Giải pháp thúc đẩy mức độ tham gia của cộng đồng vào chương trình mục tiêu quốc gia xây dựng nông thôn mới tỉnh trà vinh tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
CAN THO UNIVERSITY

SUMMARY OF Ph.D DISSERTATION
MAJOR: RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Code: 9620116

DOAN THI NGUYET MINH

SOLUTIONS TO ENHANCE THE COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
IN THE NATIONAL TARGET PROGRAM ON BUILDING NEW
RURAL AREAS IN TRA VINH PROVINCE

1


THE DISSERTATION HAS BEEN COMPLETED AT CAN THO
UNIVERSITY
Academic supervisor:
NGUYEN NGOC DE, Associate Prof. PhD.
The dissertation was evaluated at grassroots Dissertation Assessment Board
Meeting at: Hall 3, 2nd floor, Administrative Building, Can Tho University
Time: at 8 AM, 09/11/2019

Reviewer 1: DUONG NGOC THANH, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Reviewer 2: LE NGOC THACH, PhD.

The dissertation can be found at:
Learning Resource Centre of Can Tho University
National Library of Vietnam

2


LIST OF ARTICLES PUBLICATION
Doan, M. T. N. ., & Nguyen, D. N.. (2016). Factors affecting community
participation in new rural area construction in Tra Vinh province.
Proceeding of Agricultural Science and New Rural Development
(208-219). Can Tho, Vietnam: Can Tho University Publishing
House.
Doan, M. T. N., & Nguyen, D. N. (2017). Evaluation of the general results
of the household participation process in new rural development
program in Tra Vinh province. Journal of Agricultural Science and
Technology of Nong Lam University 4, 90-98.
Doan, M. T. N., & Nguyen, D. N. (2017). Evaluating the real situation of
the new rural development program in Tra Vinh province. Journal
of Agriculture and Rural Development 24, 3-11.
Doan, M. T. N., & Nguyen, D. N. (2019). Evaluating the community
participation in the new rural development program in Tra Vinh
province. Status – Solution. Journal of Agriculture and Rural
Development. Nong Lam University in Ho Chi Minh city, 18(1): 917

3


CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 THE NECESSITY OF DISSERTATION
Firstly, the Participation Problem is the most popular and hottest
focus topic of policy planning, developing community experts. One thing
must be sure to confirm that many things are being around us and nothing
can be solved without participation. The research is focused on the practical

participation.
Secondly, the research aiming at the new core participation concept
is used in theory and then applied to the daily practical activities to awake
one’s thinking and to motivate participation promotion actively in the right
way that is considered by overcoming the obstacles of the before concept of
the passive participation. The biggest difference is the potential capacity
that belongs to the root to be found out to promote the participation actively
in order that agent is the most suitable to the main role of community while
every available resource is used effectively.
Thirdly, to all final problem are solved at the root through the group of
helpful solutions impact on personal internal participation definitely in
enhancing one’s thinking, through promoting internal power in the right way
research aimed to compassionate, awaken voluntarily and voluntarily to
awaken continuously to interact together law of nature positively toward the
top of developing swirling to improve knowledge and to make a big power
help community overcome obstacles together come to the final goal in
building new rural program that is also the final goal of one ‘s life.

4


1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
1.2.1 General objective
A system of solutions is completed to help the community do the
main role in motivating participation actively to awaken their mind in their
own daily activities in a highly voluntary way from that more promotion in
participation is activated to improve more participation capacity quickly
aimed to accomplish the goal of building new rural program generally and
sustainably.
1.2.2 Specific objectives

