Hiến chương liên hợp quốc và việc loại bỏ chiến tranh trong hiến pháp quốc gia

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<b>HIEN CHU^ONG LIEN HOP QUOC VA VIEC LOAI BO </b>

<b>CHIEN TRANH TRONG HIEN PHAP QUOC GIA </b>

"Chien tranli" li mpt bien tugng die biet
trong lich sir nhan loai, gin lien vdi sta phit
trien ctia xa bpi, ciia giai cap. ctia Nhi nudc
v i cpng dong quPc te. Moi ITnh vuc khoa
hpc tiep can van de chien tranh ttr nhtrng gPc
dp, mirc dp v i quy mo khac nhau, do do khii
niem "chien tranh" se khong the hoin toin
dong nhat. Trong Luat Quoc te, khii niem
"chien tranh" v i cic quy pham trong ITnh
vuc niy luPn li nhung vin dd phirc tap v i
gay nhieu tranh cai. Ldi ndi dau Hien chuang
<i>Lien hop qudc bit dau vdi cau: '"Chimg tdi, </i>

<i>nhdn ddn cdc nuc'/c Lien hap quPc quyet tdm </i>
<i>phdng ngira cho nhirng the he tuang lai khoi </i>
<i>nhicng thdm hpa vd dau thucmg khPng ke xiet </i>
<i>md chien tranh da lieng hai ldn gdy ra cho </i>
<i>nhdn logi chiing la". Tuy nhien, ngoii ttr </i>

"chien tranh" dugc nhic den P day, du cP cd
gang den may, chung ta cung khong the tim
thay trong Hien chuong mpt ttr "chien tranh"
nao nua vi cing khong the tim thay nguyen
van cum ttr "cam chien tranh" trong Hien
chuong Lien hgp qudc. Tai sao Dieu 2.4 Hien
chuong Lien hpp quoc lai quy dinh nguyen
tae "cam de dpa sir dung vu luc v i sir dtang
vti luc trong quan he quoc te" chir khdng pbii

nguyen tac "cam chien tranh"? Khii niem
"chien tranh" dupc hieu vi sir dung nhu the
nio trong Luat Quoc te? CP nhiing thuat ngii
nio trong Luat Quoc te cP the thay the, trong
mpt chimg muc nao dp, cho khii niem chien
tranh? Luat Quoc te quy dinh gi ve chien
tranh? Ldi giii dip cho nhtrng cau boi tren se
giiip cbiing ta tiep can cic quy dinh ciia Hien
phip quoc gia lien quan den chien tranh dudi
gdc dp ctia luat phip quoc te, qua do dinh gii

'ThS, Luat hpc, Truang Khoa Luat Qudc te, Hpc vien
Ngoai giao.

<i><b>Pham Lan Dung </b></i>

khi nang ciing nhu dinh hudng cho vide loai
bd chien tranh trong Hien phip qudc gia.

<b>1. Chien tranh co bj cam trong Luat </b>
<b>Quoc te khong? </b>

Mpt vii net khii quit ve lich sir phit trien
cac quy pham Luat Quoc te ve chien tranh se
giiip dua ra ldi giii dip cho cau hdi niy.
Trong Luat Qudc te qua cac giai doan phat
trien cd cic khii niem lien quan sau: "Chien
tranh", "xam luge", "sir dung vii lire", "xung
dpt vti trang", "tan cdng vti trang","bien phip
tap tbe"/"bien phap cudng che", "tia ve", "tir

ve c i nhin", "tu ve tap the"...

Trong thdi ky co dai, trung dai va can
dai, tap quin qudc te kbdng cam chien tranh
m i chi cd ging han che chien tranh bdi
nhtrng quy dinh ve tbii tuc tien binh chien
tranh. Trong nhung thdi ky niy, chien tranh
li mpt bien phap hgp phip de md rpng lanh
tho nhung phai tuin thu nhiing thu ttac can
thiet ve gay chien v i quan be gitra nhiong
nudc tham chien nhu tuyen chien cbinb thirc,
neu rd ly do v i trich nhiem cua ben gay
chien, tuan thu nhtrng quy dinh vl cic ben
ddng minh v i trung lap. Tap quin qudc tl cic
giai doan niy cho rang kbdng thi trinh khdi
chien tranh v i cic quoc gia cd quyln tiin
hinh chien tranh nhung khdng dupe lim viec
niy mpt cich tiiy tien. D i cP mpt sd no lire
nham phan biet sir hgp phip v i bit hgp phip
cua cic cupc chien tranh, tuy nhien nhtrng
quy dinh niy thudng cd tinh tuong ddi,
khdng chat che v i de bi cic qudc gia lgi diong
de phuc vu cic lgi ich cua minh.

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nhien, qua phin tich cic quy dinh ciia Minh
udc, CO the thay, chien tranh kbPng bi cam
mot cich triet de v i Minh udc van de ngd
nhieu khi ning ma chien tranh cd the dugc
sir dtang .

Sau Chien tranh the gidi lan thir II, Hien
chuong Lien hgp qudc da quy dinh nguyen
tac, van thudng dugc ggi li "nguyen tic cam
de doa sir dung vu lioc v i sir dung vti luc
trong quan he quoc te". Dieu 2.4 Hien
<i>chuang quy dinh: "Tdi cd cdc nudc thdnh </i>

<i>vien Lien hap quPe lir bo de dpa bdng vii luc </i>
<i>hoac su dung vii luc trong quan he quPc te </i>
<i>nhdm chPng lgi su bdt khd xdm phgm ve </i>
<i>lanh tho hay nen dpc lap chinh tri cita bdt cir </i>
<i>quoc gia ndo, ciing nhu bdng cdch khdc Irdi </i>
<i>vdi nhiing muc dich cim Lien hpp qudc". </i>

Hien chuang Lien hgp quoc da tien xa ban
Minh udc Hpi quPc lien v i thay bang viee
cam "chien tranh" hay cam "xam luge",
Dieu 2.4 di cam "de dga sir dung vti lioc v i
sii dung vti luc". Him y cua nhiong nhi soan
thao Hien chuang li thuat ngii "sir dung vti
luc" CO y nghTa chung ban v i rpng hon
"chien tranh", bao ham moi hinb vi sir dung
vQ luc, khPng nhat thiet pbii dat den quy md
mirc dp cua mpt cupc chien tranh hay cupc
xam luge, deu bj coi li vi pham Luat QuPc
te neu khPng phii li nhtrng trudng hpp
ngoai le ma Hien chuang cho phep. Vay
nhtrng ngoai le nay li gi v i ky vpng tren ctia

" Cac dieu khoan quan trpng ciia Minh udc lien quan

denchiSn tranh la Di^u 10, 11, 12 va 15.

