SKKN biện pháp làm bài tập phần câu điều kiện cho học sinh khối 10 theo định hướng đề thi THPT quốc gia

BÁO CÁO KẾT QUẢ
NGHIÊN CỨU, ỨNG DỤNG SÁNG KIẾN
1.

LỜI MỞ ĐẦU
Tiếng Anh là một trong những môn thi bắt buộc của kỳ thi THPT Quốc gia bên cạnh môn

Toán và Ngữ văn. Nhằm mục đích đánh giá và phân loại rõ ràng các thí sinh, cấu trúc đề thi tiếng
Anh mỗi năm có nhiều sự thay đổi. Tuy nhiên, nếu nhìn vào cấu trúc đề thi, chúng ta nhận thấy
tầm quan trọng của Câu điều kiện cũng không ít đi chút nào. Điều này được thể hiện ở một số câu
hỏi được trích dẫn từ đề thi một số năm gần đây.
Ví dụ 1: (câu 21 mã đề thi 401 đề thi THPT QG 2018)
If Martin were here now, he ____________ us to solve this difficult problem.
A. would help
B. helps
C. will help
D. has helped
Nhìn vào ví dụ ta loại hai đáp án B và D vì ở thì hiện tại. Xét thấy mệnh đề điều kiện ở thì quá khứ
nên chọn A
Ví dụ 2: (câu 8 mã đề thi 424 đề thi THPT QG 2018)
If he didn’t have to work today, he ____________ his children to the zoo.
A. will take
B. would take
C. has taken
Tương tự như ví dụ 1, xét thấy mệnh đề điều kiện ở thì quá khứ nên chọn B
Ví dụ 3: (câu 22 mã đề thi 401 đề thi THPT QG 2019)
We on a field trip ______________ if the weather is fine this weekend.
A. could have gone
B. will go
C. would go
D. went

Ví dụ 4: (câu 8 mã đề thi 424 đề thi THPT QG 2019)
If you follow my directions, you ___________ her house easily.
A. would find
B. would have found
C.found
Ví dụ 5: (câu 47 mã đề 402 đề thi THPT QG 2017)

D. takes

D. will find

They were late for the meeting because of the heavy snow.
A. If it snowed heavily, they would be late for the meeting.
B. Had it not snowed heavily, they would have been late for the meeting.
C. But for the heavy snow, they wouldn’t have been late for the meeting.
D. If it didn’t snow heavily, they wouldn’t be late for the meeting.
Ví dụ 6: (câu 24 mã đề 403 đề thi THPT QG 2017)
He was successful in his career thanks to his parents’ support.
A. Had it not been for his parents’ support, he wouldn’t be successful in his career.
B. If his parents hadn’t supported him, he wouldn’t have been successful in his career.
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C. But for his parents’ support, he wouldn’t be successful in his career.
D. Without his parent’s support, he would have been successful in his career.
Với cấu trúc đề thi môn tiếng Anh trong bài thi THPT Quốc gia của Việt Nam gồm 50 câu
hỏi trắc nghiệm với thời lượng làm bài là 60 phút trong đó bao gồm 12- 15 câu hỏi về các chuyên
đề ngữ pháp trong tiếng Anh. Hiểu được tầm quan trọng của các chuyên đề ngữ pháp này nên tôi
muốn nghiên cứu sâu hơn về các chuyên đề ngữ pháp để tìm ra cách dạy cho hiệu quả. Trong đề tài
sáng kiến kinh nghiệm này tôi muốn đưa ra “Biện pháp làm bài tập phần câu điều kiện cho học

sinh khối 10 theo định hướng đề thi THPT Quốc Gia” nhằm củng cố kiến thức cho các em học
sinh về chuyên đề này. Tôi mạnh dạn đưa ra một số hình thức nhận biết câu điều kiện ở dạng cơ
bản và nâng cao từ đó áp dụng vào một số dạng bài tập thường gặp nhằm giúp các em củng cố ngữ
pháp và luyện tập một cách hiệu quả để đạt kết quả cao trong các kì thi.
2. Tên sáng kiến:
Biện pháp làm bài tập phần câu điều kiện cho học sinh khối 10 theo định hướng đề thi THPT
Quốc Gia
3. Tác giả sáng kiến:
- Họ và tên: Hoàng Kim Thủy
- Địa chỉ tác giả sáng kiến: Trường THPT Nguyễn Thái Học – Khai Quang- Vĩnh Yên – Vĩnh Phúc
- Số điện thoại: 0978960106
E_mail:
4. Chủ đầu tư tạo ra sáng kiến: Tác giả sáng kiến.
5. Lĩnh vực áp dụng sáng kiến:
Áp dụng trong công tác giảng dạy của bộ môn tiếng anh trọng tâm là dạng bài tập thuộc phần câu
điều kiện theo định hướng đề thi THPT Quốc gia
6. Ngày sáng kiến được áp dụng lần đầu hoặc áp dụng thử: Ngày 1 tháng 10 năm 2019
7. Mô tả bản chất của sáng kiến
NỘI DUNG
A. KIẾN THỨC CƠ BẢN:
1. Những vấn đề chung về câu điều kiện.
a. Khái niệm:
- Câu điều kiện là câu dùng để diễn tả rằng hành động ở mệnh đề chính chỉ có thể diễn ra nếu một
điều kiện nhất định được thỏa mãn. (If X happens, then Y follows.)
E.g.