- Evaluating the current status of building new rural program
progress in Tra Vinh province
- Analyzing the impact of level community participation and find out
the causes that prevent local people from active participation in Tra Vinh
province
- Proposing the solution to enhance the motivation of participation to
improve the main role of community in Tra Vinh province
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION
- How is the building new rural program in Tra Vinh province in the
first phase (2010-2015)?
- Which factors affect the level of community participation and What
are the causes that prevent local people from active participation in Tra
Vinh province?
- Which solutions can be proposed to enhance the motivation of
participation to improve the main role of community in Tra Vinh province?
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
- The level of community participation is dependent on economic
households in Tra Vinh province.
1.5 RESEARCH SCOPE
Secondary data was collected from 2010 to 2015, primary data was
surveyed in 01/2016 in 3 districts (namely Tra Cu, Tieu Can, Cang Long)

5


1.6 NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE DISSERTATION
1.6.1 Scientific significance
New contributions of the dissertation both in theory and academic are
the scales of the positive participation based on motivation through using
the Porter and Lawler motivation model (1981) and the chain of satisfying

– desired - need theoretical relationship. The highlight of the study is the
use of strong and active internal point of ABCD approach to arouse local
people on their own to survive and grow from that they can overcome the
longtime passive participation in developing nations.
Many groups of the variables used in the research based on frames,
the general factor of rual social aspects that affect the participation are
systematized in order to find two overall solution groups proposed root
causes to improve the extent of participation aimed to satisfy the final
target of the new rural development programs.
1.6.2 Practical significance
New contributions of the dissertation for the practically applying
participation activities of Tra Vinh Province to be done in the new rural
development programs or the same ecosystem and economy - social
condition of other provinces will have been largely influenced in leading
the new rural development programs. The research findings would be a
good basic in thinking that can be awakened by every method toward
getting the final goal making a significant change in local people and
officials, the formal and informal unions, specially, the cooperation of the
religious organizations also takes advantage in saturating the hearted
participation of local people.
1.7 STRUCTURE DISSERTATION
The contain of the dissertation has 242 pages, including introduction,
literature review, research methods, research and discussion, conclusion
and recommendation, references, tables, and annexes, figures.

6


CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHOD
The dissertation combines two kinds of methods: qualitative and

quantitative method
 Qualitative: Based on the theory of the level participation scale,
the level participation, the impacts of level participation research,
Hypothesis with independent variables were formed in the positively
correlated relation ship
 Quantitative:
The data of the study were collected through interviewing 405
households in 3 districts of Tra Vinh province (namely Cang Long, Tra Cu,
and Tieu Can) with samples based on convenient conditions: (1)
freshwater, brackish water, and saltwater ecosystems; (2) the degree to
obtain criteria: strong (19/19), average (12-14/19), and weak (8-12/19); (3)
and economic conditions of households: Rich, medium and poor
households.
The collected data were analyzed by applying these methods:
Descriptive statistics, Exploratory Factor Analysis and regression model,
Swot, problem tree, and solution tree.
Specifically, this process is systematized by 4 steps:
Theory – Hypothesis – Observation – Conclusion (Dinh Phi Ho,
2011), based on deducing: General  specific
 Theory: The dissertation was done by ABCD approaching (take
advantage in applying 5 available resources)
 Hyppothesis:
-Objective 1: The level of participation is affected by economic
conditions of households: Rich, medium and poor households.
-Objective 2: Identify which group of variables match 5 resources
impact on participation level.
-Objective 3: which solution (Internal, external) is done to enhance
the participation level.
7

 Observation 3:
5 groups of variables match 5 resources  aiming at accomplishing
the 5 criteria for building new rural area is 5 group variables that are
considered the impact on the participation level will be suggested: public
social-cultural convenience, infrastructure planning for organizing to
develop production, and distinctive characteristics of individual
households, production, economic organization, environment. General
regression model PAR = f(F1, F2, F3, F4, F5)
 Conclusion: Which group of variables is considered impacting the
level of participation and the strong impact on participation based on that
which problem could be identified to the research continue to analyze the
group of causes (internal, external) by problem and solution tree and
SWOT participation tool combining analyzing 5W + 1H to propose a group
of solutions to enhance participation level capacity.

