Cấu trúc quần xã ve giáp (acari oribatida) và vai trò của chúng ở vùng đồng bằng sông hồng, phía bắc việt nam tt tiếng anh

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HA NOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

LAI THU HIEN

THE STRUCTURE AND ROLE OF ORIBATID MITE COMMUNITY (ACARI: ORIBATIDA)
IN THE RED RIVER DELTA, NORTH OF VIETNAM

Major: Zoology
Code:

9420103

SUMMARY OF PHD THESIS IN BIOLOGY

Ha Noi – 2019

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This thesis has been completed at Hanoi National University
of Education

Scientific Advisor: Prof. D.Sc.Vu Quang Manh

Referee 1: Assoc. Prof., Ph.D. Nguyen Van Vinh
VNU University of Science
Referee 2: Assoc. Prof., Ph.D. Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien
Institute of Ecology and Biological resources
Referee 3: Assoc. Prof., Ph.D. Vu Van Lien
Vietnam national museum of nature

The thesis will be reported at the school assessment council
at Ha Noi National university of education
on . . . hour. . . .date . . . .month . . . .year

The thesis can be found at:
National Library of Vietnam
Library of Hanoi National University of Education

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INTRODUCTION
1. Scientific basis and importance of research issues
In the group of land animals, oribatida is always dominant, about more than 90% of the total number of
Acari. Oribatida plays many important roles, they participate in the process of soil formation, actively participate
in decomposing organic compounds. Base on the ability of horizontal and vertical migration in the soil, oribatida
is also a vector that carries and spreads many bacteria, fungi and parasitic helminthes. Because of such important
position and role in the soil ecosystem, oribatida became an early research object of scientists. Facing the
increase of environmental pollution and climate change, the research and application of the indicative role of
oribatida in exploiting and developing the natural environment is more and more interested in research. In
Vietnam, the various of climate, topography, soil type and vegetation cover of nature have impacted on the
formation of oribatida mite fauna according to regional characteristics. Therefore, researching about oribatida in
the local areas to supplement the data for the Vietnamese oribatida mite fauna is still necessary. The Red River

Delta is a large area, accounting for about 7.1% of the country. There have been some studies on the community
of land animals in general and the oribatida mite community in particular, but the researches are incomplete.
Base on the scientific meaning, practical requirements and the ability to perform, we propose research
topics:
« The structure and roles of Oribatid mite community (Acari: Oribatida) in the Red River Delta,
North of Vietnam »
2. Objectives of the study
Study on species composition and variation of oribatida mite (Acari: Oribatida) community in the Red
river Delta, related to natural and human factors: type of soil, type of habitat and fertilizer; make scientific basis
for sustainable management of agricultural ecology in Vietnam.
3. Research content


Investigate the diversity of species composition of oribatida mite community in the soil ecosystem of the
Red River Delta.



Analyse the taxonomic structure of oribatida mite community in the study area and their relevance to
some related areas.



Study the structure of oribatida mite community and their variation related to the type of habitat.



Study the oribatida mite community structure and their variation related to soil type and fertilizer
characteristics.



Evaluate the role of oribatida mite community in the study area.

4. New contributions of the thesis
1. The theis has produced a full list of known species of oribatida mite community in the Red River Delta,
Northern Vietnam. This list contains 283 species, belonging to 129 genera, 57 families (49 species have not been
identified, in the form of "sp."). All of the recorded species are introduced to the distribution according to habitat
types and soil types.

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2. The list includes 106 species, belonging to 39 genera and 12 families recorded for the first time for the
fauna of oribatida mite in the Red River Delta. Among them, there are 64 species were first recorded for
Vietnam.
3. Built the taxonomic structure of oribatida mite community in the Red river. Oppiidae is the largerst
family, accounting for 13.95% of the total number of genera and 12.72% of the total number of species in the
study area. Scheloribates and Protoribates are the two largest genera, corresponding to 10.60% and 7.42% of
total species. The Scheloribates laevigatus is the most common species in the study area.
4. The study has analyzed the variation of the oribatida community on species composition, individual
density, uniformity and diversity according to habitat type and soil type. The results showed the flexible and
sensitive changes of oribatida mite community structure correspond to the change of living environment
conditions. From there, it can be proposed to survey oribatida mite community as a bioindicator, contributing to
managing the sustainable development of soil ecosystems.
5. The layout of thesis
The thesis consists of 147 pages, 3 opening pages, 16 overview pages, 10 pages of time, location and
research method, 91 pages of results and discussions, 2 pages of conclusions. The thesis has 17 tables and 20
pictures. There are 23 reference pages with 57 Vietnamese documents, 144 English documents and 13 other
foreign language documents.

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW
1.1 Overview of research on oribatida mite (Acari: Oribatida) in the world
In the world, research on oribatida mite was started in the early nineteenth century. Initial studies focused
on classification and fauna. So far, studies on the fauna have been increasingly expanded and developed in many
different areas and ecological conditions. The oribatida mite fauna of the world has been recorded 10,342 species
and subspecies, belonging to 1,249 varieties and 163 families. The studies on ecology and roles of oribatida mite
have achieved many significant achievements. The transformation of oribatida mite community structure has
been studied on different habitats, different elevations, different climates with different temperature and
humidity conditions…. From then, it has pointed out the acumen of oribatida mite to the changes of
environment, built a basis for the proposals that oribatida mitâtcn be used as a biological indicator for the living
environment, making an important contribution to biodiversity conservation research.
1.2 Study on oribatida mite (Acari: Oribatida) in Vietnam
In Vietnam, the first study on oribatida mite was conducted in 1967. By 2013, the Vietnamese oribatida
mite fauna has identified 320 species and subspecies, accounting for about 3.09% of the total number of known
species in the world. The number of studies in Vietnam is constantly increasing with the help of domestic and
foreign experts. The number of species is constantly increasing. Especially, in the period from 2007 to 2015, the
number of species of oribatida increased most rapidly with 355 species in 8 years. Most Studies are conducted in
the North. In the Central and the South, there are very few studies. According to Vu Quang Manh's statistics in
2013, there are 50 oribatida research points in Vietnam, divided into 9 regions. There are only 6 research sites
are in the central and southern regions of Vietnam.
The oribatida mite community has been studied in different ecological conditions. In terms of soil type,
oribatida mite community has been studied on 6 soil groups including: coastal saline soil, acidic alluvial soil,

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neutral alluvial soil, red brown pheralite soil, brown pheralite soil on rocky ground lime, reddish-brown soil on a
ghostly stone background. In terms of seasonal factors, oribatida mite community has been studied through 4
seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. In terms of human impact and forest degradation, the oribatida mite
community has been studied on 6 types of habitats: natural forest, human - disturbed forest, grassland and shrub