Dieu 10 quy dinh, cac thanh vien "cam kit tdn trpng
va bao ve su loan ven lanh thd va ddc lap chinh tri
hien cd ciia tat ca cac nudc thanh vien chdng lai su
xam lupc tir ben ngoai. Trong trudng hprp cd xam
lupc hay de dpa xam lupc, Hdi ddng Hpi qudc lien se
khuyen khich dua ra cac bien phap de bao dam thuc
hi?n cac cam kit dd".

Dieu 12 quy dinh; "Neu cd tranh chap xay ra giira cac
nudc thanh vien thi hp phai dua tranh chip dd ra
trpng tai, giai quyet tranh chap dd bang xet xir hoac
bSng Hpi ddng Hdi qudc lien, dii trong trudng hop
nao cung khdng dupc gay chien trudc 3 thang ke tir
khi cd phan quyet ciia trpng tai, quyet dinh ciia tda an
hojc bao cao cua Hpi ddng".

cic bac tien bdi cP tro thinh hien thioc
kbPng? Hien chuong Lien hgp quoc, tren
nguyen tic, chi cho phep hai trudng hop
ngoai le dugc phep sir dung via luc trong
quan be quPc te.

<i><b>Trudng hap ngogi li thir nhat li viec </b></i>
Hpi ddng Bio an Lien hgp quPc thuc bien
cic "bien phip tap the hieu qui" hay cPn ggi
li cic "bien phip cudng che theo Chuang
VII", bao gom ci sir dung vti lire, doi vdi cic
quPe gia bi Hpi dPng Bao an ket luan li da

de dpa bPa binh, phi hoai hPa binh hoac cP
hinh vi xam luge. Ngoai le niy dugc quy
dinh ngay d Dieu 1.1 v i Dieu 39, 42 Hien
chuang Lien hgp quoc. Dieu 1,1 quy dinh:

<i>''Lien hap qudc iheo dudi muc dich duy tri </i>
<i>hoa binh vd an ninh qudc le, vd de dgi duac </i>
<i><b>muc dich dp, ihi hdnh nhutng bien phdp tap </b></i>
<i><b>the cd hieu qua de phong ngira vd logi trie </b></i>
<i>cdc mdi de doa hoa binh, ngdn chdn mpi </i>
<i>hdnh vi xdm luac vd phd hogi hda binh </i>
<i><b>khdc; hoac sir dung cdc bien phdp hoa binh </b></i>
<i>iheo dimg quy dinh cita cPng ly vd lual phdp </i>
<i>qudc le de dieu chinh hoac gidi quyet cdc vu </i>
<i>tranh chdp hoac linh the quPe te cd ihe dua </i>
<i>den su phd hogi hoa binh". O day, neu lien </i>

he Ldi ndi dau da trich cua Hien chuang vdi
quy dinh tai Dieu 1.1 niy, that trd treu kbi
thay, de trinli cho nhan loai khdi nhtrng
thim boa dau thuong khdng ke xiet ciia
chien tranh, Hien chuang Lien hgp qudc da
uu tien dat cic bien phap cudng che, trong
dd cd sir dung vii lire len trudc cic bien phip
hda binh. (Thir tu ngugc lai dugc sap xdp
gitra Chuang VI - Giii quyet bda binh cic
cupc tranh chap qudc te v i Chuong VII
-Bien phap cudng che; v i gitra Dieu 41 - Cic
bien phip cudng che khdng lien quan den sir
dung vii lire v i Dieu 42 - Cic bien phip sir

dung vti lire). TPm lai, trong nhung truang
hpp quy dinh d Dieu 3 9 \ Hpi dPng Bio an

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<i>NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 7/2010 </i>

CO quyen quyet dinh ip dung cic bien phip

sir dung via luc theo Dieu 42^*, mi tren thioe

te li Hpi ddng Bao an "iiy quyen cho cac

quoc gia thinh vien Lien hpp quoc" sir dung

via lire. Ngoii cic bien phip tap the sir dung

vti luc, mi CO sd phip ly dupc xic dinh rd

rang li dua tren Dieu 42, tren thuc te cdn co

cic trudng hgp sir dung vii luc vdi ten ggi

"can thiep nhan dao"/thuc hien "nghTa vu

bio ve" hay viec trien khai cic Lioc lupng

gin gitr boa binh the be thir 3, cPn gpi la Luc

lugng "cudng che hda binh". Tuy nhien, do

tinh phirc tap ctia nhiing trudng hgp niy vi

die biet li Hien chuang Lien hgp qudc

khong CO dieu khoin nio true tiep quy dinh

ve nhiong bien phip niy nen bii viet tam

thdi khong di sau vio cic trudng hpp su

dung via lire do. Cic Lioc lupng gin gitr hPa

binh, tren nguyen tic, khong phii li bien

phip sir dung vti lioc tren ca sd Dieu 42. Vi

khdng he dupe quy dinh cu the trong Hien

chuong Lien hgp qudc nen khi tim kiem co

sd phip ly cho cic Luc lupng gin giti hPa

binh nay, cic hpc gii di tam gpi day li cic

bien phip tren co sd Chuong VI. Chirc nang,

tham quyen vi cic die trung cita mdi Luc

lupng gin giti bPa binh li khic biet nhau tiiy

vio ttmg trudng hgp cu the vi dugc quy

dinh trong cic nghi quyet cua Hpi dong Bio

an^ Nhin chung, cic Luc lupng gin giii hPa

binh dupc trang bi via khi, thudng la hang

<i>nhe vi tuan thu nguyen tic khdng sir dung vU </i>

vdi cac Dieu 41 va 42 de duy tri hoac khdi phuc hda
binh va an ninh qudc te".

