Một số mối quan hệ giữa chính trị với tôn giáo một số vấn đề lí luận và thực tiễn

<span class='text_page_counter'>(1)</span>Nghien curu Ton giao. So 9 - 2009. Jr. V. •\j. TON GIAO - VAN DE Li LUAN VA THlTC T I I N ^. MOI QUAN HE GI0A CHINH TRI V 6 l TON GIAO ^^. MOT SO VAN DE LI LUAN VA THUC TIEN NGO Hlltl THAO'*'. B. ieu hien ciia moi q u a n he bien chiing giuta chinh tri va ton giao la stf p h a n a n h k h a c h q u a n ve thiic t r a n g va b a n c h a t quyen lUc ciia moi hien tiiOng. Tren the gi6i va d Viet N a m , til lich sii den diidng dai, moi q u a n he giiia ton giao v6i chinh tri luon diidc siJ q u a n tam ciia cac liic lifdng chi'nh tri, n h a t la liic liidng chinh tri cam quyen. O Viet N a m hien nay, viec n h a n thiic ve moi q u a n he giiia chinh tri v6i ton giao diidc d a t ra n h a m hoan t h i e n chinh sach. p h a p l u a t doi vdi ton giao, tao tien de cho sii p h a t trien ben viing xa hoi. Muon vay, van de nay doi hoi phai diJdc n h a n thiic t h a u dao tu! phiidng dien li l u a n cd b a n cho den thiic tien t r e n t h e gicii va d nxidc ta.. I. Td: phildng dien li luan, cac n h a kinh dien ciia Chii n g h i a Mac- Lenin trong giai quyet mo'i q u a n he giiia chinh tri v6i ton giao da ke thiia q u a n diem ciia giai cap tii san, la: "Giai phong ton giao ra khoi chinh tri" de xay diing mot n h a niidc the tuc. Nhiing cac n h a k i n h dien ciia Chu nghia Mac- Lenin da r a t k h a c h q u a n va diing d i n khi diia ra q u a n diem: "Giai phong n h a niidc khoi ton giao k h o n g phai la giai p h o n g con ngiidi hien thiic khoi ton giao"'". NhU vay, viec giai phong n h a niidc chinh tri ra khoi ton giao hoan toan k h o n g p h a i la vice thii t i e u liay xda bd. ton giao. Tii tiidng q u a n t r o n g n a y da difdc A n g g h e n p h a n tich r a t s a u sac t r o n g t a c p h a m "Chong D u y r i n h " , k h i phe p h a n D u y r i n h , mot t r i e t gia m a n g lap triidng tii s a n . nhifng gia d a n h la b a n ciia giai cap cong n h a n , da cd tif tiidng thii tieu ton giao k h i chii n g h i a xa hoi b a t d a u x u a t h i e n t r e n hien thiic va chi trich n h a niidc tif s a n Pho, vao giiia t h i n g 5 n a m 1873. diidi thdi Bixmac, da t h o n g q u a "Nhiing dao l u a t t h i n g N a m " de chong lai gidi tu h a n h Cong giao, tao cho ho va tin do " m e m v i n h q u a n g tii vi dao". Ve noi dung moi quan he giiia chinh tri vdi ton giao ciia Chii nghia Mac-Lenin, cd the khai q u i t tren mot so'luan diem sau: 1) Mdi q u a n he giuta chinh tri vdi ton giao la moi q u a n he ciia hai hien tufdng thuoc ve thiidng t a n g kien triic, difdc quy dinh trifdc h e t va can b a n la do h a t a n g cd sd, sau niia la do quy l u a t rieng ciia moi hien tiidng. 2) Tii khi chinh tri h i n h t h a n h cho den nay. da trd t h a n h mot nguon goc xa hoi triic tiep ciia ton giao. 3) Moi quan he giiia chinh tri vdi ton giao *. PGS.TS., Hoc vien Chinii tn - Himli chinh Qudc gia H6 Chi Minh. 1. C.Mac, Ph.Angghen. Todn lap. Nxb. CTQG. HN. 1995. tap l,tr. 546..