If the rain stops, we’ll be able to go for a walk.
I would buy that house if I were you.
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If my horse had won, I would have made a lot of money.
b. Các mệnh đề trong câu điều kiện.
- Câu điều kiện gồm có hai mệnh đề.
+ Mệnh đề chính (Main clause)
+ Mệnh đề điều kiện (If-clause)
E.g.

If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.
If the price of oil comes down, more people will buy it.
If I had a map, I would lend it to you.
If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at the airport.

→ Trong các ví dụ trên thì:
+ “If I find her address; If the price of oil comes down; If I had a map; If I had known that
you were coming” là mệnh đề điều kiện.
+ “I’ll send her an invitation; more people will buy it; I would lend it to you; I would have
met you at the airport” là mệnh đề chính.
c. Vị trí của các mệnh đề trong câu điều kiện.
- Trong câu điều kiện, mệnh đề nào đứng trước cũng được và ý nghĩa của câu không thay đổi. Tuy
nhiên, nếu mệnh đề điều kiện đứng trước, thì sau mệnh đề này thường có dấu phảy và ngược lại.
E.g.

If it rains, I will stay at home.
= I will stay at home if it rains.
If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.
= I’ll send her an invitation if I find her address.

d. Các loại câu điều kiện.
- Trong tiếng Anh gồm có 3 loại câu điều kiện.

+ Câu điều kiện loại 1 (Type 1)
E.g.

If I have time, I will visit you.
+ Câu điều kiện loại 2 (Type 2)

E.g.

If I were a millionaire, I would buy a Mercedes.
+ Câu điều kiện loại 3 (Type 3)

E.g.

If you had come to my birthday party last night, you would have met Jane.
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2. Cấu tạo và cách dùng của từng loại câu điều kiện.
a. Câu điều kiện loại 1:
- Form: Động từ ở 2 vế của câu điều kiện loại 1 được chia như sau.
+ Mệnh đề chính: Động từ được chia ở thì Tương lai đơn. (will + infinitive)
+ Mệnh đề điều kiện: Động từ được chia ở thì Hiện tại đơn. (Present Simple)
If + present simple …. will + infinitive
- Use: Câu điều kiện loại 1 dùng để diễn tả một điều kiện có thật hay có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc
tương lai.
E.g.

If I have time, I will visit you more often.
If the weather is warm, we will go swimming.
If I am better tomorrow, I will get up.

If I have a headache, I will take an aspirin.
If she finishes early, she will go home.
My dog will bite you if you go into my garden.

b. Câu điều kiện loại 2:
- Form: Động từ ở 2 vế của câu điều kiện loại 2 được chia như sau.
+ Mệnh đề chính: Động từ được chia ở thì Điều kiện hiện tại. (would + infinitive)
+ Mệnh đề điều kiện: Động từ được chia ở thì Quá khứ giả định. (Past Subjunctive)
If + past subjunctive …. would + infinitive
Note: Thì Quá khứ giả định có dạng tương đương như thì Quá khứ đơn; ngoại trừ động từ “to be”,
ta dùng “were” cho tất cả các ngôi / số.
- Use: Câu điều kiện loại 2 được dùng.
+ Khi giả định đưa ra trái ngược với thực tế.
E.g.

If I were you, I would study much harder.
(But I am not you)
If I had long legs, I’d be able to run faster.
If I were better qualified, I would apply for the job.
If I were in your position, I would accept their offer.
If I lived near my office, I’d be in time for work.
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+ Khi ta không mong muốn hành động ở mệnh đề “if” xảy ra.
E.g.

If a burglar came into my room at night, I’d scream.
(But I don’t expect a burglar to come in)
If I dyed my hair blue, everyone would laugh at me.

If he left his bike outside, someone would steal it.
What would you do if you found a burglar in your house?
If you saw someone drowning what would you do?
What would you do if the lift got stuck between two floors?

c. Câu điều kiện loại 3:
- Form: Động từ ở 2 vế của câu điều kiện loại 3 được chia như sau.
+ Mệnh đề chính: Động từ được chia ở thì Điều kiện hoàn thành. (would have done)
+ Mệnh đề điều kiện: Động từ được chia ở thì Quá khứ hoàn thành giả định. (Past Perfect
Subjunctive)
If + had done …. would have done
Note: Thì Quá khứ hoàn thành giả định có dạng tương đương như thì Quá khứ hoàn thành. (had
done)
- Use: Câu điều kiện loại 3 được dùng để diễn tả một điều kiện không có thật hay không thể xảy ra
ở quá khứ.
E.g.

If you had been at the party last night, you would have met her.
If I had known your phone number, I’d have phoned you yesterday.
If we had gone by car, we would have saved much time.
If I had worked harder at school, I’d have got a better job.
If I had won the pools, life would have been much easier.
If I had lived in the Stone Age, I would have been a hunter.