•* Dieu 42 quy djnh: "Neu Hpi ddng Bao an nhan thay
nhirng bien phap neu tai Dieu 41 la khdng thich hop,
hoac da mat hieu luc, thi Hdi ddng Bao an cd tham
quyen ap dung mpi hanh dpng ciia hai, luc, khdng
quan ma Hpi ddng Bao an xet thay can thiet cho viec
duy tri hoac khdi phuc hda binh va an ninh qudc te.
Nhung hanh ddng nay cd the la nhung cupc bieu
duong luc lupng, phong tda va nhirng cudc hanh quan
khac, do cac luc luang hai, luc, khdng quan ciia cac
nudc thanh vien Lien hop qudc thuc hi?n."

^ Thudng duoc nhac den vdi thuat ngir "mandate"
trong cac nghj quyet cua Hpi ddng Bao an.

<i><b>luc, tru trudng hgp dl "tu ve" (self defence)^ </b></i>

hoac trir trudng hgp de chdng lai cic "hinh

dpng thii dich" bay "y dinh thti dich" (hostile

act, hostile intent)^ mac dii ve co ban, khii

niem tio ve vi y dinh thu dich dugc giai thich

tuong ddi rpng.

<i><b>Trudng hap ngogi le thu hai li quyen </b></i>

tio ve chinh dang dupe quy dinh d Dieu 51:

<i>"Khong cd mpt dieu khodn ndo trong Hien </i>

<i>chuang ndy lam ton hgi den quyen tu ve von </i>

<i>CO (inherent) ciia cd nhdn hay tap the trong </i>

<i><b>trudng hap ihdnh vien Lien hap quoc bi tan </b></i>

<i><b>cong vQ trang (armed attack) cho den khi </b></i>

<i>Hpi dPng Bdo an dp dung duac nhirng bien </i>

<i>phdp cdn thiet de duy tri hoa binh vd an ninh </i>

<i>quPc te...". Dieu 51 cho phep hai trudng </i>

hpp tu ve (dugc hieu li bao gdm sir dung vii

<b>luc de tu ve) dd li tu ve ci nhan va tu ve tap </b>

the. Theo quy dinh cua dieu khoin niy,

quyen tu ve ciia cac qudc gia gin lien vdi sir

sinh tdn cua qudc gia dd vi chi cd the dugc

su dung khi hi "tan cdng vii trang". Viec

Hien chucmg sio dung khii niem "bi tan cong

vii trang"^ thay cho khii niem "bi xam luge"

bien nhien ciing co him y nhat dinh, trudc

bet de ban che kbi nang cic nudc bien minh

la hinb vi tan cdng cua minh chua len den

mire xam luge vi phii nhan quyln tu ve cua

nudc bi tan cdng. Mat khic, quy dinh niy

Cling ban che kbi nang cic nudc liy nhiing

ly do chung chung nhu bi de dga, bi uy hilp

de sir dung vti lue dudi danh nghTa tu ve.

Theo quy dinh ciia Dilu 51 thi cic nude chi

dugc tu ve/su dung vu lire kbi bi "tan cong

vii trang". Tuy nhien, Hiln chuong lai khong

quy dinh nhu thi nio li "tin cdng vii trang".

Khii niem nay co dupe giii thich trong phin

quylt cua TPa in Cdng ly Qudc tl (ICJ)

<i>trong vta Cdc hdnh vi qudn su vd bdn qudn </i>

<i>Karent A. Mingst and Margaret P. Karns, The </i>
<i>United Nations in the Post-Cold War Era, 1995, p.70 </i>

<i>Pham Lan Dung, Legal and Institutional Aspect of </i>
<i>the UN Security Council, 2007, p. 141. </i>

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<i><b>SU a Nicaragoa vd chdng lgi Nicaragoa . </b></i>

Ngoai nhung npi dung d Dieu 51, Hien
chuang cting khdng quy dinh gi them ve
nhirng nguyen tac can tuan thti kbi thuc hien
quyen tu ve ci nhan v i tap the. Do quyen tu
ve cita cic qudc gia li "vdn cd", cd the hieu
la gan lien vdi sio xuat hien v i tdn tai ctia
quoc gia, nen van de niy cung dugc dieu
chinh trong tap quin quoc te, theo dP, viec
sir dung vti lire de tu ve can dip irng dupc
nguyen tac "tinb can thiet" v i nguyen tic
"tinh luang ximg". Nhu vay, neu ket hgp
Hien chuang Lien hgp quoc vdi tap quin

quoc te thi cic qudc gia dugc sir dung vii luc
de thuc hien quyen tio ve neu bi tin cong vti
trang vi can dim bio dupc tinb cin thiet v i
tinh tuong ximg.

Nhung quy dinh nay cua Hien chuong
Lien hop quPe noi rieng vi Luat QuPc te nPi
chung lien quan den "chien tranh" m i dung
han la "sir dung vii lire" eP dit de dip img ky
vong neu tren ciia cic nhi soan thio Hien
chuang khdng? Ding tiec la diem lai lich sir
quan he quPe te ttr nam 1945 den nay thi
"chien tranh" hay "sir dung vti lire" van xiy
ra gitra cac quPe gia. Khong nPi den viec sir
dung vu luc thuge trudng hgp ngoai le thir
nhat, trong gin nhu tat c i cic trudng hpp sir
dung vu lire khic, cic ben deu bien minh li
minh sir dtang vu lire de tu ve. Dieu nay
dupc ly giai mpt phan li do cic quy dinh cua
Lpal Qudc te trong ITnh vioc niy cPn chua
day dil v i chit che. Them vio dP li do dae
thit cua Lual Quoc te khPng cP mpt co quan
tu phap cP quyen tii phin bat buoc vdi tit ci
cac quoc gia, dimg tren cic qudc gia de phan
xir diing sai mPi khi cP sir sir dung vti lire.
Han nira, cic bien phip dim bio thi hinb
lual trong Luat QuPe te cPn ban ehl, vi vay
khong phai luc nio cic quoc gia lim sai
ciing phii chiu trich nhiem. Cudi ciing Ii vi

y chi ctia cic qudc gia khdng muon tir bP
quyen tu ve "von co" cua minh. Va nhu viy,
ve mat ly thuyet, Luat Qudc te cam sir dung
vti lire va chi cho phep hai trudng hgp ngoai
le dugc sir dung vii luc, cdn tren thuc te thi
cic quoc gia, die biet li cic nudc manh, td
ra khdng gap may khd khan mdi khi bien
minh cho viec sir dung vii luc cua minh bang
quyen tu ve.