8


A. OBJECTIVE
Evaluating the results of
building new rural area
progress

B. DATABASE

+ Household survey

C. ANALYSIS METHOD

D. RESULTS

Descriptive statistics

Find out the status of participation level
in building new rural progress

Exploratory Factor Analysis
and regression model

Find out the impact group variable to
participation level

+ Sherry R. Arnstern scale of participation
(1969,1971)

Analyze the impact of
participation level and
find out the causes

- Secondary data: related to materials
+ Group of the variables impact on participation:
1. Infrastructure planning for economic production
organization: Ladewig & Glenn C.McCann, 1980)(Marans &
Rodger, 1975); 2. Economic production organization:
(Jesser, 1967; (Brown, 1993); 3. Public social-cultural
convenience: (Filkins R., Cordes.S 1999; Smith M.K, 2008)
(Wilkinson, 1991) (Johnson &Knop, 1970Rojek et. al, 1975);
4. Environment: Braun(1991), Marans & Rodger, 1975;
Ladewig, H., & McCann, G.C. (1980); Mollie Van Loon &

Stinner W.F., 1992; 5. Distinctive characteristics of
individual households: (Davies, 1945 Maslow (1943); Porter
và Lawer (1981) David Mc.lelland (1988); Vroom (1964)
(Ladewig & Glenn C.McCann, 1980)

Find out Limited causes that prevent
local people from active participation

- Primary data: + Interview KIP BCĐ
+ Household survey
Proposing the solution to
enhance the motivation of
participation

SWOT participation tool

Based on the above results

Problem and solution tree tool
5W + 1H tool

Figure 2.1 General research frame diagram
(Source: Author suggestion, 2016)
9

Group of Solutions to improve
participation to enhance local people’s
participation capacity

Community

KNOWLEDGE

Authority
Policy

Organization
of
Management

Formal Union

F: Economic production organization

Propaganda

S: Public
social-cultural
convenience

H: Distinctive
characteristics
of individual
and household

Level of
participation

BEHAVIOR

ATTITUDE
Decision
participat
-ion

Impact

Organization to
implementation

N: Environment

P: Infrastructure
planning for
economic production
organization

Informal Union

ACTION

Evaluating the status of building new rural
progress

The factors to impact the level of participation

Solutions to enhance the participation capacity

Figure 2.2 Frame theory diagram
(Source: Author suggestion, 2016)

10

Successfully
building the
new rural
program


The research model is formed with a process that has input with two
way up – bottom interaction of broadcasting the building new rural
document by the propaganda team cooperating with community and
authority in action the step by step order.
The output results are the knowledge, behavior and attitude to help
the community make the decision in participating in setting the final goal of
the target of building new rural program
The research uses two scales of participation level
(1) Scales of participation level form
Table 2.1. Scales of participation level form
Level
Characteristics
(1)Not involve:
- Participating passively
(2) Low
- Sharing information
participation:
(3) Average
- Providing information, sharing responsibility, and
participation:
contributing labor or money (outside agent)
(4) High

- Participating under the function and interacting
participation:
support with the familiar relationship (analyzing and
making a decision capacity important awakening
ability, understanding the meaning of giving and
receipt, improving the effectiveness based on
learning experiences, invention, adapting situation
ability, innovating method, product efficiency.
(5) Highest
participation

- Voluntary action (internal promotion to enhance
belief, on one own voluntary, positive thinking,
active participation, both physical and mental.
(Source: Author suggestion, 2016)

11


Table: 2.2 Scales of interacting participation level between community and
authority
Authority activities
Level
Community participation
Not involve
1
Not involve
Sharing Information
2: Know
Information

receipt
and
storage:
Consultation

3: Discuss

Invitation to
cooperation

4: Do action

Monitoring

5: Control

(Source: Author suggestion, 2016)