B. KIẾN THỨC NÂNG CAO:
1. Các biến thể của từng loại câu điều kiện.
a. Câu điều kiện loại 1.
- Mệnh đề điều kiện.
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+ Ta có thể dùng thì Hiện tại tiếp diễn (chỉ hành động hiện tại / sắp đặt tương lai) hoặc Hiện tại
hoàn thành.
E.g.

If you are looking for Peter, you’ll find him upstairs.
If you are waiting for the bus, you’d better join the queue.
If he is standing in the rain, he will catch a cold.
If she is arriving today, she will phone me.
If you have finished dinner, I’ll ask the waiter for the bill.
If she has written the letter, I’ll post it.
If they haven’t seen the museum, we’d better go there today.
If she has arrived at the station, she will be here soon.

+ Ta có thể dùng “can” (chỉ khả năng); hoặc “should” (chỉ sự không chắc chắn / yêu cầu)
E.g.

If I can afford it, I will buy it.
If she can’t understand it, she will phone me.
If you should see him, please give him my regards.
If I should see him, I’ll ask him to ring you.
If you should write to her, send her my love.

- Mệnh đề chính.
+ Ta có thể dùng các động từ khuyết thiếu khác “can / could / may / might / should / ought to /
must” thay cho “will”.
E.g.

If the fog gets thicker, the plane may/might be diverted.
If your documents are in order, you may / can leave at once.

If you want to lose weight, you must / should eat less bread.
If it’s fine tomorrow, we ought to go out.

+ Ta có thể dùng bất kỳ dạng câu yêu cầu / đề nghị / mệnh lệnh / khuyên nhủ nào.
E.g.

If you see Tom tomorrow, could you ask him to ring me?
If you want to lose weight, you had better eat less.
If you want to lose weight, eat less.
If it rains, cancel the match.
If you find anything about him, please call the police.
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+ Ta có thể dùng thì Hiện tại thường để diễn tả hệ quả tự nhiên hoặc tất yếu; những điều kiện luôn
luôn đúng; sự thật có tính chất khoa học.
E.g.

If Mike reads on the train, he feels sick.
(Every time he reads on the train, the same thing happens: he feels sick.)
If you heat ice, it turns to water.
If there is a shortage of any product, prices of that product go up.
If you leave a bowl of water in the sun, it evaporates.

b. Câu điều kiện loại 2.
- Mệnh đề điều kiện.
+ Ta có thể dùng thì Quá khứ tiếp diễn.
E.g.

If my car was working, I would drive you to the station.

If we were travelling by boat, I’d feel much happier.

+ “If I were you / If I were in your position / If I were in your place” dùng để đưa ra lời khuyên.
E.g.

If I were you, I’d accept their offer.
If I were in your position, I would study harder.
If I were in your place, I would wait a bit.

- Mệnh đề chính.
+ Ta có thể dùng “might / could” thay cho “would”.
E.g.

If I knew her number, I could ring her up.
If you tried again, you might succeed.
If he had a permit, he could get a job.
If he knew the fact, he might / could tell us what to do.
If he were here, he might / could help us.

+ Ta có thể dùng thì Điều kiện tiếp diễn thay cho Điều kiện thường.
E.g.

Peter is on holiday; he is touring Italy.
~ If I were on holiday, I would be touring Italy too.
If she were here now, she could be helping us.

c. Câu điều kiện loại 3.
- Mệnh đề điều kiện.
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+ Ta có thể dùng thì Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn.
E.g.

I was wearing a seat belt. If I hadn’t been wearing one, I’d have been seriously injured.
If it had been raining this morning, we would have stayed at home.
If I hadn’t been wearing a raincoat, I would have got wet.

- Mệnh đề chính.
+ Ta có thể dùng “might / could” thay cho “would”.
E.g.

If we had found him earlier, we could/might have saved his life.
If our documents had been in order, we could have left at once.
If he had known the facts, he could / might have told us what to do.
If he had been here yesterday, he could / might have told us.

+ Ta có thể dùng thì Điều kiện hoàn thành tiếp diễn thay cho Điều kiện hoàn thành đơn.
E.g.

If he had been here, he could have been helping us in the shop.
If I had not got married, I would still have been living abroad.
If Tom’s boy had not been there, I would have been sitting in front.

2. Các cách khác để diễn tả điều kiện.
- Ta có thể dùng các từ sau để thay thế cho “if” nhằm diễn tả điều kiện.
+ unless (trừ phi / nếu … không): được dùng để thay thế cho “if … not”.
If … not = Unless + affirmative verb
E.g.

I won't go out if I don't have a raincoat.
= I won't go out unless I have a raincoat.
If I am not free, I won't go to the match.
= Unless I am free, I won't go to the match.
If you don’t change your mind, I won’t be able to help you.
=

Unless you change your mind, I won’t be able to help you.

+ assuming (that) (giả sử rằng)
E.g.