land, grassland, cultivated land, agricultural land cultivated short-term crops.
1.3 Study on oribatida mite (Acari: Oribatida) in the Red river Delta
The first study on the group of microarthropda in the Red River Delta was conducted in 1982. From then
to 2004, the number of studies was very little. In the past 10 years, the number of studies has increased rapidly,
but most of the studies have focused on conserve areas and national parks and have not focused on the region's
agricultural ecosystem. There are 8 out of 11 provinces and cities in the Red River Delta region that have
researched and 4 out of 5 national parks have studied on oribatida mite. The studies were conducted on the
impact factors: soil type, soil layer, level of humanity. The fauna of oribatida mite in the Red River Delta has
been recorded with 147 species, belonging to 86 genera, 40 families. However, most of the studies only focused
on assessing the diversity of species composition in the community.
1.4 Overview of natural and social conditions of the study area
1.4.1 Geographical location and topography
The Red River Delta is located around the lower Red River area in northern Vietnam, extending from
latitude 21 ° 34 "N (Lap Thach district) to about 19 ° 5" N (Kim Son district), from 105 ° 17´E (Ba Vi district) to
107 ° 7´E (above Cat Ba island). The terrain is relatively flat with dense river systems. The plain is gradually
lower from the Northwest to the Southeast.
1.4.2 Climate and hydrology
The climate is subtropical, the winter is cold and dry, the structure of crops is diverse. The annual average
temperature is about 23 - 24°C. The average annual rainfall is 1600 - 1800 mm.
1.4.3 Soil and land
According to the map of major groups and types of soil in Vietnam, alluvial soil is a major soil group that
accounts for most of the area and distribute in most provinces in the region. Saline soils are distributed in coastal
areas of Hai Phong, Nam Dinh and Ninh Binh provinces. The most acid sulphate soils are distributed in the
coastal areas of Hai Phong. There is also infertile gray soil on ancient alluvial soil, other types of soil and rocky
mountain distributed in some areas in the region.
1.4.4 Characteristics of agricultural cultivation and humanity society
The Red River Delta is the most densely populated area in the country. The population distribution
involves many factors such as highly intensive agriculture with paddy rice cultivation that mainly requires a lot
of labor. Most of provinces in the Red River Delta have developed some cold-loving plants that bring high
economic efficiency such as winter corn, potatoes, kohlrabi, cabbage, tomatoes and intercropping.

CHAPTER 2. TIME, LOCATION AND RESEARCH METHOD
2.1 Time and place of study
This study was conducted in 11 provinces and cities including: Vinh Phuc, Hanoi, Bac Ninh, Bac Giang,
Ha Nam, Hung Yen, Hai Duong, Hai Phong, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh. The time of collecting samples is
mainly in the years from 2014 – 2016. In addition, the research sample is additionally collected in 2017.

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2.2 Methods of researching and treatment specimens
2.2.1 Method of collecting research samples
The method of collecting soil samples and separating, analyzing and processing oribatida samples is used
according to the specialized standard method which has been applied synchronously in Vietnam (Krivolutsky
1975, Schinner et al 1996 và Vu Quang Manh 2003). Qualitative samples were collected from all provinces and
cities in the study area. Quantitative samples were collected from 4 provinces including: Nam Dinh (coastal
saline soil), Ha Nam (neutral alluvial soil), Ba Vi (Hanoi) (reddish yellow humus on the mountain), Bac Giang
(infertile soil). At each quantitative sampling point, soil samples is collected according to the following 3 or 4
habitats: human - disturbed forest, shrub grassland, cultivated land with perennial plants and agricultura land
with anual plants. Samples collected for experimental fertilization were carried out in the agricultural land of the
Red River Delta, including: soil without fertilization (ĐC), chemical fertilizer soil (CT1), soil with organic
fertilization (CT2), soil with microbiological fertilizer (CT3), soil with fertilizer and organic fertilizer (CT4).
2.2.2 Methods of separation and treatment treatment specimens
Filtering, analyzing and processing in oribatida samples according to specialized methods, wich is widely
used in the world and Vietnam. Filter oribatida sample according to the funnel Berlese –Tullgren method.
Filtering time is 7 days and nights continuously at laboratory temperature conditions 27 - 30ºC. The thick and
hard shell of oribatida was bleached by soaking in lactic acid for a few days.
2.2.3 Methods of analysis and classification
Identificating, measuring and taking a photo of oribatida was performed directly through the two-eyed
magnifying glass Labsc Euromex Arthema with 20 - 40 times magnification and the microscope Correct - Tokyo
Seiwa Optical with 40 - 100 times magnification.

Identified and arranged oribatida according to Krivolutsky's classification system (1975), Balogh (1992,
2002), Vu Quang Manh (2007, 2015), Norton and Behan – Pelletier (2009), Schatz et al. (2011), Subias (2013)
and Ermilov (2015). In addition, some other related documents are also used.
The samples of oribatida were stored in glass tubes of size (Φ ~ 0.5) x (h = 5.0) cm with aqueous solution,
that consisting of absolute alcohol supplemented and 3-5 drops of lactic acid and glycerin. After that, all tubes
are stored in large glass with pure alcohol for long-term preservation.
2.2.4 Methods of data analysis and processing
Data on species composition and distribution characteristics of the oribatida mite community are collected
and synthesized according to mathematical statistical methods. After that, they are analyzed and processed
according to the following ecological indicators: dominant index (D), Shannon - Weiner index (H’), Peilou index
(J ’) and analysize level similarity of oribatida mite communities by Bray – Curtis index.
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Species composition of oribatida mite community (Acari: Oribatida) in the Red River Delta, North
Vietnam
3.1.1 Species composition of oribatida mite community and their distribution characteristics in the study area
The study has identified 283 species of oribatida, belonging to 129 genera, 57 families, of which 49
species have not been identified (in the form of sp.). There are 64 species identified for the first time in the

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Vietnam and 106 species identified for the first time in the study area (compared with Vu Quang Manh, 2015 and
Ermilov, 2015).
Table 1: Species diversity of oribatida mite community (Acari: Oribatida) and their distribution
characteristics in the Red River Delta, North Vietnam
Type of soil
Species composition
1. Acaronychidae Grandjean, 1932
1. Loftacarus siefi Lee, 1981 (*)
2. Stomacarus ciliosus Luxton, 1982 (*)

2. Acaridae Leach, 1816
3. Mycetoglyphus fungivorus Oudemans, 1952 (**)
4. Acotyledon batsyler Zachvatkin, 1941(**)
5. Acotyledon sp.
6. Caloglyphus rodionovi Zachvatkin, 1973 (**)
7. Caloglyphus sp.
8. Acarus sino Linne’, 1758 (**)
3. Hypochthoniidae Berlese, 1910
9. Eohypochthonius crassisetiger Aoki, 1959 (*)
10. Malacoangelia remigera Berlese, 1913
11. Malacoangelia sp.
12. Hypochthoniella miutissimus (Berlese, 1904) (*)
4. Brachychthoniidae Thor, 1934
13. Liochthonius sp.
5. Cosmochthoniidae Grandjean, 1947
14. Cosmochthonius lanatus (Michael, 1885)
6. Epilohmanniidae Oudemans, 1923
15. Epilohmannia cylindrica cylindrica (Berlese,1904)
16. Epilohmannia minuta pacifica Aoki, 1965 (*)
17. Epilohmannia ovata Aoki, 1961 (**)
18. Epilohmannia xena (Mahunka, 1983)
19. Epilohmannia sp.1
20. Epilohmannia sp.2
21. Epilohmannia sp.3
22. Epilohmannoides xena (Mahunka, 1983) (*)
7. Lohmanniidae Berlese, 1916
23. Annectacarus africanus Balogh, 1961 (**)
24. Haplacarus javensis Hammer, 1979 (**)
25. Haplacarus pandanus Sengbusch, 1982 (**)
26. Haplacarus pairathi Aoki, 1965