12

Information
announcement
and provision
Participation
in
implementation cooperation
Supervising and controlling
the right performance

CHAPTER 3: RESULTS OF RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION
OBJECTIVE 1: EVALUATION OF THE RESULT OF THE
BUILDING NEW RURAL PROGRESS IN TRA VINH PROVINCE
Results showed that the participation in the implementation of the
new rural development program in Tra Vinh province was the cooperation
of both sides: the community and the authority in which local people
played a key role and the authority supported in the first phase from 20102015.
The results indicated that there was a difference in the form and
degree among households depending on their economic conditions: rich
households participated in the project more than poor ones. The majority of
households took part in the new rural development program only because
of responsibility and enforcement at a low extent.
(I) Form of household participation
Steps of activities:
(1) System building participation;
(2) Information transmit participation;
(3) Sign up for commitment participation;
(4) Surveying situation participation, planning participation, discuss
contribution participation, proposing solution participation, ranking priority
participation;
(5) Check quality, monitoring progress schedule,
management participation, and the following illustrations:

13

operation


Figure 3.1 Participation level form of specific criteria in the whole building
new rural

(Source: Survey data in Tra Vinh province, 2016)

14


Figure 3.2 Participation level form of specific criteria in the whole building
new rural
(Source: Survey data in Tra Vinh province, 2016)

15


The level of participation is dependent on economic households:
Most of the criteria were done by rich households is higher than the two
households.
In addition, clarifying the level of participation according to criteria
fields in 3 groups of economic households, including participation in
planning criteria and infrastructure economic-social criteria at a low extent.
Comunity contribute more than in culture, environment, organizing
production, security criteria. Community combined with authority took part
in sharing responsibility, making a decision at low form extent. The highest
level participation is known, discussion community while other higher level
is known how to, monitoring level.
Results of the difference of the level participation among convenient
conditions, including freshwater, brackishwater, and saltwater ecosystems
and the degree to obtain criteria: strong (19/19), average (12-14/19), and
weak (8-12/19)
Table 3.1 Square testing between different ecosystems in participation with
the different level to criteria obtaining the degree and the level of
participation in building new rural in Tra Vinh province

Character
No
Ecosystem
Freshwater
Brackishwater
Saltwater
The degree to obtain
criteria `
Strong (19/19 TC)
Average (12-14/19 TC)
Weak (8-11/19 TC)

4
0
4
0

PARTICIPATION LEVEL
Very
slow Medium High
high
95
211
60
35
10
37
52
35
22

31
5
0
63
143
3
0

Total
405
134
62
209

220.717 0.000

96.292 0.000

4

95

211

60

35

405

0
4
0

27
27
41

35
76
100

15
5
40

29
0
6

106
112
187

(Source: Survey data in Tra Vinh province, 2016)

16

ChiSIG
Squared

Result: households who live in freshwater ecosystems (Cang Long)
have the better condition on participating more than other two ecosystems
such as brackishwater (Tieu Can), and saltwater ecosystems (Tra Cu).
Result also showed that which place has ecosystems
The level participation is better from that the degree to obtain criteria
has obviously different level, including strong (19/19), average (12-14/19),
and weak (8-12/19).

OBJECTIVE 2: ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF
PARTICIPATION LEVEL OF LOCAL PEOPLE
3.2 FACTOR IMPACTING ON PARTICIPATION LEVEL AND
THE CAUSES PREVENTING LOCAL PEOPLE FROM ACTIVE
PARTICIPATION
3.2.1 Result of regression analysis
The research also found out three important factors affecting the
participating extent of local communities including: Public social-cultural
convenience, Infrastructure planning for economic production organization,
and Distinctive characteristics of individual and household.
Among these, public social-cultural convenience had the most
powerful impact on the new rural development program in Tra Vinh
province. The following data is illustrated, such as:

17


Table 3.2 Result of regression analysis

Variable

Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
B

1(Constant)