Assuming the house is for sale, would you buy it?
Assuming (that) he’s still alive, how old would he be now?
Assuming that you get a place at university, how are you going to finance your studies?
Assuming we have good weather, we shall be there by dusk.
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+ on condition that (với điều kiện là)
E.g.

They will lend us their flat on condition that we look after it.
I’ll come to the party on condition that you don’t wear these ridiculous trousers.
I shall go on condition that you go with me.

+ provided (that) = providing (that) (miễn là)
E.g.

I’ll accept your invitation provided you go with me.

Provided / Providing (that) you clear your desk by this evening, you can have tomorrow off.
You can camp here provided / providing (that) you leave no mess.

+ suppose (that) = supposing (that) (giả sử)
E.g.

Suppose / Supposing (that) we miss the train, what shall we do?
Supposing that it rains, what will you do?

+ so / as long as (miễn là)
E.g.

So / As long as you clear your desk by this evening, you can have tomorrow off.
I can come as long as I can leave by 4.00.
I’ll accept your marriage proposal so / as long as you promise to love me and take care of

me
forever.
+ even if = even though (ngay cả nếu)
E.g.

You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready.
He’ll definitely win even if he falls.
Even if you take a taxi, you’ll still miss your train.

+ whether or not (hoặc thế này, hoặc thế kia)
E.g.

Whether I feel well or not on Monday, I’m going back to work.
= Whether or not I feel well on Monday, I’m going back to work.

You’ll have to put up with it, whether you like it or not.

+ in case (that) (phòng khi)
E.g.

In case you need me, I will be at your house.
I always slept by the phone in case he rang during the night.
I’ll come tomorrow in case Ann wants me.
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+ in the event that (nếu / phòng khi)
E.g.

I will be studying upstairs in the event that he calls.
In the event that I can’t make the presentation myself, I’ve asked my assistant to be

prepared
to do it for me.
+ only if (chỉ khi) (khi đứng ở đầu câu thì mệnh đề chính sẽ có hiện tượng đảo ngữ)
E.g.

Only if you do well on your exams, will we give you a bicycle.
Only if you look through this dark glass, will you be able to see the spots on the sun.

+ or = otherwise (nếu không thì / kẻo)
E.g.

We must be back before midnight; otherwise we’ll be locked out.
= We must be back before midnight, or we’ll be locked out.

Her father pays her fees; otherwise she wouldn’t be here.
I used my calculator; otherwise I’d have taken longer.
I’d better write it down, or I’ll forget it.

+ but for (nếu không vì) = if it were not for / if it hadn’t been for
E.g.

But for his pension, he would starve.
(= If it were not for his pension, he would starve.)
But for his help, I would have failed my exam.
(= If it hadn’t been for his help, I would have failed my exam.)

+ without (nếu không có)
E.g.

Without his books, he would know nothing.
Without your help, I couldn’t have done it.

3. Hiện tượng đảo ngữ trong câu điều kiện.
- Hiện tượng đảo ngữ có thể xuất hiện ở mệnh đề điều kiện khi:
a. Câu điều kiện loại 1.
- Khi mệnh đề điều kiện có chứa “should”, ta có thể lược bỏ “if” và đảo “should” lên trước chủ
ngữ.
E.g.

If you should find anything about him, please call the police.

→ Should you find anything about him, please call the police.
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If you should see him, please give him my regards.
→ Should you see him, please give him my regards.
If he should call, tell him I’ll ring back.
→ Should he call, tell him I’ll ring back.
If you should write to her, send her my love.
→ Should you write to her, send her my love.
b. Câu điều kiện loại 2.
- Khi mệnh đề điều kiện có chứa “were”, ta có thể lược bỏ “if” và đảo “were” lên trước chủ ngữ.
E.g.

If I were in your position, I would study harder.

→ Were I in your position, I would study harder.
If the government were to cut Value Added Tax, prices would fall.
→ Were the government to cut Value Added Tax, prices would fall.
If I were Tom, I would refuse.
→ Were I Tom, I would refuse.
If I were to win the first prize in the national lottery, I would no longer work.
→ Were I to win the first prize in the national lottery, I would no longer work.
c. Câu điều kiện loại 3.
- Ta có thể lược bỏ “if” và đảo ngược “had” (trong cấu trúc “had done”) lên trước chủ ngữ.
E.g.

If you had been at the party last night, you would have met her.

→ Had you been at the party last night, you would have met her.
If the management had acted sooner, the strike wouldn’t have happened.
→ Had the management acted sooner, the strike wouldn’t have happened.
If they had confessed everything, they would have been expelled from school.

→ Had they confessed everything, they would have been expelled from school.
If you hadn’t flooded the engine, it would have started at once.
→ Had you not flooded the engine, it would have started at once.
4. Câu điều kiện trong lời nói gián tiếp.
a. Câu điều kiện loại 1.

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- Động từ trong câu điều kiện loại 1 khi chuyển sang gián tiếp thay đổi theo nguyên tắc lùi thì.
(backshift)
E.g.

“If it rains, I will stay at home,” he said.