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(2)</span> Nghien cifu Ton giao. So 9 - 2009 viia the hien sii tiidng dong. hiiu cd, lai viia cd sii doi lap, cd khi quyet liet. dieu dd tuy thuoc dang ke vao tinh chat chinh tri va vi the ciia mdi giai cap dd'i vdi tdn giao. 4) Ve thai do. ngiidi cong san "khdng the da kich vao tdn giao diidi moi hinh thufc thii dich ciing nhif diidi hinh thiic khinh bao chung ciing nhif rieng, nghia la ndi chung khdng dddc da kich vao ton giao"*'^'. 5) Trong mdi quan he nay. thiidng cd tinh trang giai cap thong tri phan ddng sii dung tdn giao nhii la phiidng tien de cai tri va xam lUdc. Vi the, day phai la mot quan tam thiidng xuyen ciia nhiing ngiidi cong san. Dd'i vdi Ho Chi Minh, chinh tri cao nha't la chinh tri phuc vu nhan dan. Vay nen trong sii ke thiia quan diem Mac - Le nin ve md'i quan he giiia chinh tri vdi ton giao, NgUdi tap trung vao mot so' luan diem can ban: 1) NgUdi khang dinh, de qud'c thiic dan da tiing ldi dung tdn giao nhU mot cdng cu xam lUdc dat nUdc ta va nd dich dan toe Viet Nam. 2) Su nghiep giai phdng dan toe, thd'ng nhat dat nUdc va xay diing Chii nghia xa hoi d nUdc ta chi thanh cdng khi lUc lUdng lanh dao doan ket, tap hdp dUdc moi tang Idp, lUc lUdng xa hoi, trong dd cd dong bao cac tdn giao. 3) De doan ket lUdng - giao, chii the chinh tri can phai tim kiem, xac dinh cu the va ro rang ve ldi ich chung ciia cong dong lUdng - giao. Day la cd sd cho sU doan ket lUdng - giao rong rai nha't, ciing nhU de vUdt qua sU khac biet giUa lUdng va giao. 4) Dd'i vdi nhiing ke ldi dung tdn giao vao muc dich chinh tri phan dong, phai cd thai do cUdng quye't xii li, nhUng van can thiet phai cd sU khoan dung.. Quan diem ciia Chii nghia Mac-Lenin va tu tudng Ho Chi Minh ve chinh tri va tdn giao, neu dUdc van dung dam bao tinh khach quan va lich sii cu the, se cd y nghia nen tang cho viec chii dong xii li thanh cdng mdi quan he nay d nUdc ta hien nay. II. Quan he giiia tdn giao vdi chinh tri tren the gidi, dUdi thdi ki co dg,i, phan anh ve qua trinh chuyen xa hoi loai ngUdi tU thdi ki cong san nguyen thuy sang thdi ki cd che do tU hiiu, cd giai cap va cd nha nUdc. Thdi ki nay, h^u het cac tdn giao ldn ciia the gidi da ra ddi, trong dd cd tdn giao (Kitd giao va Phat giao) da the hien nhU la sU phan khang ciia cac giai cap, dang cap bi ap biic trUdc che do chinh tri thd'ng tri bao tan. Vi the giai cap thd'ng tri dUdng thdi coi cac tdn giao dd la ta dao, nen da xua dudi, don ep, nhUng ve sau, do khdng cd ket qua, nen da phai thiia nhan, hdn the, cdn sii dung triet de cac tdn giao dd (trUdng hdp Kitd giao). Liic dd d Chau Au, viec dieu hanh, quan li xa hoi va he tU tUdng do ca nha nUdc chinh tri va giao hoi tdn giao thUc hien. Cdn d Chau A, nhU An Do va Trung Qud'c, tdn giao viia la be dd, la mdi trUdng phat trien chinh tri (dao Balamdn), lai viia phan khang che do chinh tri (Phat giao). Thdi tii phong fzien, tdn giao cd vai tro dac biet to ldn trong ddi song xa hoi ndi chung va trong linh viic chinh tri ndi rieng, nd la chd dUa ciia che do chinh tri, k h i n g dinh che do sd hutu phong kien. Thdi ki nay. hien tUdng hdp nhat giiia chinh tri va tdn giao, sU nhat the hoa cac chUc sic tdn giao va nha chinh tri diln ra d mot so nUdc. Liic dd, Giao hoi Cong giao La Ma cd dia vi tdi cao, khdng chi la to chUc kinh te, chinh tri, van hda, ma cdn 2. C.Mac. Ph.Angghen. Todn lap, Nxb. CTQG. HN, 1995. tap I.tr.23..