27. Haplacarus porosus Hag et Clement, 1995 (**)
28. Haplacarus sp.
29. Javacarus kuehnelti Balogh, 1961
30. Lohmannia javana Balogh, 1961
31. Meristacarus sp.
32. Papillacarus aciculatus (Berlese, 1905)
33. Papillacarus hirsutus Aoki, 1961
34. Papillacarus pavlovskii (Bulanova - Zachvatkina,
1960) (**)
35. Papillacarus undrirostarus Aoki, 1964
36. Papillacarus gueyeae (Perez - Inigo, 1989) (*)
8. Mesoplophoridae Ewing, 1917
37. Mesoplophora hauseri Mahunka, 1982 (**)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

x
x

Type of habitat

(iv)

(v)

RT

N

RT

TC

CLN

x
x

x

x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x

x

CN
N

x

x
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x
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x
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x
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x

x

x
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x
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x

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38. Mesoplophora michaeliana Berlese, 1904 (**)
9. Oribotritiidae Grandjean, 1954
39. Indotritia javensis (Sellnick, 1923)
10. Euphthiracaridae Jacot, 1930
40. Acrotritia ardua (Koch, 1841)
41. Acrotritia duplicata (Grandjean, 1953)
42. Acrotritia hyeroglyphica (Berlese, 1916)
43. Acrotritia sinensis Jacot, 1923
44. Acrotriti reticulata (Mahunka, 1988) (**)
11. Phthiracaridae Perty, 1841
45. Hoplophorella collaris (Balogh, 1958) (**)
46. Hoplophorella cuneiseta Mahunka, 1988

47. Hoplophorella floridae Jacot, 1933
48. Hoplophorella schauenbergi (Mahunka, 1978)
(**)
49. Hoplophorella sp.1
50. Hoplophorella sp.2
12. Trhypochthoniidae Willmann, 1931
51. Allonothrus russeolus Wallwork, 1960 (*)
52. Archegozetes longisetosus Aoki, 1965
53. Trhypochthoniellus setosus Willman, kuriki et
Aoki, 1989 (**)
13. Malaconothridae Berlese, 1916
54. Malaconothrus sp.
55. Trimalaconothrus angustirostrum Hammer, 1966
56. Trimalaconothrus sp.
14. Nothridae Berlese, 1896
57. Nothrus baviensis Krivolutsky, 1998
58. Nothrus gracilis (Hammer, 1961)
59. Nothrus montanus Krivolutsky, 1998 (*)
60. Nothrus silvestris Nicolet, 1855 (**)
61. Nothrus sp.
15. Crotoniidae Thorell, 1876
62. Crotonia sp.
63. Holonothrus sp.
16. Nanhermanniidae Sellnick, 1928
64. Cyrthermannia sp.
33. Nanhermannia Berlese, 1913
65. Nanhermania sp.
17. Hermanniidae Sellnick, 1928
66. Hermanniag ladiata Aoki, 1965
67. Hermannia similis Balogh et Mahunka, 1967

68. Hermannia sp.
18. Neoliodidae Sellnick, 1928
69. Neoliodes theleproctus (Hermann, 1804)
19. Plateremaeidae Tragardh, 1926
70. Plateremaeus sp.
20. Pheroliodidae Paschoal, 1987
71. Pheroliodes intermedius (Hammer, 1961) (**)
21. Damaeidae Berlese, 1896
72. Metabelba orientalis Balogh et Mahunka, 1967
22. Zetorchestidae Michael, 1898
73. Zetorchestes saltator Oudemans, 1915
23. Compactozetidae Luxton, 1988
74. Sphodrocepheus tuberculatus Mahunka, 1988

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24. Astegistidae Balogh, 1961
75. Furcoppia parva Balogh et Mahunka, 1967
76. Furcoppia imitans (Balogh et Mahunka, 1966)
(**)
77. Furcoppia sp.
25. Ceratoppiidae Kunst, 1971

78. Austroceratoppia crassiseta (Balogh et Mahunka,
1967)
26. Eremulidae Grandjean, 1965
79. Eremulus avenifer Berlese, 1913
80. Eremulus sp.
81. Mahunkana bifurcata (Mahunka, 1987)
27. Damaeolidae Grandjean, 1965
82. Fosseremus laciniatus (Berlese, 1905) (*)
28. Eremobelbidae Balogh, 1961
83. Eremobelba bellicosa Balogh et Mahunka, 1967
84. Eremobelba capitata Berlese, 1913
85. Eremobelba sp.
29. Basilobelbidae Balogh , 1961
86. Basilobelba africana Wallwork, 1961 (**)
87. Xiphobelba ismalia Haq, 1980 (**)
30. Eremellidae Balogh, 1961
88. Eremella vestita Berlese, 1913
31. Oppiidae Sellnick, 1937
89. Lasiobelba kuehnelti (Csiszar, 1961)
90. Lasiobelba remota Aoki, 1959
91. Neoamerioppia vietnamica (Mahunka, 1988)
92. Taiwanoppia hungarorum (Mahunka, 1988)
93. Cryptoppia elongata Csiszar, 1961
94. Graptoppia italica (Bernini, 1973) (**)
95. Helioppia sol (Balogh, 1959)
96. Multioppia tamdao Mahunka, 1988
97. Multioppia sp.1
98. Multioppia sp.2
99. Ramusella assimilis Hammer, 1980 (**)
100. Ramusella clavipectinata (Michael, 1885)

101. Ramusella insculpta (Paoli, 1908) (*)
102. Ramusella sengbuschi (Hammer, 1968) (**)
103. Pulchroppia granulata Mahunka, 1988
104. Pulchroppia sp.
105. Arcoppia aequivoca Subias, 1989 (*)
106. Arcoppia arcualis arcualis (Berlese, 1913)
107. Arcoppia arcualis novaeguineae J. et P. Balogh,
1986 (**)
108. Arcoppia hammerea Rodriguez et Subias, 1984
109. Arcoppia waterhousei (J.Balogh et P.Balogh,
1983 (*)
110. Arcoppia sp.1
111. Arcoppia sp.2
112. Arcoppia sp.3
113. Brachioppiella biseriata (Balogh et Mahunka,
1975)
114. Kokoppia dendricola (Jeleva et Vũ, 1987)
115. Belloppia shealsi Hammer, 1968
116. Oppiella nova (Oudemans, 1902)

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117. Acroppia curvispina (Mahunka, 1983) (**)
118. Congoppia deboissezoni Balogh et Mahunka,

1966
119. Karenella acuta (Csiszar, 1961)
120. Striatoppia hammeni Mahunka, 1977 (**)
121. Striatoppia papillata Balogh et Mahunka, 1966
122. Striatoppia madagascarensis Balogh, 1961
123. Striatoppia opuntiseta Balogh et Mahunka, 1968
124. Striatoppia sp.
32. Suctobelbidae Jacot, 1938
125. Suctobelbella multituberculata (Balogh et
Mahunka, 1967)
126. Suctobelbella ornata (Krivolutsky, 1966) (**)
127. Suctobelbella subtrigona (Oudemans, 1900)
128. Suctobelbila quinquenodosa Balogh, 1968(**)
129. Suctobelbila squamosa (Hammer, 1961) (**)
130. Suctobelbila transrugosa Mahunka, 1986
33. Tetracondylidae Aoki, 1961
131. Dolicheremaeus aoki, Balogh et Mahunka, 1967
132. Dolicheremaeu bartkei Rajski et Szudrowice,
1974
133. Dolicheremaeus inaequalis Balogh et Mahunka,
1967
134. Dolicheremaeus mutabilis Aoki, 1967 (**)
135. Dolicheremaeus hammerae Corpuz-Raros, 2000
136. Dolicheremaeus nasalis (Hammer, 1981) (**)
137. Dolicheremaeus ornatus Balogh et Mahunaka,
1967
138. Dolicheremaeus varilobatus Hammer, 1981 (**)
139. Dolicheremaeus sp.
140. Fissicepheus elegans Balogh et Mahunka, 1967
34. Otocepheidae Balogh, 1961