→ He said that if it rained he would stay at home.
“If I have free time, I’ll visit you,” she said to me.
→ She told me that if she had free time she would visit me.
“If the weather is fine, we will go swimming,” they said.
→ They said that if the weather was fine they would go swimming.
“If I am better tomorrow, I will go to work,” he said.
→ He said that if he was better the following day he would go to work.
“If I catch the plane, I’ll be home by five,” he said.
→ He said that if he caught the plane he would be home by five.
b. Câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3.
- Động từ trong câu điều kiện loại 2, 3 khi chuyển sang gián tiếp không thay đổi.
E.g.

“If I knew her number, I could ring her up,” he said.

→ He said that if he knew her number, he could ring her up.
“If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life,” they said.
→ They said that if they had found him earlier, they could have saved his life.
“If I had known she was ill, I would have sent her some flowers,” he said.
→ He said that if he had known she was ill he would have sent her some flowers.
“If I had a permit, I could get a job,” he said.
→ He said that if he had a permit he could get a job.
“If she had loved Tom, she wouldn’t have left him,” he said.
→ He said that if she had loved Tom she wouldn’t have left him.
5. Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp. (Mixed conditional sentences)
- Hai vế của câu điều kiện có thể đề cập đến thời gian khác nhau và tạo ra câu điều kiện hỗn hợp.
- Có hai loại câu điều kiện hỗn hợp.
a. Present result of past condition.
- Form:
12


If + had done … would + infinitive
- Function:
Trong những câu này, thời gian của mệnh đề điều kiện là quá khứ và thời gian của mệnh đề
chính là hiện tại. Chúng diễn tả những tình huống trái với thực tế cả ở quá khứ và hiện tại.
E.g.

If I had worked harder at school, I would have a better job now.
If you had caught that plane, you’d be dead now.
If I had had your advantages, I’d be better off now.

b. Past result of present or continuing condition.
- Form:
If + past simple … would have done

- Function:
Trong những câu này, thời gian của mệnh đề điều kiện là ở hiện tại và thời gian ở mệnh đề chính
là ở quá khứ. Chúng đề cập đến những tình huống không có thật ở hiện tại và kết quả không có
thật ở quá khứ.
E.g.

If I wasn’t afraid of spiders, I would have picked it up.
If we didn’t trust him, we would have sacked him months ago.
If you knew me better, you wouldn’t have said that.

6. “Will / Would” trong mệnh đề điều kiện.
- Bình thường các trợ động từ này không được dùng sau “if” trong câu điều kiện. Tuy nhiên, khi
chúng được dùng nhằm để diễn tả:
+ Yêu cầu lịch sự. (Polite requests)
E.g.

If you will / would wait a moment, I’ll see if Mr. Jones is free.
(= Please wait)
I would be grateful if you would make the arrangements for me.
If you will / would wait a moment, I’ll fetch the money.
I’d be grateful if you will / would let me know soon.

+ Sự sẵn lòng / không sẵn lòng. (willingness / unwillingness)
E.g.

If Tom would tell me what he wants for his dinner, I’d cook it for him.
If he will listen to me, I’ll be able to help him.
13

If you would like to come, I’ll get a ticket for you.
(= If you want …)
7. Cách diễn tả mong ước với “If only”.
a. Mong ước không có thật hoặc giả định ở hiện tại.
- Form:
If only + past simple = wish + subject + past simple
E.g.

Oh, if only Daddy were home!
= I wish Daddy were home.
If only I knew his address.
= I wish I knew his address.
If only you could drive a car.
= I wish you could drive a car.
If only I lived near my work.
= I wish I lived near my work.

b. Mong ước không có thật hoặc giả định ở quá khứ.
- Form:
If only + had done = wish + subject + had done
E.g.

If only you hadn’t told Peter about our plan.
= I wish you hadn’t told Peter about my plan.
If only I hadn’t spent so much money.
=

I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.
If only you had written to him.

= I wish you had written to him.
If only I had taken his advice.
= I wish I had taken his advice.
c. Mong ước không có thật hoặc giả định ở tương lai.
- Form:
If only + would + infinitive = wish + subject + would + infinitive
- Use:
14


+ Diễn tả sự sẵn lòng / không sẵn lòng làm gì của chủ ngữ.
E.g.

If only he would write more often.
= I wish he would write more often
(I’m sorry he isn’t willing to write more often)
If only he would wear a coat.
= I wish he would wear a coat.
(I’m sorry he refuses to wear a coat.)

+ Diễn tả sự không hài lòng ở hiện tại và mong muốn thay đổi ở tương lai.
E.g.

If only he would drive more slowly!
=

I wish he would drive more slowly.
If only he would answer my letter.

= I wish he would answer my letter.