<b>2. Khai quat cac quy djnh ve chien </b>
<b>tranh ciia Hien phap cac quoc gia </b>

Vi Luat Qudc te cho phep sir dung vti
lire de tu ve cbinb ding vi vi cic qudc gia
deu y thtrc ve quyen tu ve "vPn co" niy v i
kbdng cP y dinh tu minh tir bP quyen sinh
ton dp, it nhat li trong mire dp phit trien
bien nay ctia quan he qudc te, nen bien nhien
li Hien phip bau bet eie nudc tren the gidi
deu khong cP dieu khoan cam chien tranh.
De tiep can van de niy cP the tam chia Hien
phip cic nudc tren the gidi thinh 3 nhom:
(i) Hien phip da sP cic nudc cd cic dieu
khoin quy dinh tham quyen lien quan den
chien tranh (war power clause), cic quy dinh
ve an ninh qudc gia ve quoc phPng vi quan
dpi; (ii) Hien phip cic nude thua trin sau
Chien tranh The gidi lan thir II bat bupc pbii
CO cic dieu khoin ban che quan dpi va chien

tranh; (iii) Hien phip cic nudc trung lap
-nhung nudc tu nguyen cam ket khdng tham
gia via cic cupc chien tranh giQa cic quoc
gia khic.

<i>2.1. Hien phdp da so cdc nudc </i>

Thong thuang, Hien phip cic nuoc deu
cP cic dieu khoin, trong mpt so trudng hpp
li cic chuang rieng "^ quy dinh ve an ninh
qudc gia v i chien tranh. Ve ca bin, cac dieu
khoin lien quan den chien tranh cua Hien

Case concerning Military and Paramilitary
Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v.
United States of America), Merits, International
Court of Justice (ICJ), 1986, paragraph 95-96,

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<i>NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 7/2010 </i>

phap cac nudc tap trung vio viec quy dinh
CO quan nhi nudc nao cd tham quyen quyet
dinh v i tuyen bo chien tranh hoic dinh
chien. Hau nhu Hien phip nudc nio cting
quy djnh quyen ban ciia co quan lap phip
trong ITnh vuc chien tranh v i quyen tuyen bd
chien tranh," doi khi cd Hien phip quy dinh
tham quyen niy cho c i nguyen thu qudc gia.
Ben canh dd, thdng thudng nguyen thti qudc
gia dupc Hien phip quy dinh li thong ITnh

cic luc lupng vti trang. Nhu vay, d trudng
hgp thir nhat niy, rd ring cic nudc deu nhin
nhan viec bio ve an ninh quoc gia li mpt
quyen quan trong v i hgp phap cua moi quPe
gia v i khong nd trinh rang de dam bio an
ninh quoc gia co the se can sir dung vti lire.
Vi vay, cic nudc deu dio lieu v i quy dinh
trong Hien phip minh tham quyen ctia cac
CO quan nhi nudc lien quan den chien tranh
hoac khi xay ra chien tranh, quy dinh muc
tieu v i cich thtrc to chirc quan dpi, die biet
li nghTa vta bao ve to quPe cua cic cdng dan.
Tuy nhien, dai da so cic trudng hpp Hien
phip cac nudc cbi quy dinh ve quyen tuyen
bo chien tranh mpt cich chung chung chir
khong he cP giai thich hay cam ket cu the hg
cP quyen tuyen bo chien tranh loai gi, vi
muc dich gi? Ben canh dP, mpt van de ndi
cpm hien nay v i tap trung sir chu y cua dong
dao du luan mpt so nudc cbinb li viec, bat
chap cic quy dinh cua Hien phip, co quan
nio mdi la co quan thuc chat quyet dinh viee
sir dung vii luc/hay ndi cich khic li tien
hinb chien tranh? Cic cupc tranh luan nhu
vay lien tuc xay ra ve chong cheo tham
quyen trong ITnh vuc chien tranh v i an ninh
quoc gia giiia Nghi vien v i Tong thong
(My), die biet trong vide quyet dinh dua
quan ra nudc ngoii.

<i>2.2. Hien phdp cdc nudc thua trgn </i>

Sau khi thua tran d Chien tranh The gidi
lan thir II, cic nudc Dire, Y, Nhat bupc pbii
quy dinh trong Hien phip minh cic dieu

khoin ban che quan dpi v i chien tranh.
Chuong II Hiln phip Nhat (1947) mang tieu
de "Phu nhan chiln tranh" quy dinh npi
dung Dieu 9 nhu sau:

<i>"Chdn thdnh khdt khao nen hoa blnh </i>
<i>quPc te dua tren cPng ly vd trdi tu. ddn tpc </i>
<i>A'hdt phit nhdn vTnh vien chien tranh nhu </i>
<i>mpt quyen chii quyen cua quoc gia, phit </i>
<i>nhdn su de dpa su dung vii luc hodc su dung </i>

<i>vi? luc de gidi quyet tranh chdp quoc te. </i>

<i>De dgt duac muc tieu dn dinh trong </i>
<i>dogn iren, khong bao gid thiet lap nhirng luc </i>
<i>luang luc, thity vd khdng qudn hay nhirng </i>
<i>luc luang tiem ndng chien tranh khdc. </i>
<i>Quyen tham chien ciia quoc gia khong duoc </i>
<i>cPng nhdn. " </i>

Sau khi bi bai tran, Hien phip Due v i Y
cting deu eo nhtrng dieu khoan cam chien
tranh v i ban che phit trien quan dpi. Tuy
nhien, den nay Hien phip Dire (1949) d i qua

nhieu lan thay doi v i y nghTa cua nhtrng quy
dinh ban diu nhim cam chien tranh tai Dieu
26 v i Dieu 87 ve viec cbi dupc duy tri
quan dpi nhim muc dich tu ve da bi giim siit
dang ke bdi nhtrng quy dinh cho phep tham
gia vio cic he thdng an ninh tap the d Dieu
24 . Ciing nhu vay, Hien phip Y da dupc

" Xem them cac quy djnh ve chien tranh trong Hien
phap cac nudc Anh, Phap, My.