141. Otocepheus duplicornutus duplicornutus Aoki,
1965
142. Otocepheus duplicornutus discrepans Balogh et
Mahunka, 1967
143. Otocepheus triplicicornutus (Balogh et Mahunka,
1967)
144. Otocepheus sp.
35. Carabodidae C.L.Koch, 1837
145. Austrocarabodes szentivanyi (Balogh et
Mahunka, 1967) (*)
146. Austrocarabodes sp.
147. Gibbicepheus baccanensis Jeleva et Vu, 1987
148. Odontocepheus florens (Balogh et Mahunka,
1967)
36. Tectocepheidae Grandjean, 1954
149. Tectocepheus minor Berlese, 1903
150. Tectocepheus elegans Ohkubo, 1977 (*)
151. Tectocepheus velatus (Michael,1880)
152. Tectocepheus sp.1
153. Tectocepheus sp.2
154. Tegeozetes tunicatus breviclava Aoki, 1970 (*)
37. Microtegeidae Balogh, 1972
155. Microtegeus coronatus (Balogh, 1970)

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156. Microtegeus reticulatus Aoki, 1965
38. Cymbaeremaeidae Sellnick, 1928
157. Scapheremaeus foveolatus Mahunka, 1987 (*)
39. Scutoverticidae Grandjean, 1954
158. Scutovertex punctatus Sitnikova, 1975 (**)
40. Austrachipteriidae Luxton, 1985
159. Austrochipteria grandis (Hammer, 1967) (**)
160. Paralamellobates misella (Berlese, 1910)
161. Lamellobates palustris Hammer, 1958
162. Lamellobates ocularis Jeleva et Vu, 1987
41. Microzetidae Grandjean, 1936
163. Berlesezetes auxiliaris (Grandjean, 1936)
164. Kaszabozetes velatus Mahunka, 1988
42. Achipteridae Thor, 1929
165. Campachipteria distincta (Aoki, 1959)

166. Campachipteria sp.
167. Plakoribates neotropicus Balogh et Mahunka,
1978 (**)
43. Oribatellidae Jacot, 1925
168. Oribatella quadrispinata Hammer, 1962 (**)
169. Oribatella sculpturata Mahunka, 1987
44. Heterozetidae Kunst, 1971
170. Farchacarus calcaratus (Wallwork, 1965) (**)
171. Farchacarus philippinensis (Corpuz-Raros, 1979)
(*)
45. Ceratozetidae Jacot, 1925
172. Ceratozetella cuspidodenticulatus Kuliev, 1962
(**)
173. Ceratozetes mediocris Berlese, 1908 (*)
174. Fuscozetes fuscipes (Koch, 1844) (*)
46. Punctoribatidae Thor, 1937
175. Punctoribates hexagonus Berlese, 1908 (*)
47. Chamobatidae Thor, 1937
176. Hypozetes imitator (Balogh, 1959) (**)
48. Mochlozetidae Grandjean, 1960
177. Unguizetes clavatus Aoki, 1967
178. Uracrobates magniporosus Balogh et Mahunka,
1967
49. Oribatulidae Thor, 1929
179. Oribatula dubita (Coetzer, 1968) (**)
180. Oribatula gracilis Hammer, 1958
181. Oribatula longiporosa (Hammer, 1952) (**)
182. Oribatula pennata (Grobber, 1993) (*)
183. Oribatula prima (Ermilov et Anichkin, 2011) (*)
50. Liebstadiidae J. et P. Balogh, 1984

184. Cordiozetes olahi Mahunka, 1987
51. Scheloribatidae Grandjean, 1933
185. Hammerabates minusculus (Aoki, 1987) (**)
186. Euscheloribates samsinaki Kunst, 1958
187. Trischeloribates clavatus (Mahunka, 1988)
188. Perscheloribates albialatus (Hammer, 1961) (**)
189. Perscheloribates latus (Hammer, 1958) (**)
190. Perscheloribates lanceolatus (Aoki, 1984) (*)
191. Perscheloribates luminosus (Hammer, 1961) (*)
192. Perscheloribates luteus (Hammer, 1962)

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193. Rhabdoribates siamensis Aoki, 1967
194. Scheloribates atahualpensis Hammer, 1961 (**)
195. Scheloribates cruciseta Vu et Jeleva, 1987
196. Scheloribates elegans Hammer, 1958 (**)
197. Scheloribates fimbriatus fimbriatus Thor, 1930
198. Scheloribates fimbriatus africanus Wallwork,
1964 (**)
199. Scheloribates kraepelini (Berlese, 1908) (*)
200. Scheloribates laevigatus (Koch, 1835)
201. Scheloribates latipes (C.L.Koch, 1841)
202. Scheloribates matulisus Corpuz-Raros, 1980 (**)

203. Scheloribates obtusus Petzen, 1963 (**)
204. Scheloribates pallidulus (Koch, 1841)
205. Scheloribates parvus Pletzen, 1963 (*)
206. Scheloribates praeincisus (Berlese, 1910)
207. Scheloribates sp.1
208. Scheloribates sp.2
209. Scheloribates sp.3
210. Scheloribates grandiporosus (Hammer, 1973)
(**)
211. Bischeloribates dalaweus Corpuz-Raros, 1980
(**)
212. Bischeloribates heterodactylus Mahunka, 1988
(*)
213. Bischeloribates praeincisus (Berlese, 1916) (**)
214. Topobates coronopubes (Lee et Pajak, 1990) (**)
52. Oripodidae Jacot, 1925
215. Cosmopirnodus tridactylus Mahunka, 1988
216. Oripoda excavata Mahunka, 1988
217. Subpirnodus mirabilis Mahunka, 1988
218. Truncopes orientalis Mahunka, 1987
53. Protoribatidae J. Balogh et P. Balogh, 1984
219. Perxylobates brevisetus Mahunka, 1988
220. Perxylobates crassisetosus Ermilov et Anichkin,
2011 (*)
221. Perxylobates guehoi Mahunka, 1978 (*)
222. Perxylobates taidinchani Mahunka, 1976 (**)
223. Perxylobates thanhhoaensis Ermilov, Vu, Trinh et
Dao, 2010 (*)
224. Perxylobates vermiseta (Balogh et Mahunka,
1968)

225. Perxylobates vietnamensis (Jeleva et Vu, 1987)
226. Perxylobates sp.
227. Protoribates capucinus (Berlese, 1908)
228. Protoribates gracilis (Aoki, 1982)
229. Protoribates lophothrichus (Berlese, 1904)
230. Protoribates monodactylus (Haller, 1804)
231. Protoribates paracapucinus Mahunka, 1988 (*)
232. Protoribates rodriguezi (Mahunka, 1988) (**)
233. Protoribates bipilis (Hammer, 1972) (**)
234. Protoribates bisculpturatus (Mahunka, 1988) (*)
235. Protoribates duoseta (Hammer, 1979)
236. Protoribates maximus (Mahunka, 1988)
237. Protoribates sp.
238. Setoxylobates foveolatus Balogh et Mahunka,

