PowerPoint® to accompany
Medical Assisting
Chapter 25
Second Edition
Ramutkowski Booth Pugh Thompson Whicker
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
The Skeletal System
Objectives
251 Describe the parts of a long bone.
252 List the substances that make up bone tissue.
253 List the functions of bones.
254 Describe how long bones grow.
255 List the bones of the skull, spinal column, rib
cage, shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet.
256 Describe the location of each bone.
257 Define fontanels and explain their importance.
2
The Skeletal System
Objectives (cont.)
258 List different types of bone fractures and describe
their characteristics.
259 Explain how fractures heal.
2510 Describe the three major types of joints and give
examples of each.
2511 Describe the structure of a synovial joint.
2512 Describe the characteristics, causes, and
treatments of various diseases and disorders of the
skeleton.
3
Introduction
Bones provide the
body with
structure and
support.
You will learn about
the bones of the
body, their
structure, and how
the joints of the body
work.
The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones as well as joints
and related connective tissues.
4
The Skeletal System
5
Bone Structure
Bones contain various
kinds of tissues,
including osseous
tissue, blood vessels,
and nerves.
Osseous tissue can
appear compact or
spongy
6
Bone Structure (cont.)
Compact bone
looks solid;
however, the
following
structures can be
observed with a
microscope
All bones are made
up of both
compact and
spongy bone
7
Classification of Bones
Long bones located primarily in the arms and legs
Long bones
femur (thigh bone) & humerus (upper arm
bone)
Short bones small bones are located in the wrists and
Short bones
ankles carpals (wrist bones) & tarsals
(ankle bones)
Flat bones located in the skull and rib cage ribs and
frontal bone
Irregular bones vertebrae and the bones of the
pelvic girdle.
8
Functions of Bones
Shape to body parts
Support and protect soft structures in the body
Body movement since skeletal muscles attach
to them
Red bone marrow of bone produces new
blood cells
Store calcium for the body
9
Bone Growth
Ossification – process of bone growth
Ossification
Intramembranous ossification –
Intramembranous ossification
bones begin as tough, fibrous membrane
boneforming cells called osteoblasts turn the
membrane to bone (located in skull)
Endochondral ossification
bones containing some cartilage between an epiphysis
and the diaphysis will continue to grow
cells that form holes in bone are called osteoclasts
10
Apply Your Knowledge
Why is it important for the bones to
store calcium?
11
Apply Your Knowledge Answer
Why is it important for the bones to
store calcium?
Every cell in the body needs calcium so the
body must have a large supply readily available.
12
Bones of the Skull
Two types:
Cranialform the top, sides, and back of the
skull
Facial bonesform the face
“Soft spots" felt on an infant's skull are
actually fontanels.
Tough membranes that connect the
incompletely developed bones.
13
Bones of the Skull (cont.)
Parietal form most of the
top and sides of the
skull.
Occipital forms the back
Occipital
of the skull
Temporal form the
Temporal
lower sides of the skull
Sphenoid bone part of
Sphenoid
the floor of the cranium
Ear ossicles are the
ossicles
smallest bones of the
body
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
14
Bones of the Skull (cont.)
Mandible the lower jaw
Mandible
bone
Maxillae form the upper
Maxillae
jawbone
Zygomatic form the
Zygomatic
prominence of the
cheeks
Nasal bones fuse
Nasal
together to form the
bridge of the nose
Palatine form the
anterior portion of the
palate
Vomer a thin bone that
Vomer
divides the nasal
cavity.
Click to see Skull
15
Bones of the Skull (cont.)
Back
16
Can you name these bones of the skull?
Bones of the
Spinal Column
Spinal column
7 Cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
A sacrum
A coccyx
17
Bones of the Spinal Column
(cont.)
Cervical vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae
Smallest and lightest
Located in the neck
region
First one is atlas
Second one is axis
Thoracic vertebrae
Join the 12 pairs of
ribs
Lumbar vertebrae
Have very sturdy
structures
Sacrum
A triangularshaped bone
that consists of five fused
vertebrae
Coccyx
A small, triangularshaped
bone made up of 3 to 5 fused
vertebrae
Considered unnecessary.
More commonly called the
tailbone.
18
Bones of the Rib Cage
12 pairs of ribs
Attached
posteriorly to
thoracic
vertebrae
Sternum
Forms the front,
middle portion
of the rib cage
19
Bones of the Shoulders,
Arms and Hands
Shoulders pectoral girdles and include
clavicles and scapulae
Upper limb or arm bones
the humerus, radius, and ulna
Hand carpals, metacarpals,
and phalanges
20
Bones of the Hips, Legs
and Feet
Hipbones pelvic girdle or coxal bones
Bones of the lower limb or leg femur,
the patella, the tibia, and the fibula
Bones of the foot the tarsal,the
metatarsals, and
the phalanges.
21
Apply Your Knowledge
A patient has arrived in the office
complaining of hurting his finger while
playing basketball. You would suspect
that he had hurt which bone of the hand?
22
Apply Your Knowledge Answer
A patient has arrived in the office
complaining of hurting his finger while
playing basketball. You would suspect
that he had hurt which bone of the hand?
Phalanges are the bones of the fingers.
23
Bone Fractures
Bone fractures can be
classified in many
ways
Broken bone may take
3 months or longer to
heal
Healing depends on
type of fracture and the
general health of the
patient.
Stress fracture
bone breaks due to
trauma such as a car
accident or sports
injury
Pathologic fracture
bone breaks due to
some disease process
24
Bone Fractures (cont.)
Closed (simple)
Open (compound)
Complete
Incomplete
Greenstick
Hairline
Comminuted
Displaced
Nondisplaced
Impacted
Depressed
Linear
Transverse
Oblique
Spiral
Colles
Potts
25