Std. Error

3.067

.029

Public socialcultural
convenience

.428

.029

Infrastructure
planning for
economic
production
organization

.412

Distinctive
characteristics

of individual
and household

.269

Beta

Collinearity
Statistics
t

Sig. Tolerance VIF

105.471

.000

.489

14.702

.000

1.000 1.000

.029

.471

14.162

.000

1.000 1.000

.029

.307

9.239

.000

1.000 1.000

a. Dependent variable: participation level
(Source: Survey data in Tra Vinh province, 2016)
Other following results are illustrated such as:
 Testing a partial correlation of regression coefficients
Public social-cultural convenience, infrastructure planning for
economic production organization, distinctive characteristics of individual
and household Correlating with the level participation with 95% reliability,
sig. < 0.05.

18


 Testing the suitability of the model
Multiple correlation coefficient R2 = 0.556. 55.6% of the difference
of participation level can be explained by independent variables of the

model, and 44.4% of the left dependent variables can be explained by other
factors.
F testing was used to test the meaning of the model. Result sig< 0.05,
The model is suitable with practical data. T testing was used to test statistic
meaning of each dependent variable in the model. All dependent variables
have statistic meaning with sig <0.05
 Testing for constant residual variance
Using the variance inflation factor (VIF) to test the dependent
variables is not correlated because of adapting to VIF < 5. The multicollinear phenomenon did not happen.
Based on generalizing regression equation and above concluding, the
following regression of the impact of level participation in building new
rural is
Ŷ= 1.006 + 0.428 public social-cultural convenience + 0.412
infrastructure planning for economic production organization + 0.269
distinctive characteristics of individual and household
Result confirms that public social-cultural convenience (X1)
contribute to 38.6%, infrastructure planning for economic production
organization (X2) contributing to 37.2 %, distinctive characteristics of
individual households (X3) contributing to 24.2%
By testing the regression model, the meaning statistic variable
including
-Result of table showed that public social-cultural convenience is
0.428 with the same correlation with the participation level because when
other factors do not change, public social-cultural convenience increase 1
point, the level participation increase 0.428 points.
This variable has a strong impact on participation level that has
satisfaction related to spirit, valuable culture and belief.
Besides, the participation level also has a big impact by convenient
infrastructure service public factors including means of transport,
information, trade center and other convenient services including medical,

education and training service, supermarket, law consulting policy, priority
19


policy, house for low-income people and the difference known is that
emotional value in one own with moral personality value. In general,
cultural value contain not only physical factors but also a spiritual factor.
- The result also showed Infrastructure planning for economic
production organization is 0.412, have the same correlation with the level
participation because when other factors remain unchanged, Infrastructure
planning for economic production organization increases 1 point, the
participation level increases 0.412 point. This means that this variable has
medium impact on participation level that has satisfaction related to
Infrastructure planning for daily convenient services including land,
irrigation, sewer, freshwater, safe electricity, school, medical, market
project. General planning with infrastructure planning for social- economic
production organization with the community is the main role and final goal
of planning which is considered the best firm background community
outside practical situation.
- The result also showed that Distinctive characteristics of individual
households are 0.29 and have the same correlation with the participation
level because when other factors do not change, Distinctive characteristics
of individual households increases 1 point, the participation level increases
0.29 point. This means that this variable has medium impact on
participation level including: age, gender, nation, religion, household size,
literacy level, academic level, education and training, career, personal
experiences, the number of local people, the number of people going to
school, main income of family, marital status, health status, and member
union. The different characteristic has different need and participation level
promotion. Specially, high major official, applying policy ability in solving

community conflict satisfactorily is the best advantage of distinctive
characteristics.
3.2.3. Causes of the passive participation
Based on the analysis of the causes of the passive participation, the
two root groups of passive causes were found in the following problem tree
diagram:

20


Slow reach to Target nation building new rural program
RESULT
PASSIVE PARTICIPATION