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1967

239. Vilhenabates sp.
54. Haplozetidae Grandjean, 1936
240. Lauritzenia flagellifer (Hammer, 1967)
241. Trachyoribates areolatus Balogh, 1958
242. Trachyoribates punctulifer Balogh et Mahunka,
1979
243. Trachyoribates shibai (Aoki, 1976) (**)
244. Trachyoribates trimorphus Balogh et Mahunka,
1979
245. Trachyoribates sp.1
246. Trachyoribates sp.2
247. Trachyoribates sp.3
248. Peloribates pseudoporosus Balogh et Mahunka,
1967
249. Peloribates gressitti Balogh et Mahunka, 1967
250. Peloribates guttatoides Hammer, 1979 (*)
251. Peloribates kaszabi Mahunka, 1988
252. Peloribates stellatus Balogh et Mahunka, 1967
253. Peloribates rangiroaensis Hammer, 1972
254. Peloribates sp.
255. Peloribates yoshii (Mahunka, 1988) (**)
55. Parakalummidae Grandjean, 1936
256. Neoribates aurantiacus (Oudemans, 1913)
257. Neoribates jacoti (Balogh et Mahunka, 1967)
56. Galumnidae Jacot, 1925
258. Allogalumna upoluensis Hammer, 1973 (*)
259. Dimidiogalumna azumai Aoki, 1996 (*)
260. Galumna aba Mahunka, 1989 (*)
261. Galumna coronata Mahunka, 1992 (*)
262. Galumna discifera Balogh, 1960

263. Galumna flabellifera Hammer, 1958
264. Galumna flabellifera orientalis Aoki, 1965
265. Galumna khoii Mahunka, 1989
266. Galumna obvia (Berlese, 1914) (*)
267. Galumna sp.
268. Pergalumna corolevuensis Hammer, 1971 (**)
269. Pergalumna indivisa Mahunka, 1995 (**)
270. Pergalumna granulata Balogh et Mahunka, 1967
271. Pergalumna kotschyi Mahunka, 1989
272. Pergalumna longisetosa Balogh, 1960 (*)
273. Pergalumna margaritata Mahunka, 1989 (*)
274. Pergalumna nuda Balogh, 1960 (*)
275. Pergalumna pertrichosa Mahunka, 1995 (**)
276. Pergalumna punctulata Balogh et Mahunka,
1967
277. Pergalumna remota (Hammer, 1968) (**)
278. Pergalumna sp.
279. Trichogalumna subnuda Balogh et Mahunka,
1967
280. Trichogalumna vietnamica Mahunka, 1987
57. Galumnellidae Piffl, 1970
281. Galumnella cellularis Balogh et Mahunka, 1967
282. Galumnella sp.
283. Galumnella csavasorum (Mahunka, 1994) (**)

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Total: 283 species, 129 genera, 57 families
New species for Vietnam: 64
New species for study area: 107

86

179

178

78

27

95

127

118

120

117

Note: Type of habitat: RTN: natural forest, RT: human - disturbed forest, TCCB: shrub grassland, CLN:
cultivated land with perennial plants, CNN: agricultural land with anual plants
Soil type: (i): coastal saline alluvial soil, (ii): sour alluvial soil, (iii): neutral alluvial soil, (iv): reddish
yellow humus on the mountain, (v): infertile gray soil.
Symbol: new species for the study area (*), new species for Vietnam (**)
The number of species of oribatida in each province and city change from 25 species to 144 species. There
are no species wich present in all provinces and cities in the study area. Scheloribates laevigatus is the most
common species, present in 10 out of 11 provinces and cities.
3.1.2 Classification structure of oribatida mite community in the study area
The oribatida mite community in the Red River Delta has been identified 283 species, 129 varieties, 57
families, 35 superfamilies. In each family, there are 1 to 18 genera and most of families have only 1 - 3 genus.
The number of species in each family is 1 – 36, in which, 49.12% of them have only 1 to 6 species. Oppiidae has
the largest number of genera and species with 18 genera and 36 species. Scheloribatidae is also a diverse family
with 10 genera (accounting for 17.54% of total genera) and 30 species.
Table 2: Classification structure of oribatida mite community (Acari: Oribatida) in the Red River
Delta
Family
1. Acaronychidae
2. Acaridae
3. Hypochthoniidae
4. Brachychthoniidae
5. Cosmochthoniidae
6. Epilohmanniidae
7. Lohmanniidae
8. Mesoplophoridae
9. Oribotritiidae
10. Euphthiracaridae
11. Phthiracaridae

12. Trhypochthoniidae
13. Malaconothridae
14. Nothridae
15. Crotoniidae
16. Nanhermanniidae
17. Hermanniidae
18. Neoliodidae
19. Plateremaeidae
20. Pheroliodidae
21. Damaeidae
22. Zetorchestidae
23. Compactozetidae
24. Astegistidae
25. Ceratoppiidae
26. Eremulidae
27. Damaeolidae

Number of
genus
2
4
3
1
1
2
7
1
1
1
1

3
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1

Number of
species
2
6
4
1
1
8
14
2
1
5
6

3
3
5
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
3
1

16

Percentage of total
number of genera (%)
1,55
3,10
2,33
0,78
0,78
1,55
5.43
0,78
0,78

0,78
0,78
2,33
1,55
0,78
1,55
1,55
0,78
0,78
0,78
0,78
0,78
0,78
0,78
0,78
0,78
1,55
0,78

Percentage of total
species (%)
0,71
2,12
1,41
0,35
0,35
2,83
4,95
0,71
0,35

1,77
2,12
1,06
1,06
1,77
0,71
0,71
1,06
0,35
0,35
0,35
0,35
0,35
0,35
1,06
0,35
1,06
0,35


28. Eremobelbidae
29. Basilobelbidae
30. Eremellidae
31. Oppiidae
32. Suctobelbidae
33. Tetracondylidae
34. Otocepheidae
35. Carabodidae
36. Tectocepheidae
37. Microtegeidae

38. Cymbaeremaeidae
39. Scutoverticidae
40. Austrachipteriidae
41. Microzetidae
42. Achipteriidae
43. Oribatellidae
44. Heterozetidae
45. Ceratozetidae
46. Punctoribatidae
47. Chamobatidae
48. Mochlozetidae
49. Oribatulidae
50. Liebstadiidae
51. Scheloribatidae
52. Oripodidae
53. Protoribatidae
54. Haplozetidae
55. Parakalummidae
56. Galumnidae
57. Galumnellidae

1
2
1
18
2
2
1
3
2

1
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
10
4
5
4
1
5
2

3
2
1
36
6
10
4
4

6
2
1
1
4
2
3
2
2
3
1
1
2
5
1
30
4
21
16
2
23
3

0,78
1,55
0,78
13,95
1,55
1,55
0,78

2,33
1,55
0,78
0,78
0,78
2,33
1,55
1,55
0,78
0,78
1,55
0,78
0,78
1,55
0,78
0,78
7,75
3,10
3,88
3,10
0,78
3,88
1,55

1,06
0,71
0,35
12,72
2,12
3,53

1,41
1,41
2,12
0,71
0,35
0,35
1,41
0,71
1,06
0,71
0,71
1,06
0,35
0,35
0,71
1,77
0,35
10,60
1,41
7,42
5,65
0,71
8,13
1,06

Scheloribates and Protoribates are the two most popular genera, appear in all provinces and cities in the
study area. Scheloribates is the largest genus with 16 species. Most genera have only 1 to 3 species, in particular,
there are 80 genera (accounting for 62.02% of total genera) have only 1 species.
3.1.3 The comparison of oribatida mite community in the Red River Delta with oribatida mite community in
the Northwest and North Central regions

The oribatida mite community in the Red River Delta is considered and compared to oribatida mite
communities in the Northwest and North Central regions. The results showed that oribatida mite community in
the Red River Delta had the most number of species identified.