If only they would change the menu.
= I wish they would change the menu.
If only they would stop making bombs.
= I wish they would stop making bombs.
8. Các cách diến đạt khác của câu điều kiện
•

“Or”

Eg. Keep silent or you will wake the baby up.
•

“When”

Eg. I will call you when I go home.
•

“Without”

Eg. Without the sun, man would live in the darkness.
•

“Unless”

Eg. Unless you work hard, you will fail the exam.
•

Supposed (that) / Supposing (that)

Provided (that) / Providing (that)

Eg. Supposed that he were in Hanoi now, I would visit him.
•

On condition that
15


Eg. I will help you on condition that you help me.
•

Assuming

Eg. Assuming you went to Britain, what place would you want to visit first?
•

Cách sử dụng will, would, could, should trong một số trường hợp khác

Thông thường các trợ động từ này không được sử dụng với if trong mệnh đề điều kiện của câu
điều kiện, tuy nhiên vẫn có một số ngoại lệ như sau:
If you (will/would): Nếu ..... vui lòng. Thường được dùng trong các yêu cầu lịch sự. Would lịch sự
hơn will.
If you will/would wait for a moment, I will go and see if Mr Conner is here.
 If + Subject + Will/Would: Nếu ..... chịu. Để diễn đạt ý tự nguyện.

If he will listen to me, I can help him.
Will còn được dùng theo mẫu câu này để diễn đạt sự ngoan cố: Nếu ..... nhất định,
Nếu ..... cứ.
If you will turn on the music loudly so late tonight, no wonder why your neighbours
complain.
 If you could: Xin vui lòng. Diễn đạt lịch sự 1 yêu cầu mà người nói cho rằng người kia

sẽ đồng ý như là một lẽ đương nhiên.
If you could open your book, please.
 If + Subject + should + ..... + command: Ví phỏng như. Diễn đạt một tình huống dù có

thể

xảy

ra

được

song

If you should find any difficulty in using that TV, please call me.
9. Cách sử dụng if trong một số trường hợp khác
•

If... then: Nếu... thì
If she can’t come to us, then we will have to go and see her.

16

rất

khó.


•

If dùng trong dạng câu suy diễn logic (không phải câu điều kiện): Động từ ở các mệnh đề
diễn biến bình thường theo thời gian của chính nó.
If you want to learn a musical instrument, you have to practice.
If you did not do much maths at school, you will find economics difficult to
understand.
If that was Marry, why didn’t she stop and say hello.

•

If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... diễn đạt sự không chắc chắn.
If you should happen to pass a supermarket, perhaps you could get some eggs.

If.. was/were to... Diễn đạt điều kiện không có thật hoặc tưởng tượng. Nó gần giống câu điều
kiện không có thật ở hiện tại.
If our boss was/were to come in now (= if the boss came in now), we would be in real
trouble.
What would we do if I was/were to lose my job.
Hoặc có thể diễn đạt một ý lịch sự khi đưa ra đề nghị
If you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down.
Note: Cấu trúc này tuyệt đối không được dùng với các động từ tĩnh tại hoặc chỉ trạng thái tư
duy
Correct: If I knew her name, I would tell you.
Incorrect: If I was/were to know...
•

If it + to be + not + for: Nếu không vì, nếu không nhờ vào.
Thời hiện tại:
If it wasn’t/weren’t for the children, that couple wouldn’t have any thing to talk about.
Thời quá khứ:

If it hadn’t been for your help, I don’t know what to do.
Not đôi khi được thêm vào những động từ sau if để bày tỏ sự nghi ngờ, không chắc chắn.
(Có nên ... Hay không ...)
I wonder if we shouldn’t ask the doctor to look at Mary.
17


•

It would... if + subject + would... (sẽ là... nếu – không được dùng trong văn viết)
It would be better if they would tell every body in advance.
How would we feel if this would happen to our family.

•

If...’d have...’d have: Dùng trong văn nói, không dùng trong văn viết, diễn đạt điều kiện
không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ

•

If I’d have known, I’d have told you.
If she’d have recognized him it would have been funny.

•

If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be bị lược bỏ)
If in doubt, ask for help. (= If you are in doubt, ...)
If about to go on a long journey, try to have a good nights sleep. (= If you are about to
go on... )

. If dùng với một số từ như any/anything/ever/not để diễn đạt phủ định
•
•

There is little if any good evidence for flying saucers.
(There is little evidence, if there is any at all, for flying saucers)
not angry. If anything, I feel a little surprised.
Cách nói này còn diễn đạt ý kiến ướm thử: Nếu có...
I’d say he was more like a father, if anything
He seldom if ever travel abroad.
Usually, if not always, we write “cannot” as one word

If + Adjective = although (cho dù là)
Nghĩa không mạnh bằng although

18

I’m


Dùng để diễn đạt quan điểm riêng hoặc vấn đề gì đó không quan trọng.
His style, if simple, is pleasant to read.
The profits, if little lower than last year’s, are still extremely wealthy
Cấu trúc này có thể thay bằng may..., but
His style may be simple, but it is pleasant to read.
C. CÁC DẠNG BÀI TẬP.
1. Chia động từ trong ngoặc ở thì thích hợp. (Verb tenses)
2. Bài tập trắc nghiệm đa lựa chọn. (Multiple – choice)
3. Bài tập chuyển đổi câu. (Sentence transformation)
+ Bài tập trắc nghiệm.