' Dieu 26 quy dinh (ban tilng Anh)

Article 26 [Ban on preparations for war of
aggression]

(1) Acts tending to and undertaken with intent to
disturb the peaceful relations between nations,
especially to prepare for a war of aggression, shall be
unconstitutional. They shall be made a criminal
offense.

(2) Weapons designed for warfare may be
manufactured, transported, or marketed only with the
permission of the Federal Government. Details shall
be regulated by a federal law.

" Dieu 24 quy dinh (ban tilng Anh)

Article 24 [Entry into a collective security system]

(1) The Federation may by a law transfer sovereign
powers to international organizations,

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thay doi nhieu lan vdi nhtrng mtae dich
lucmg tio, Cau bdi ding chu y d day li nhiong
dieu khoan cam/hay thu tieu chien tranh nay
dupc dam bio thuc thi nhu the nio tren thuc
tl? Trong kbi Hien phip Dire v i Y dupc sua
doi, bP sung de hgp phip bPa viec phit trien
vti trang v i quan dpi ctia cic qudc gia niy
ciing nhu viec tham gia vio cic he thdng an
ninh tap the, cic bien phip cudng che tap
the, cac Luc lupng gin giii hPa binh cua Lien
hgp quPc tbi chi cP Dieu 9 Hien phip Nhit
la van cPn giii nguyen dupc y nghTa tren ly
thuyet. Tuy nhien tren thuc te, chi vii nim
sau khi phe chuin Hien phip, vi nhieu ly do,
Chinh phit Nhit da bat dau giai thich Dieu 9
ctia Hien phip li cho phep Nhat duy tri
nhtrng lire lugng tto ve'''. Nim 1950 Chinh
phti Nhat da thinh lap lioc lugng vdi ten gpi
Du trii cinh sat quPe gia (National Police
Reserve), sau dp doi ten thinh Luc lupng tto
ve (Self-defence Force - SDF) tir nam 1954.
Nam 1960, Hiep ude An ninh Nhat - My da
dupc ky ket vdi cic quy dinh ve quyen tu ve
tap the. Tir nhtrng nam 1980, lioc lupng quan
dpi ctia Nhat phit trien ding ke va bat dau
tham gia tap tran quan sir P khu vuc vdi
quan dpi My. Den giai doan gin diy, lire

lugng SDF ctia Nhat cP khoing 240.000
quan vi sir dtang ngan sich bing nam
khoing 50 ty USD, tire li ldn ban quy md v i
ngan sich ctia quan dpi Anh. Nhat ciing ung
hp nhtrng khoan tien Idn cho chien tranh

(2) With a view to maintaining peace, the Federation
may enter into a system of mutual collective security;
in doing so it shall consent to such limitations upon
its sovereign powers as will bring about and secure a
lasting peace in Europe and among the nations of the
world.

(3) For the settlement of disputes between states, the
Federation shall accede to agreements providing for
general, comprehensive, and compulsory
international arbitration.

NhO'ng sd lieu trong phan nay dupc trich dan tir bai
vilt ciia Mark A, Chinen, "Article 9 of the
Constitution of Japan and the Use of Procedural and
<i>Substantive Heuristics for Consensus", Michigan </i>
<i>Journal of International Law. Vol. 27;55. </i>

Vting Vinh nhtrng nim 90 cua the ky XX.
giri quan trp giup hau can cho My thuc hien
tan cong Ap-ga-nixtan sau sir kien 11/9 v i
gui khoing 600 quan tham gia vao cic boat
dpng nhan dao v i tii thiet d Irac thai gian
vtra qua. Quan dpi cua Nhit cting tham gia

vio gin cbiic Luc lupng gin gitr hPa binh
cua Lien hgp quoc.

Nhu vay, co the nPi trong ca 3 trudng
hgp neu tren, y nghTa cua cic dieu khoin
cam chien tranh neu cPn thi cP le chi cPn
tren hinh thire hoac cP tinh kiem che trong
mpt miic dp nhat dinh.

<i><b>2.3. Hien phdp cdc nuac trung lap </b></i>
Luat Quoc te phan biet hinh thtrc trung
lap khdng thudng xuyen (occasional
netrality)/hay cdn goi la trung lap trong thdi
chien vdi trung lap thudng xuyen/trung lap
vTnh vien (permanent neutrality)". Ve co
bin quy che trung lap cua mpt quPc gia cP
nghTa li quoc gia do khPng tham gia vio
chien tranh. Quy che trung lap khdng thudng
xuyen, ndi chung chi ip dung trong thdi
chien vi ddi bdi cic quoc gia khdng tham
gia vio chien tranh giiia cic qudc gia khac
Cling nhu cP thii dp hoan toin vo tu vdi cic
ben tham chien. Hien nay, hinh thtrc trung
lap niy khdng cdn may y nghTa tren thuc te.
Trii lai, cic qudc gia tuyen bd trung lap
thudng xuyen phii tu nguyen thuc bien cic
quyen v i nghTa vu phip ly kbdng chi trong
thdi chien m i ci trong thdi binh. De dim
bio gitr dupc sio trung lap, ngay ci trong thdi
binh cic qudc gia niy cung tu nguyen khdng

tham gia vio bit ky lien minh tu ve bay tan
cdng nio tren nguyen tac cP di cP lai, kbPng
tham gia vio bat ky mpt dieu udc, mpt dim
bio hay hiep dinh an ninh tap the nio. Tuy
nhien, cic quoc gia trung lap can phii cP
nhtrng luc lugng quan sio vi vti trang cin
thiit dl dim bio gitr dugc sir trung lap cita
minh v i cP the cung phii thuc hien cac bien

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<i>NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 7/2010 </i>

phip quan sir can thiet neu bi xam luge.

Nhu vay trung lap khdng co nghTa li khong

vti trang ma, cP the nPi, can phii vti trang de

trung lap. Trung lap khdng doi hoi khong

dupc tham gia vio cic boat dpng cun trg

nhan dao doi vdi thuong dan cua nudc khic.

Ben canh do, cic nudc trung lap cting

thudng phit huy vai tro cua minh thong qua

boat dpng trung gian, hPa giii trong cic

tranh chap.