17


Figure 1: Similar diagram of species composition of oribatida mite community in the Red River
Delta, Northwest and North Central regions
Note: ĐBSH: Red river delta, BTB: North Central, TB: Northwest
Analysis of species composition of oribatida mite community in 3 areas showed that, species composition
of oribatida mite communities in the Red River Delta and the Northwest region are closest. Species composition
of oribatida mite community in the North Central region is the most different.
3.2 The oribatida mite community structure according to habitat type
3.2.1 Species composition and distribution characteristics of oribatida mite communities in 4 habitats
In four types of habitats: human - disturbed forest, shrub grassland, cultivated land with perennial plants,
agricultural land with anual plants in the study area, a total of 255 species of arthropod were identified,
belonging to 111 varieties and sub-species, 57 families. Number of species of oribatida mite community in each
habitats decreasing in order: human - disturbed forest (127 species)> cultivated land with perennial plants (120
species)> shrub grassland (118 species)> agricultural land with anual plants (117 species). The percentage of
species that present in all 4 habitats is not high (14.51% of total species in 4 habitats) but the percentage of
species that only present in one type of habitat is quite high (49.80% of total species in 4 habitats).
3.2.2 The average population density of oribatida mite community in 4 types of habitats studied
The average population density of oribatida mite community in each habitat decreases in order: human disturbed forest (4987 individual/m2) > shrub grassland (4773 individual /m2) > agricultural land with anual
plants (4253 individual /m2) > cultivated land with perennial plants (3580 individual /m2). The oribatida mite
community in cultivated land with perennial plants is the least developed in terms of both the number of species
and the number of individuals.
3.2.3 The structure of the dominant species group of oribatida mite community in 4 types of habitats
The number of dominant species of oribatida mite community in each habitat ranges from 2 to 5 species.
The oribatida mite community in cultivated land with perennial plants has the most dominant species and

oribatida mite community in human - disturbed forest has the least dominant species. In each community, there
is a diferent group of dominant species and there is very little overlap of dominant species among habitats. There
are no species that dominate in all four study habitats. There are 11 species (accounting for 84.62% of the
dominant species) only dominate on one type of habitat.
Table 3: The structure of dominant species group of oribatida mite communities in 4 studied
habitats
Dominant species

1. Javacarus kuehnelti
2. Mesoplophora michaeliana
3. Plateremaeus sp.
4. Furcoppia sp.
5. Congoppia deboissezoni
6. Striatoppia opuntiseta
7. Scheloribates elegans
8. Bischeloribates heterodactylus
9. Bischeloribates praeincisus

RT

Dominant index (%)
TC
CLN

CNN
5,80

14,46
5,80
5,17

10,19
5,59
5,54
6,28

18

9,87
7,26


10. Perxylobates guehoi
5,03
11. Perxylobates vietnamensis
5,03
12. Protoribates monodactylus
30,87
13,32
13. Galumna flabellifera orientalis
6,70
Note: RT: human - disturbed forest, TCCB: shrub grassland, CLN: cultivated land with perennial plants,
CNN: agricultural land with anual plants
3.2.4 The Pielou (J ’) and Shannon - Wiener (H’) index of oribatid mite community in 4 types of hábitats
Pielou (J ’) index
The J’ index was used to compare the level of uniformity in the distribution of individual to species in the
communities in the study habitats. The J ’index of oribatida mite community in the study habitats ranges from
0.71 to 0.86 and decrease in order: human - disturbed forest > cultivated land with perennial plants > agricultural
land with anual plants > shrub grassland. The oribatida mite community in human - disturbed forest habitat is
evaluated to be most uniformly developed and the oribatida mite community in shrub grassland is evaluated to
be less uniform and less stable.

Shannon - Wiener (H’) index
The H’ index was used to compare the diversity of oribatida mite communities in four different habitats, in
the study area, at the same time. H' index of the oribatida mite communities in four habitats decrease in order:
human - disturbed forest (3.93)> cultivated land with perennial plants (3.73)> agricultural land with anual plants
(3.64)> shrub grassland (3.21). Among four habitats studied, oribatida mite community in human - disturbed
forest has developed most diverse and stable, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The uniform development of
the community or the level of balance between species in the community plays an important role in the diversity
of the community.
3.2.5 The similarity of oribatida mite communities in 4 types of habitats

Figure 2: Similar diagram of the oribatida mite community structure in the study hábitats
Note: RT: human - disturbed forest, TCCB: shrub grassland, CLN: cultivated land with perennial plants,
CNN: agricultural land with anual plants
The similarity of oribatida mite communities in the study habitats is assessed through the Bray – Curtis
index. The similar index of oribatida mite communities in 4 study habitats range from 28.10% to 42.53%. The
oribatida mite community in shrub grass and in cultivated land with perennial plants has the largest similarity
(42.53%). The oribatida mite community in human - disturbed forests and shrub grasslands is considered to be

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the least close, with the similarity index of 28.10%. In general, the degree of similarity in pairs of oribatida mite
communities in 3 habitats: shrub grassland, cultivated land with perennial plants, agricultural land with anual
plants is quite high and equal. The oribatida mite in human - disturbed forest is the most isolated, the ratio of
similarity to the oribatida mite community in other habitats is less than 30%.
3.3 The oribatida mite community structure according to soil type and fertilizer regime
3.3.1 Species composition and distribution characteristics of oribatida mite communities in 4 soil types
The oribatida mite community in the Red River Delta is quantitatively studied in 4 types of soil, including:
coastal saline alluvial soil, neutral alluvial soil, red yellow ferralitic soil on limestone mountains and infertile
gray soil. Analysis of qualitative and quantitative samples collected in 4 types of studied land, identified 255

species, 111 genera and 57 families. The number of species in each type of soil decreases in the following order:
neutral alluvial soil (179 species)> red yellow ferralitic soil on limestone mountains (178 species)> coastal saline
alluvial soil (86 species)> infertile gray soil (78 species). There are 28 species of oribatida (accounting for
10.59% of total species on 4 soil groups) that are present in 4 types of studied soil. Widely distributed species of
oribatida are in the higher - class groups than in the lower - order groups.
In the four study soil types, oribatida mite community on neutral alluvial soil have the highest number of
characteristic species and the highest rate of characteristic species. There are 125 species (accounting for 44.17%
of all species in 4 soil types) that appear only in one type of soil. Differences in the qualitative structure of
oribatida mite community in the four types of studied land are quite clear and most clearly expressed in the
characteristic species group.
3.3.2 The average density of individuals and the structure of dominant species group of the oribatida mite
community in 4 soil types
The average density of individuals of oribatida mite community
The number of quantitative species in each soil type decreases in the following order: neutral alluvial soil
(107 species)> red yellow ferralitic soil on limestone mountains (104 species)> and infertile gray soil (74
species)> coastal saline alluvial soil (65 species). The average individual density of oribatida mite community in
4 types of soil decreases in the following order: neutral alluvial soil (6313 individuals/m 2)> coastal saline soil
(4676 individuals/m2)> red yellow ferralitic soil on limestone mountains (3100 individuals/m 2)> infertile gray
soil (3050 individuals/m2). Neutral alluvial soil suitable for oribatida mite communities grows in both the
number of species and the number of individuals in the community. In coastal saline soils, communities limit
species composition, however, the level of development in the number of individuals in species is quite high.
The oribatida mite community in the reddish yellow ferralitic soil on the mountain has a high diversity of species
composition, but the average individual density of the community is not high compared to the community in the
other soil types. This shows that the reddish yellow ferralitic soil on the mountain is suitable for many species to
adapt, however the density of the community can be limited due to the organic matter content in the soil
environment.
The structure of dominant species group of oribatida mite community in 4 studied soil types
In the four types of soil studied, there are a total of 10 dominant species, the dominant species are in low
to high classification groups. The number of dominant species of oribatida mite community in each soil type