+ Bài tập tự luận.

4. Bài tập hoàn thành câu. (Sentence completion)
+ Bài tập trắc nghiệm.

+ Bài tập tự luận.

5. Bài tập tìm lỗi sai. (Error identification)
BÀI TẬP ỨNG DỤNG
BÀI TẬP DẠNG 1:
Complete the Conditional Sentences by putting the verbs into the correct form.
1. If they (have) time at the weekend, they will come to see us.
2. If we sneak out quietly, nobody (notice).
3. If we (know) about your problem, we would have helped you.
4. If I (be) you, I would not buy that dress.
5. We (arrive) earlier if we had not missed the bus.
6. If I didn't have a mobile phone, my life (not / be) complete.
7. Okay, I (get) the popcorn if you buy the drinks.
8. If I (tell) you a secret, you would be sure to leak it.
9. She (go) out with you if you had only asked her.

10. I would not have read your diary if you (not hide) it in such an obvious place.
11. If your conditions are competitive, we (place) an order.
12. If I had more time, I (do) a course in business English.
19


13. If we had known more about their culture, negotiating (be) easier.
14. If you (customize) your CV, your chances of getting a job will be better.

15. We (cancel) our order if you don't deliver the goods by Friday.
16. If Brittany (speak) better English, she would apply for a job abroad.
17. If you (tell) me about the problem, I would have helped you.
18. I (let) you know if I weren't satisfied.
19. If you execute the order carelessly, they (place / not) another order with you in the future.
20. If I were you, I (worry / not) about the presentation.
21. If they go to Washington, they (see) the White House.
22. If she (have) a hamster, she would call him Fred.
23. If he gave her a sweet, she (stop) crying.
24. If he (arrive) later, he will take a taxi.
25. We would understand him if he (speak) slowly.
26. Andy (cook) dinner if we buy the food.
27. I will prepare breakfast if I (wake up) early.
28. If they shared a room, they (fight) all day long.
29. If you hate walking in the mountains, you (enjoy / not) the tour.
30. Janet would go jogging if she (have / not) to do her homework.
31. If you (find) a skeleton in the cellar don’t mention it to anyone.
32. If you pass your examination we (have) a celebration.
33. What (happen) if I press this button?
34. I should have voted for her if I (have) a vote then.
35. If you go to Paris where you (stay)?
36. If someone offered you one of those rings, which you (choose)?
37. The flight may be cancelled if the fog (get) thick.
38. If the milkman (come) tell him to leave two pints.
39. Someone (sit) on your glasses if you leave them there.
40. You would play better bridge if you (not talk) so much.
41. What I (do) if I hear the burglar alarm?

20

42. If you (read) the instructions carefully you wouldn’t have answered the wrong question.
43. I could repair the roof myself if I (have) a long ladder.
44. Unless they turn that radio off I (go) mad.
45. If you were made redundant what you (do)?
46. We’ll have a long way to walk if we (run) out of petrol here.
47. If you shake that bottle of port it (not be) fit to drink.
48. I’ll probably get lost unless he (come) with me.
49. You (not have) so many accidents if you drove more slowly.
50. If you (wear) a false beard nobody would have recognized you.
51. If she (leave) the fish there the cat will get it.
52. Unless they leave a lamp beside that hole in the road somebody (fall) into it.
53. You’ll get pneumonia if you (not change) your wet clothes.
54. If I had known that you couldn’t eat octopus I (not buy) it.
55. If they (hang) that picture lower people would be able to see it.
56. She (be able) to walk faster if her shoes hadn’t such high heels.
57. I (bring) you some beer if I had known that you were thirsty.
58. If you had touched that electric cable you (be) electrocuted.
59. If the story hadn’t been true the newspaper (not print) it.
60. I (not buy) things on the installment system if I were you.

BÀI TẬP DẠNG 2:
Choose one best option to complete each of the following sentences
1.

You are late. If you …… a few minutes earlier, you …… him.
A. came / would meet

B. had come / would have met

C. come / will meet
2.

I’d have gone swimming yesterday afternoon if I …… time.
A. had had

3.

D. had come / would meet
B. have had

C. had

D. would have had

What would you do if you …… a million pounds?
A. won

B. win

C. will win
21

D. had won


4.

If you didn’t do this, you …… punished.
A. are

5.

B. will be

C. should

If he had told me the truth, I …… him.
A. would have not punished
C. would not punish

6.

B. would not have punished
D. will not punish

If they had not given me advice, I …… again.
A. would have failed

B. would fail

C. would have been failed
7.

9.

10.

D. wouldn’t fail

If it ……, the match will be postponed
A. rains

8.

B. has rained

C. is raining

A. would have taken / had had

B. would have taken / had

C. would take / has had

D. would take / had had

If there …… no floods last year, the crop …… better.
A. had been / would have been

B. were / would be

C. had / would have been

D. was / would have been

Had you told me that this was going to happen, I …… it.
C. hadn’t believed

C. were

D. had been

B. comes

C. come

D. could come

B. will be

C. would have

D. will feel

…… you, I’d think twice about that decision.
A. Were I

15.