Luat Quoc te phan biet cic qudc gia

trung lap dua tren vin kien co tinb phip ly

quoc te (trudng hgp cua Thuy Sy, Ao) vdi

trung lap tren thuc te (trudng hgp cua Thuy

Dien, Phan Lan). Vdi ci hai trudng hgp niy

quy che trung lap deu khong dugc quy dinh

ro ring trong Hien phip. Ke ca trong trudng

hgp Thuy Sy, mpt quoc gia trung lap dien

hinh, quy che trung lap cting khPng dupc

quy dinh rd ring trong Hien phip mi ehi

dupc the hien qua cic quy dinh ve nghTa via

cua Nghi vien Thuy Sy. Nhu di phan tich d

tren, quy che trung lap ciing khdng dan den

cic quy dinh cam chien tranh trong Hien

phip va cic nudc trung lap van phit trien

quan dpi de bio ve nen dpc lap vi su trung

lap ciia minh. Hien phip Thuy Dien cPn cP

ci Chuong XIII vdi tieu de "Chien tranh vi

nguy CO chien tranh".

3. Kha nang loai bo chien tranh trong

Hien phap quoc gia

Trong mpt vii nim qua, du luan d Nhat

vi qudc te bong soi dpng len trudc de xuat

sira ddi Dieu 9 Hien phap Nhat. Nhieu hpi

thio quoc te dugc td chuc vdi muc dich de

xuat giii lai Dieu 9 cua Hien phip Nhat vi

bon the niia cdn md rpng y tudng dua nhirng

dieu khoin loai bo chien tranh nhu Dieu 9

vao Hien phip cic nudc tren the gidi. Nhung

Hien phip boa binh di ciing vdi hda binh

that sir tren toin the gidi li mue tieu vd ciing

tdt dep khdng ai cP the phu nhan. Phong trio

dau tranh cua nhan dan the gidi vi muc tieu

niy neu dupe nhan rpng tren toin cau se cP

lic dpng nhat dinh den du luan tien bp tren

thi gidi. Du luan tien bp (public opinion) se

CO tic dpng nhat dinh ban dau den gidi "ra

quyet dinh" d mdt sd qudc gia, mpt sd khu

vuc va cd the inh hudng se dan dan lan rpng.

Tuy nhien, can thdi gian bao lau vi mirc dp

cua su inh hudng niy den dau cdn khd du

doin, nhat li de cd the tic dpng thirc chat len

qui trinh lap hien ciia mPi quoc gia nPi rieng

vi cua Luat Qudc te ndi chung. Xin tam xdi

len mpt loat van de can pbii dugc xem xet de

dam bio tinh kha thi cua phong trio van

<i>dpng niy. Van de thu nhdt li nhan thuc. </i>

Trudc tien la nhan thirc cua tang ldp "ra

quyet dinh" d mdi qudc gia ve vai trd ciia

chien tranh trong viec duy tri dpc lap, chit

quyen vi bio ve an ninh cua quoc gia dP.

Ben canh dP li nhan thtrc cua nhan dan mdi

quoc gia vi ctia du luan tien bp tren the gidi.

<i>Thic hai li bin chat cic nguyen tic tao nen </i>

nen ting ciia cich hinh xir trong quan he

giiia cic qudc gia hien nay, nhtrng yeu td inh

budng den viec mdi quan he giiia cic nudc

dugc din xep bing sire manh hay tren co sd

nio khic, da cd thay ddi chua? Tuy nhien, de

tap trung vio nhtrng khia canh phip ly, bii

viet se di sau vao nhung van de sau: (i) Cac

quy dinh cua Luat Qudc te nhu hien nay cd

tao dieu kien de loai bd chien tranh trong

Hien phip qudc gia khong? Nhiong quy pham

mdi nio ciia Luat Qudc tl, nlu cd, se cd thi

thuc day qui trinh nay?; (ii) NIU viec dua

cic dieu khoin loai bd chiln tranh vio Hiln

phap cbi ning vl y nghTa tugng trung, it y

nghTa ve tbtoe chit thi sao? Lim thi nio dl

van ddng cic qudc gia theo dudi chinh sich

hda binh tren thuc tl ebir khdng chi sira ddi

tren binh thirc?; (iii) Sira doi Hiln phip quoc

gia mpt each don le co kha thi khong? Co no

lioc nio cd the thuc diy viec sura ddi dong

loat Hien phip cua nhieu qudc gia/hay tit ca

cic qudc gia khong?.

<i>3.1. Lugt phdp quoc ti va thuc tiin </i>

<i>quoc ti </i>

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quy dinh cam sir dung vii luc tren co sd cua
ca che an ninh tip the. Co chi an ninh tap
the vdi sir van hinh cua Hpi dong Bio an
chinh la nen ting cua c i be thong an ninh do
Hien chuang xay dung. Neu boat dpng hieu
qua, CO che niy se thuc hien vai trP ciia mpt
lire lugng an ninh quPc te v i giim thieu tdi
da kha nang sir dung vti luc don Id bdi cic
quoc gia. Tinh than niy the hien khi ro trong
Hien chuong vi giii thich tai sao cic bien
phap tap the hieu qui lai dugc nhac den dau
lien trong Dieu 1. Ciing boi sir ky vong vao
CO che an ninh tap the niy nen ngoai le ve

quyen lu ve quy dinh P Dieu 51 neu phan
tich ky se dugc hieu chi li bien phap du
phong trong trudng hgp Hpi dPng Bao an
chua kip co hanh dpng va trong chimg muc
nao do, li bien phip tam thdi cho den khi
Hoi dong Bio an cd hinh dpng. Tuy nhien,
chien tranh lanh da lim cho Hpi dPng Bio
an te liet vi cung vdi nd li co che an ninh
tap the. Quyen tu ve ttr mpt ngoai le, cP kha
nang it pbii sir dung den, tren thuc te da
dugc cac quoc gia sir dung khi nhuan
nhuyen de bien minh cho viec sir dung vu
lire tuong doi thudng xuyen cua minh. Tbtoe
te dang lo ngai niy, ve nguyen tac, cd the
dua the gidi mpt lan ntia doi dau vdi tham
hoa chien tranh. Chien tranh The gidi II vdi
nhiing hau qui vP ciing thim khoe da gay
chan dpng den luong tam loai ngudi dan den
viec thong qua Hien chuong Lien hpp qudc
voi muc tieu loai bP chien tranh trong tuong
lai. Tuy nhien, thuc trang bien nay ve nhiing
cupc chien tranh/nbung cupc xung dot khu
viae, song phirong hay xung dpt sic tpc trong
noi bp mpt sP quoc gia d i dii tao thinh mpt
tieng chudng cinh bao nhan loai bay chua?
Ben canh do, tuong quan lire lupng giiia cic
quoc gia cung chua eP nhtrng bien dpng ldn
CO the lim co sd cho viec xiy dung mpt eo
che an ninh quPc te hoin toin moi. Nhu vay
kho cP the dat dupe viec thPng qua mpt van