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ranges from 2 to 6 species. Most species only dominate in one soil type and are not dominant in the other soil
types. Protoribates monodactylus is the only species that dominates in all 4 soil types studied.
Table 4: The structure of dominant species group of oribatida mite community in the studied soil
types
Dominant species

(i)

Dominant index (%)
(ii)
(iii)
8,55
9,68

(iv)

1. Mesoplophora michaeliana
2. Plateremaeus sp.
3. Furcoppia sp.
6,84
4. Congoppia deboissezoni
12,36
5. Scheloribates elegans
9,51
6. Bischeloribates heterodactylus
6,84
10,48

7. Bischeloribates praeincisus
6,65
8. Protoribates monodactylus
8,94
17,85
17,41
9,18
9. Protoribates paracapucinus
5,51
10. Galumna flabellifera orientali
5,81
Note: (i) coastal saline alluvial soil, (ii) neutral alluvial soil, (iii) reddish yellow ferralitic soil on limestone
mountains, (iv) infertile gray soil.
The structure of dominant group is characteristic of oribatida mite community in each soil type. There is
little overlap in the dominant species composition among communities in these four soils. In coastal saline soils,
although the environment exists a significant limiting factor for species composition diversity, the community
still form a group of species adapted and developed relatively stable. This group of species is mostly in the highclass and widely distributed.
3.3.3 The Pielou (J ’) index and shannon - weiner (H’) index of oribatida mite community in 4 soil types (J ’)
index
The J’ index of oribatida mite community in 4 soil types decreases in the following order: infertile gray
soil (0.88)> coastal saline soil (0.81)> reddish yellow ferralitic soil on the mountain (0.78) > neutral alluvial soil
(0.77). It can be assessed that the species in oribatida mite community in infertile gray soil develop most
uniformly and most stable. In coastal saline soils, although oribatida mite community is less diverse in species
composition, the species in the community grow quite evenly. The oribatida mite community in the neutral
alluvial soil and in reddish yellow ferralitic soil on limestone mountains is equivalent in both quantity and
uniformity among species in the community.
Shannon - Weiner (H’) index
The diversity index of oribatida mite community in these soil types ranges from 3.39 to 3.81 and decreases
in the order: infertile gray soil (3.81) > reddish yellow ferralitic soil on limestone mountains (3.63)> neutral
alluvial soil (3.61)> coastal saline soil (3.39). The H’ index of the community is changed by the type of soil

corresponding to the change of the J’ index more than the change of the number of species. By evaluating the H’
index and the J’ index, it shows that these indicators are not separate but closely related. The oribatida mite
community infertile gray soil has significantly less number of species than the community in the neutral alluvial
soil and reddish yellow ferralitic soil on limestone mountains but the community in this soil type has a higher
H’diversity index. Neutral alluvial soil and reddish yellow humus soil are considered suitable for the oribatida
mite community to develop at the same level.

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3.3.4 The similarity of oribatida mite community in 4 types of soil

Figure 3: Similar diagram of oribatida community in 4 types of studied soil
Note: (i) coastal saline alluvial soil, (ii) neutral alluvial soil, (iii) reddish yellow ferralitic soil on limestone
mountains, (iv) infertile gray soil.
The similar coefficient of oribatida mite community in the studied soils ranges from 19.65% and 39.92%.
The oribatida mite community in the neutral alluvial soil in the reddish yellow ferralitic soil on limestone
mountains has the greatest similarity. The similarity of the oribatida mite community in the red reddish yellow
ferralitic soil on limestone mountains with the community in other land types is quite high and evenly, this
coefficient ranges from 37.10% to 39.92%. The similar coefficient of oribatida mite community in 3 types of
soil including coastal saline alluvial soil, neutral alluvial soil, and reddish yellow humus soil on the mountain is
little difference, range from 37.14% to 39.92%. The analysis of the similarity of oribatida mite community by
type of soil and by type of hábitats show that between pairs of habitats, the degree of similarity is in a wider
range. Therefore, it can be assessed that the differentiation of the factors in the environment that affect on
oribatida mite community is more pronounced by hábitat.
3.3.5 Species composition of oribatida mite communities in the fertilizing regimes
In this study, oribatida community was studied in the agricultural ecosystem on 4 different fertilizing
regimes, including: soil for chemical fertilizer (CT1), soil for organic fertilizer (CT2), soil for microbial fertilizer
(CT3), soil for chemical and organic fertilizer (CT4) and non-fertilized soil (DC). The study has identified a total
of 34 species of oribatida, belonging to 25 genera, 15 families. Among them, 8 species (accounting for 23.53%

of total species) have not been identified (in the form of sp.).
The number of species of oribatida collected in each fertilization regime is different and decreases in
order: CT2 (21 species)> DC (19 species)> CT4 (17 species)> CT1 (16 species)> CT3 (12 species). Thus, the
diversity of oribatida mite species composition increases in soil with organic fertilizer and decreases in soil with
the remaining fertilizers.
Sch.laevigatus is the only species that appears in all types of fertilized and non-fertilized soils (accounting
for 2.94% of total species). There are 7 species (accounting for 20.59% of total species) present in four
fertilization regimes, including: E. cylindrica cylindrica, J. kuehnelti, L. kuehnelti, L. palustris, P. vermiseta, S.
foveolatus, P. kaszabi. There are 2 species (accounting for 5.88% of total species) that appear on all 4

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fertilization regimes and not present in non-fertilized soils, including: P. kaszabi và P. vermiseta. Arcoppia sp.1
appears on soil fertilizing organic but not in other fertilizer regimes.
3.3.6 The average individual density of oribatida mite community in fertilization regimes
The average inđiviual density of oribatida mite community in these fertilizing regimes is different and
decreases in order: CT2 (15900 individuals/m2)> CT4 (10400 individuals/m2)> CT1 (7800 individuals/m2)> CT3
(4400 individuals/m2)> DC (2800 individuals/m2). The oribatida mite community in the fertilized soil has a
higher density of individuals than the community in non-fertilized soils. So that, fertilizer is a stimulus for the
individual development of the species. Thus, fertilizer application has a certain effect on the oribatida mite
community structure and each type of fertilizer has different influence levels. In the scope of this study, the
research results show a very clear change in species composition and average individual density of oribatida mite
community, in which communities in organic fertilizer soil show the strongest change in a positive direction in
both the number of species and the number of individuals.
3.4 Biological indicator role of oribatida mite community structure in the study area
3.4.1 The bioindicative role of the oribatida mite community for living habitat change
Noti et al. (2003) have shown that oribatida mite community depends on the type of habitat and the
diversity of the community related to the level of human impact. In Vietnam, the results of the study by Vu
Quang Manh and his colleagues (1990) also showed that human impact on vegetation cover has a clear