Poor Personal capacity
(Human capital)

Knowledge at
slow level

Practise skill at
slow level &
Attitude and
behaviour not
professional

Poor Community capacity
(Social capital)

Management skill,

economic
households not
good

Management
authority and
Infrastructure
planning for
economic
production
organization not
efficient

CAUSES

Figure 3.3 Problem tree diagram
(Source: Author suggestion, 2018)
21

Public socialcultural not
convenient

Economic,
agricultural
production
environment not
develop


Based on the results of the study, two causes groups were found out

such as:
(i) Poor Personnel capacity (Human capital): three main causes
including: Knowledge at slow level; Practise skill at slow level & Attitude
and behaviour not professional; Management skill, economic households
not good.
(ii) Poor Community capacity (Social capital): three main causes
including: Management authority and Infrastructure planning for economic
production organization not efficient; Public social-cultural not convenient;
Economic, agricultural production environment not develop
3.2.4 Solution to motivate the level participation of community
Based on two group of causes internal and external from 3 factors
that 1 impact the level participation is illustrated in the below diagram.

22


Target nation building new rural program get goal early
OBJECTIVE
ACTIVE PARTICIPATION

High Personnel capacity
(Human capital)

Enhance
education formal
quality

Enhance education
informal
Quality

High Community capacity
(Social capital)

Enhance
Management skill,
economic
households good

Organizing social
management with
specialized
technology and
sciences

ACTIVITIES

Figure 3.4 Solution tree diagram
(Source: Author suggestion, 2018)
23

Building a socialcultural model that
can easily spread
out and ensure
cultural security
spread

Strengthening
agricultural
economy, planning

infrastructures
mainly to develop
individual-based
economy


Based on the results of the study, two overall solution groups were
suggested in order to improve the extent of participation:
(1) Promoting
Strengthening force),

individuals’

participating

capacity

(Internal

(2) Improving community’s participating environment (External
Strengthening force) and other important activities such as:
-Organizing social management with specialized technology and
sciences,
-Building a social-cultural model that can easily spread out and
ensure cultural security,
-Strengthening agricultural economy,
-Planning infrastructures mainly to develop individual-based
economy.

24

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
5.1 CONCLUSION
OBJECTIVE 1: THE STATUS OF PARTICIPATION OF
COMMUNITTY IN BUIDING NEW RURAL.
The results of the status of participation of communitty in building
new rural were done in the first phase as follows:
(1) Generral Management Activities: have good achivement in
combining power to participate. Community cooperate with authority did
the main role and made good accomplishment. However, there was
limitation on ability, experienences, passive in control of superior, not
proffessional, low effectiveness in leading the hole buildine new rural
program
(2) Implementation criteria activities: most results of form group
criteria were done that related to group crteria of infrastructure planning for
economic production organization activities. However, the function of this
product of infrastructure planning still has not been in the right function
satisfactorily to enhance quality of locals’ lives. Most result of increasing
the income index (4.59 million VND per people per year), reduction of
Poor household ratio (under 7%), increase the ratio of employed labor. The
medium level participation of poor household extent, form of participation
is sharing more responsibilities than making decision. The participation
level is the degree of known and storage information more than discuss, do,
control in scale of participation in the whole progress.
OBJECTIVE 2: ANALYZE THE IMPACT OF PARTICIPATION
LEVEL OF LOCAL PEOPLE
Based on local available resourses in participation and based on
hypothesis the level of participation is affected by 3 group of factors such as:
(I) Public social-cultural convenience has strong impact on active

participation (38.6%) beside the bold characteristic with traditional factor:
family, neighborhood relationship, friendliness, unity, religion, gender
equality and other convenient services: medical, education and training
service, supermarket, law consult policy, priority policy, house for low
income people and the difference known is that emotional value in one own
with moral personality value had strong impact on
Public social-cultural convenience variable. Research confirms social
25