B. could be

If I had a chance to do creative work, I …… happy working in an office.
A. would be

14.

D. can’t believe

If someone …… into the store, smile and say, “May I help you?”

A. came

13.

B. don’t believe

If I …… you, I’d get some rest before the game tomorrow.
A. am

12.

D. will rain

Bill …… more photographs if he …… more films.

A. would never have believed
11.

D. would be

B. If I had been

C. Should I be

D. If I am

If they …… soon, I’m not going to wait.
A. don’t come

B. won’t come

22

C. hadn’t come

D. didn’t come


If I …… hungry, I …… something. But I am not hungry now.

16.

A were / would eat.

B. had been / would have eaten

C. had been / would eat

D. were / would have eaten

You won’t pass the examination …… you study more.

17.

A. if

B. as

C. unless

D. whether

I’m playing tennis tomorrow …… it’s raining.

18.

A. unless

B. if

C. as long as

D. provided

C. have seen

D. see

Tell him to ring me if you …… him.

19.

A. had seen

B. saw

Unless she ……, she’ll be late.

20.

A. hurries

B. didn’t hurry

C. hurried

D. doesn’t hurry

Would George be angry if I …… his bicycle without asking?

21.

A. take

B. took

C. had taken

D. would take

I …… you a postcard while I was on holiday if I …… your address.

22.

A. would have sent / had had
C. would send / had

B. would have sent / had
D. would send / had had

I’d have visited you if I …… you …… in hospital.

23.

A. had known / are B. have known / were

C. had known / wereD. knew / had been

…… still my friend if I were put in prison?

24.

A. Would you be

B. Will you be

C. Would you

D. Would you

are
25.

If anybody …… a question, please ask me after class.
A. has

26.

B. have

D. doesn’t have

If I weren’t working for an accounting firm, I …… in a bank.
A. would be working

27.

C. don’t have

B. will work

C. have worked

D. work

“Can I borrow your car for this evening?”

~ “Sure, but Nora’s using it right now. If she ..… it back in time, you’re welcome to borrow it.”
A. brings
28.

B. would bring

C. will bring

D. brought

We’re going to lose this game …… the team doesn’t start playing better soon.
23

A. if
29.

B. unless

C. although

D. whereas

If I …… somebody else, I’d like to be a film star.
A. become

B. would be

C. could be

D. must be

30. What …… if they …… tomorrow?
A. will you do / don’t come

B. would you do / don’t come

C. would you have done / won’t come

D. do you do / won’t come

31. He said, “…… watch TV all the evening if you wish.”
A. You may

B. You have to

C. You need to

D. You should

32. If he ……, please tell me.
A. come

B. won’t come

C. will come

D. comes

33. If the earth …… move around the sun, everything …… floated.
A. didn’t / would be B. doesn’t / would be

C. didn’t / will be

D. don’t / would be

34. If I …… that you were in hospital, I ……you.
A. had known / would have visited

B. had known / would visit

C. knew / would visit

D. knew / would have visited

35. If he had taken my advice, he …… a rich man now.
A. would be

B. would have been C. had been

D. were

36. Unless you …… smoking, you …… better.
A. stop / won’t feel B. stop / will feel

C. stopped / will feel

D. stopped / would

feel
37. It is a beautiful house, and I …… it if I …… enough money, but I cannot afford it.
A. would buy / had

B. will buy / have

C. would have bought / had had

D. shall buy / have

38. If you are right, I ….. wrong.
A. am

B. will be

C. would be

D. would have been

39. If I …… to the party last night, I …… tired now.
A. went / would have been

B. had gone / would have been

C. went / would be

D. had gone / would be

40. Joe can’t hear ……. you shout.
24


A. if

B. unless

C. providing

D. whether

41. You can use my car …….you drive carefully.
A. as long as

B. whether

C. until

D. unless

42. You can smoke here …….you leave a window open to let the smoke out.
A. whether

B. as long as

C. unless

D. until

43. George won’t lend you any money …….you promise to pay him back.
A. unless

B. providing

C. if

D. as long as

C. provided

D. as long as

44. I’m going now …… you want me to stay.
A. unless

B. providing

45. What would you do if you ……. in my situation?
A. be

B. were

C. are

D. will be

46…… immediately, I will call a policeman.
A. Unless you leave B. If you leave

C. If you didn’t leave

D. Unless you

left
47. If Jake …… to go on the trip, would you have gone?
A. didn’t agree

B. hadn’t agreed

C. doesn’t agree

D. wouldn’t agree

C. would be

D. were

48. He would be happy if he …… here now.
A. be

B. already

49. If I could speak Spanish, I …… next year studying in Mexico.
A. would spend

B. would have spent C. had spent

D. will spend

50. If the weather …… fine, we will start early.
A. is

B. be

C. was

D. will be

BÀI TẬP DẠNG 3:
A. Bài tập trắc nghiệm.
Choose one sentence that has the closest meaning to the original sentence.
1. Without his help, we would all have died.
A. We died because he didn’t help us.
25