influence on the structure of microarthropoda community. In this study, the relationship between the structure of
oribatida mite community and the type of habitat is considered in 4 habitats: human - disturbed forest, shrub
grassland, cultivated land with perennial plants, agricultural land with anual plants. According to the results of
this study, the change of living conditions through 4 types of hábitat has caused changes in oribatida
communities both qualitatively and quantitatively. The change in the characteristics of the oribatida community
is quite evident even in species diversity, dominant species group structure, balance of development among
species in the community and some ecological indicators. Some of the ecological indicators analyzed also
change acutely.
According to the analysis in section 3.2.1, if only comparing the number of species of the oribatida
community in 4 studied habitats, the difference does not show clearly. However, the change in species
composition structure of the oribatida community in habitats is very clear. There are 127 oribatida species
(accounting for 49.80% of total species on 4 habitats) found only in one type of hábitat. Among them, 36 species
(accounting for 14.12% of total species) only appear in human - disturbed forest, 30 species (accounting for
11.76% of total species) are only present in shrub grassland, 36 species (accounted for 14.12% of total species)
only in the cultivated land with perennial plants and 25 species (accounting for 9.80% of total species) only
present in agricultural land with anual plants. In particular, low-grade oribatida groups of the Acaronychoidae
group are usually found only in agricultural land with anual plants. 7 out of 8 species in this group were found
only on agricultural land with anual plants that were not found in the other habitats. Therefore, the presence of
this oribatida group may be considered as a marker to assess the degree of environmental impact.
The data analyzed in section 3.2.2 also show that there is a change in the average density of individuals of
the oribatida community in the studied habitats. The development of individual numbers of species in the
community is judged to be related to the nature of vegetation and the stability of the habitat. Less diverse, less

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varied plant composition at shrub grassland habitats makes the environment more specialized. It is suitable for
adaptive species groups to grow in number of individuals and create a certain limit for the diversity of species
composition. On the contrary, the diversity but often changes with the seasons, the cultivation of the crop
structure is a beneficial factor for the development of diverse species and to be a limiting factor for the

development of individual populations of species in the agricultural land landscape with anual plants.
Analyzing the structure of the dominant species group of the community oribatida showed that on each
community, there are dominant dominant species groups and very few overlap dominant species among hábitats.
In particular, Pr.monodactylus is a dominant species, can be considered a specific species to soil habitat shrub
grassland. The number of individuals of this species accounts for nearly 1/3 of the total number of individuals
collected on the hábitat. The remarkable development of the species may be associated with the development of
a specific plant in this habitat. The analysis of the J 'and H' indexes of the oribatida community in habitats shows
that, at agricultural land with anual plants, the habitat was unstable and at the shrub grassland habitat with
specialized plants, the environment has a higher selectivity for oribatida. These disadvantages of the
environment make higher ecological flexibility species able to adapt and grow better. At the same time, it also
inhibits the less adaptive species. In these cases, the dominant development of the adaptive species group has
reduced the level of uniformity among species in the community.
Comparing communities of oribatida in 3 births of human - disturbed forest, cultivated land with perennial
plants, agricultural land with anual plants show that the analyzed quantitative ratios of the oribatida community
include the J ’, H’ index and the average density of individuals all decrease with increasing levels of farming
activity in each habitat. This shows that the results of this study are also consistent with the findings of many
previous studies that cultivate activities negatively affect the community of oribatida, they reduce the diversity
and abundance of the community through altering the organic composition and soil environment characteristics.
From the data obtained in this study and the analysis given, the characteristics of the community structure
are closely linked to the environmental conditions. At the shrub grassland habitat, there are typical vegetation
and habitat of agricultural land with anual plants that are clearly affected by agricultural cultivation activities,
communities oribatida, which have specific species groups, clearly showing. Through analysis of the community
structure oribatida also showed that, among the 4 types of habitats studied, the human - disturbed forest is a
suitable and stable habitat for the developed oribatida community. Thus, from the results obtained showed that
the community structure of oribatida is closely related to the habitat in each habitat in the study area. The
characteristics of the oribatida community structure in each habitat are associated with the characteristics of the
habitat. Therefore, the results of the study are significant to add data as a scientific basis for the use of oribatida
as an indicator of the change of habitat.
3.4.2 The bioindicative role of the oribatida community for changes in soil type, fertilizer regime
In this study, the community of oribatida was quantified and assessed the role of the indicator through 4

types of land, including: coastal saline alluvial soil, neutral alluvial soil, eddish yellow ferralitic soil on
limestone mountains and infertile gray soil. Through the results and the analyzes presented in section 3.3, the
comparison between the types of researched soil has been shown. The variation in oribatida species diversity in
the community clearly shows the change through the habitat types. However, the change is also shown more

24


clearly in species composition. The proportion of oribatida species appearing on all 4 soil types is not high
(10.59%) but the rate of oribatida species wich only appears on 1 high soil type (42.75%).
Analysis of species composition in soil types also shows that widely distributed species are in highergrade oribatida groups more than in low-level groups. The specificity of the species composition of the oribatida
community in each soil type is evident because there are 109 species of oribatida in this list appear only in one
type of soil that was not found in other soil types studied. Among them, 15 species are only present on coastal
saline soils, 51 species of oribatida are only present on neutral alluvial soil, 28 species of oribatida are only
present on the yellow ferralitic soil on limestone mountains and 15 species of oribatida are only present in
infertile gray soil. In particular, most of species belong to two groups of Acaronychidae and Acaridae are present
on neutral alluvial soil but very few occur on the remaining soil groups.
On each of the different soil types, the community of oribatida has a typical dominant species group. In
coastal saline soil, there is a characteristic salinity factor, oribatida mite community is less diverse in species
composition but form the dominant group of stable growth species. In neutral alluvial soil and eddish yellow
ferralitic soil on limestone mountains, communities have the same level of dominance. Through the analysis of
the structure of the dominant species group of the oribatida community according to the type of habitat, it has
been shown that the difference in the level of development of this species in different habitats is more
pronounced than the difference through different types of land. This provides further evidence that the
differentiation of habitats through different types of habitats influence to the structure of the community
oribatida is more pronounced than the changes through the types of soil studied. Thus, for oribatida, the change
of habitat according to habitat is more selective than the change by soil type. This shows the decisive role of
vegetation for community structure oribatida. The analysis of the oribatida community in 4 soil types also shows
that the community of oribatida in neutral alluvial soil and eddish yellow ferralitic soil on limestone mountains
has the highest similarity coefficient. Comparison between the 4 soils studied, neutral alluvial soil and eddish

yellow ferralitic soil on limestone mountains are the two most similar soil types. They are all rich in protein, rich
in humus. Since then, the structure of crops cultivated on these two soils has many similarities. Therefore, the
habitat conditions of oribatida communities in these two soils have the most similarities. Therefore, the largest
similarity of the oribatida community in the above two types of soil indicated in this study has shown the
decisive role of soil type in oribatida community structure. On the other hand, the analysis of the structure of
dominant species group of the oribatida community mentioned above also showed that Pr. Monodactylus grows
in these two environments at a similar level. This analysis further clarifies the intimate relationship of oribatida
mite community structure with soil type. The data and analysis given is an important basis to show the indicator
ability of the oribatida community for the change of habitat in the study area.
Although, there are some studies on the community of oribatida in some different fertilizing regimes, The
comparison between these studies is difficult to implement because of the heterogeneity in scale and process.
Therefore, it is difficult to make general conclusions. Most studies show that fertilizers have certain effects on
the oribatida community and how it affects, in a positive or negative direction, depending on the nature of the
fertilizer applied. Analysis of the data given in section 3.3.6 shows that in the fertilized soil, there is a higher
density of individuals than non-fertilized soil. The oribatida community in the soil of microbial fertilizer has the
density of individuals closest to the control community. The density of the community of oribatida in the soil

25