kien phip ly quoc te mdi nio trong khuon
kho Lien hgp quoc. Viee sira dpi Hiln

chuong cting li khdng kbi thi nhat la vdi
nhtrng quy dinh ve thit ttac sira ddi tai Dieu
108'^. Khi nang thong qua mpt van kien
phip ly qudc te mdi ngoai khuon khd Lien
hgp quPc li co, du cbi li ve mat ly thuyet,
nhung lai khP thu hiit dupe su tham gia cita
cic cudng qudc, cic "dien vien" chinh tren
dien trudng Lien hop quoc. Ngoii ra cung cP
the ke den khi nang hinb thinh nhiing quy
pham luat tap quin quoc te nham ban che
hoac loai bP chien tranh, tuy nhien dieu niy
cP nhtrng bat cap nhat dinh ve thdi gian,
phirc tap de xic dinh npi dung cua quy pham
ciing nhu khing djnh sir binh thinh cita quy
pham dp. Do vay, mac du cP the gap phai
nhtrng trd ngai nhat dinh'^, nhung mpt sP gia
thiet sau van tP ra cP tinh kha thi nhat trong
<i>khudn khd Lien hop quPe hien nay. Thic </i>

<i>nhdl, dp li mpt Tuyen bo chinh tri cua Dai </i>

hpi dPng Lien hgp quPe hoac cua Cupc hpp
thugng dinh cic nguyen tbii qudc gia nham
miac dich khing dinh tieng noi chung cua
cpng ddng quoc te vd ciing lo ngai trudc
viec sir dtang vu luc tiiy tien hien nay, tren
CO sd dd cd gang dat dugc, trong trudng hgp

tot nhat, sir cam ket eP tinh chinh tri ciia cic
quoc gia thuc bien viec thu tieu chien tranh
<i>trong Hien phip qudc gia. Thic hai, ben canh </i>
dp, Dai bpi dPng cting cin thPng qua mpt
Tuyen bo phin dPi viec dting thuyet "tu ve
phPng ngira" (preventive self defence) de
bien minh cho viee sir dtang vti luc cita minh.

<i>Thir ba, nhu se phan tich dudi day, cic nudc </i>

cting cP the cam ket tang vai trP cua Nghi

'* Dilu 108 quy djnh;

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<i>NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 7/2010 </i>

vien trong cic quyet dinh ve sir dung vii lioc

vi giim khi ning co quan hinh phip co the

ra nhiing quyet dinh ve sir dung vti lire mang

tinh tiiy tien hoac khong dung vdi tham

<i>quyen chuc ning cua minh. Thir tu, vdi cic </i>

die thti cua Luat Quoc te hien nay, nhu da

phan tich d tren, viec len in, phin xet qudc

gia nao da vi pham Luat Qudc te khi sir dung

vti luc, cdn gpi li cic van de ve "jus ad

bellum", thudng gap phii rat nhieu khd

khan. Tuy nhien, viec len an sir vi pham

nhtrng quy dinh cua Luat Quoc te ve xung

dpt vti trang/luat nhan dao qudc te lai li van

de hien nay dupe gidi bpc gia chii trpng de

cao nhu mpt bien phip biou bieu gPp phan

giim thieu mirc dp khoe liet vi thiet bai cua

chien tranh doi vdi ngudi dan. Nhu vay, mdt

sd lap luan cho ring, mac dii cdn nhieu khd

khan trong vide giii quyet cic cau bdi lien

quan den "jus ad bellum" nhung khdng nen

vi vay mi bd qua viec giim sit nhiing quy

dinh cua Luat QuPc te ve xung dot vii trang

<i>- "jus in bello" , mi eta the li viec dupc sir </i>

dung bao nhieu vti lioc thi vtra pbii, chi dupc

sir diing vii khi loai gi, cin xic dinh muc tieu

tin cong nhu the nio hay chi dupe dPng

quan cho den khi nio v.v.

NP lire dua npi dung cua cic de xuat

tren vio cic van bin phip ly hoac chinh tri

quoc te can dupc tien binh song song vdi

viec dua nhung quy dinh tuong tu vio luat

phip cic qudc gia nhu trinh biy dudi day.

Rieng vin de thir tu, do da tdn tai cic Cdng

udc Gio ne vo vi cic Nghi dinh thu ve xung

dpt vti trang cung nhu tip quin quoc te trong

ITnh vuc niy nen no luc chu yeu can tap

trung vio viec thiet lap nhtrng co che nhim

giim sit viee thuc thi nhiing nghTa vu phip

ly quoc te da cP.

