thap. Tuy nhien, dii eon so khai hay cao do, doi sing
van hoa ciia hg la het siic phong phii, da dang. Sy ton tai song song hai thiet che
quan ly xa hgi a hg trong thofi ky ngay nay khong ban che hay lam kem di hieu
qua quan ly nha nuoe, ma ngugc lai se tang euang, ciing c6 sire manh quyen lye
nham giir gin on dinh trat ly xa hgi va hoan thanh sy nghiep cong nghiep hoa hien
dai hoa dat nuoe.

Tai lieu tham khao
1. Biii Xuan Dinh, 1998. Hmxng u&c vd qudn ly Idngxd, Nxb. KHXH.
2. A.A. Belik, 2000. Van hoa hgc - nhirng ly thuyet nhan hgc van hoa, Nxb. VH-NT\
3. Hoc vien Chinh tri quoe gia HCM, 2005. Gido trinh Xd hgi hgc trong qudn ly Nxb. CTQG.
4. Le Phuang Thao, Nguyen Cue, Doan Hiing (ehu bien), 2005. Xdy dung doi ngii can bg
dan tgc thieu so a nude ta trong thai k\' ddy mgnh cong nghiep hoa, hien dgi hoa - lugn
cu vd giai phdp. Nxb. Ly luan ehinh tri.
5. Toh Goda (ehu bien), 2009. Urbanization and Formation of Ethnicity in South East
Asia. Nxb. New Day, Phillipines.
6. Hoang Van Viet, 2009, Cdc quan he chinh tri a phuang Dong. Nxb. DHQG TP.HCM
(Tai ban Ian 1).
7. V6 Cong Nguyen (chu nhiem de lai), 2011. Phat trien kinh te - xd hgi vung dong bdo
ddn tgc Khmer, Cham linh An Giang giai doan 2011 - 2015 vd den nam 2020. Dc tai
nghien eiru khoa hoc.

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