<i>3.2. No luc ciia cdc quoc gia </i>

Viec dua cic quy dinh loai bd chien

tranh vao Hien phip cic nudc cdn it tinh kha

tbi nhu da phin tich. Them vio dd, tbii tuc

sura ddi, bd sung Hien phip cac nudc deu

khi phuc tap. Quy dinh nham loai bd chien

tranh, neu cd dugc dua vio Hien phip hoic

phap luat cic nudc, thi khi tbi nhat ciing chi

d mirc dp nhiong quy dinh cua Hien chuang

Lien hgp qudc. Dd cd the li nhiing cam ket

chung nhim len in chien tranh xam luge,

nhung ddng thdi van khing dinh quyen tu

ve. Hien nay, nd lire cua cic qudc gia trong

ITnh vuc niy chu yeu tap trung vio viec giim

khi ning cac qudc gia cd the tien hinh cic

boat dpng chien tranh hoic sir dtang vti lioc

qua viec dau tranh de nang cao vai tro cua

Nghi vien trong cic quyet dinh ve chien

tranh'^. Tham quyen cua Nghi vien ve chien

tranh vdn dugc khing dinh rd ring trong

Hien phip da sd cic qudc gia, nhung lai

thudng bi lu md tren thuc te do cic quyet

dinh dua quan dpi ra tham chien nudc ngoai

thudng do co quan hinh phip tu y thuc hien,

dac biet li cic vi Tdng thdng trong hinh thtrc

Chinh the tdng thdng^''. Dieu niy xiy ra li vi

ve nguyen tic thi Hien phip cic nudc deu

quy dinh nguyen thu qudc gia li thdng ITnh

cic lire lugng via trang. Tuy nhien, Hien

phip thudng chi quy dinh ve chiln tranh chto

kbdng de cap den cic hinh thtrc sir dung vQ

lire khic trong Luat Qudc tl nhu da phan

tich d tren. Dieu niy tao ra ke hd dl Chinh

phu cic nudc bien minh viec giri quan dpi ra

nudc ngoii tham chiln, mi bd qua y kiln

ciia Nghi vien, bing cic ly do nhu thuc hien

quyen tu ve, tu ve tap thi, hay thuc hien

"nghTa vu bio ve"... Viec cic quylt dinh ve

chien tranh hay sir dung vu lioc, dudi bat ky

danh nghTa nio, cin phii cd y kiln cua Nghj

'" Cdn nhieu tranh luan lien quan den van de nay,
trong dd cd quan diem cho rang viec ap dung nhung
quy dinh ciia "jus in bello" nen tinh den yeu td ben
nao sir dung vu luc bat hgp phap va ben nao hop phap
hay chinh la nhung van de cua "jus ad bellum".

'" Xem Sandra Dieterich, Hartwig Hummel, Sefan
<i>Marschall Strengthening Parliamentary 'War </i>
<i>Powers" in Europe: Lessons from 25 National </i>
<i>Parliaments. Geneva Center for the Democratic </i>
Control of Armed Forces.

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<span class='text_page_counter'>(10)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=10>

vien ha\ mot I A ban nao do cua Nghi \ien
lii CO quan qu\cn luc nha nmic do dan true
liep bau ra se co \ nghTa nhat dinh irong \ idc
uiam thidu cac truong hgp su dtang \ u luc
tren ihuc le. No luc cua cac quoc gia theo
hmVng nay co tinh kha thi ban rat nhieu so
voi \idc dua qu\' dinh vd loai bo chien tranh

vao Hien phap \ i , nhin chung, de xuat nhu
vay phit hgp vdi cic quy dinh von co cua
Hien phap. Vc co ban, dd thuc hidn dugc
muc dich na\ co the khong doi hoi phai sua
doi Hidn phap ma chi can ip dung each giai
thich Hien phap chiit che hon. hoiic co the
chi can ihong qua nhtrng sua doi. bo sung
Hien phap co linh cu the hoa nhiing nguyen
<i>tac da CO san. De xuat theo hudng nay khong </i>
nhirng chi kha ihi hon mi con thuc chat hon
so vdi de xuat loai bo chien tranh. dieu ma
neu thuc hien dugc. cting rat co the sd chi co
y nghTa ve mai hinh thirc, Di \ao chi tiet,
tham quyen ciia Nghi vien dugc nhan manh
khong chi trong ITnh vuc lap phap nhu ihong
qua. phe chuan hoac cho y kien doi vdi vide
su dung vti luc. ma con la tham quyen thong
qua ngan sach - dieu loi can thiet cho bat ky
vice sir dung \u luc nao. cung nhu tham
quydn kidin tra giam sal \'a tham quyen bai
lin nhiem \di cic ca nhan gifr nhtrng \i tri
quan trong cua Chinh phii''. Ndu tham
quydn quyet dinh chien tranh \a lu\cn bo
chidn tranh hay dua quan ra nuoc ngoii
Iham chien lien quan ddn ITnh vuc "jus ad
bellum" thi vide day manh nhung tham
qtiNcn thong qua ngan sach. tham qu\en
kiem tra vi giam sat se gop phan ihirc hien
cac quy dinh cua "jus in bello".

Quy dinh trong luat phap cic quoc gia
Cling nhu thuc id ip dung luat khong the
ngay lap tire tha> doi cac qu>' pham cua Lual

Quoc te, Tu> nhien. khong ai phu nhan da_\
CO the tao ndn lang cho \ iec hinh thanh cac
didu udc hay tap quan quoc id lien bo ban
trong ITnh vuc nay. Vi \'a>'. \idc dua \ao
nhirng qu\ dinh du co y nghia chinh tri ha\
CO linh rang bupc \ e phap ly nhu phan doi
chien tranh. phu nhan lu \"d phong ngira hay
cam ket thtoc hien cac quy dinh \d lual nhan
dao quoc le deu co nhiing lic dung nhat dinh
lien tdi loai bo chien iranh.

<i>3.3. Quy md thuc hien </i>

Viec lam nay co the thuc hidn Irong lirng
quoc gia vdi no luc cua cac xa hoi dan su;
cua du luan tidn bp. luy nhien. ndu \ an
dpng dugc thanh phong trao irong khuon
kho cua cac to chirc quoc te khu \ uc thi hieu
qua va linh kha ihi se lang len nhidu lan.
Lien minh chau .Au la mot to chirc khu \ uc
CO nhidu tridn \ong dc ihuc hidn duoc muc
tidu nay. Com nhtrng nude chiu nhtrng ton
that va mat mit van con ban sau trong ky ire
ciia cac dan tpc. van dong nham ban chd vi
loai bo chidn tranh trong Hidn phap cac nuoc
Lien minh chau Au de nhan dugc su ting ho

cua dong dao quan chung nhan dan, Ben
canh do. hau nhu cac nudc co ducmg loi va
chinh sach trung lap trdn the gidi ddu thuoc
Lien minh chau .Au va de dang phal hu\' vai
tro nong col trong phong trio niy. Hon ntra.
cac nudc Lien minh phal tridn dong ddu.
thuong CO liem nang manh \e moi iniil neu
so vdi cac to chirc khu vuc khac. ma union
dim bio dugc dudng loi chinh sach trung
lap thi can bin than cac nuoc do phai manh.
ke ca \e quan su, Vdi nhung dac thu cua
ASE^AN. cung co nhieu kha nang .ASEAN se
phat huy dugc uu the cua minh Irong ITnh
\ irc na\ Irong luang lai.

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