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(3)</span> Ngo HiJu Thao. Moi c/iian he giiia chinh tri... la dai bieu ciia he tU tUdng. C h i n h vi the cac p h o n g t r a o xa hdi khi dd deu "phai m a n g h i n h thUc t h a n hoc; mudn tao r a mot phong t r a o m a n h nhU vu bao, c i n phai dUa cho q u a n c h u n g ma tinh cam dUdc nudi dUdng chi b i n g tdn giao, nhUng ldi ich thiet t h a n ciia ho dudi bo ao tdn giao"''". Thdi ki dd d C h a u Au, t i n h t r a n g ddi d a u giUa tdn giao vdi chinh tri va sU t r a n h chap giUa c h u n g vdi n h a u dien r a khdng ngdt. Dac biet, da dien r a cuoc t h a n h chien keo dai gan 2 the' ki, khdng diing lai d muc tieu tdn giao, m a m a n g dam m a u sac c h i n h tri. Nhin chung, dudi thdi phdng kien d Chau Au, tdn giao lan ludt, chi phdi chinh tri, nen tU nd d a n h m a t n h i e u gia tri, t h a m chi cdn di ngUdc muc tieu tdn giao ciia minh va dd la nguyen n h a n chinh lam nd ra phong t r a o cai each tdn giao r a m rd vao t h e k i XV, XVI. Cdn d PhUdng Ddng dUdi thdi ki nay, nhin c h u n g chinh tri cd tinh ddc lap tUdng ddi, k h d n g bi tdn giao thao t u n g n h u d PhUdng Tay. Hdn the, chinh tri cdn diia vao tdn giao de keo dai sii trUdng ton, Cling cd' sUc m a n h c h i n h tri c i m quyen. Vi nhu, hien tUdng t h a n bi hda cac vua chiia hay dong n h a t v u a vdi mot vi t h a n , n h a m dam bao ldi ich c h i n h tri can b a n ciia giai cap dia chii p h o n g kien. Chii nghia tii bdn. d Chau Au thdi ki dau giai cap tU san do can cd mot nha nUdc the quyen manh, nen mot mat, phan ddi tinh trang cat cU phong kien, mat khac, chia mui nhon n h i m vao giao hipi. Khi dd, hoc thuyet ve nha nUdc, chinh tri chii quyen la mot thach thUc ldn ddi vdi than hoc va giao hoi. Cac dai bieu ciia phong trao cai each tdn giao chii trUdng khu biet giUa cai thudc the tuc va cai thuoc than thanh: giUa chinh tri hoc va than hoc; di tdi k h i n g dinh dia vi tnvot dn'i pi'ifl nuvfin lUc chinh tri trUdc. quyen liic giao hdi. Theo ho, giao hdi va nha nUdc la hai td' chUc khac nhau, nhUng giao hdi c i n phai phuc vu cho nha nUdc chinh tri, tii dd ha be Giao hdi La Ma de khdng cdn la liic lUdng chinh tri chii yeu n h u trUdc. Thdi ki nay d Chau A, chang h a n cac tdn giao ban dia, n h u Phat giao, bi suy vi nghiem trong, khien cho cac nha hoat dong tdn giao va ca mot sd' n h a chinh tri p h i i suy nghi den viec chan hUng nd. Mat khac, chinh tri cdn phai doi m a t vdi cac tdn giao ngoai sinh t r a n vao, ma ke chdng, ngUdi theo, tao ra sU p h a n hoa trong chinh tri. Mot so' n h a each m a n g tU san, nhU Tdn Trung Sdn cua Trung Qud'c, theo dao Tin Lanh, dii thay vai trd dang ke ciia tdn giao nay vdi chinh tri luc dd. N h u vay, ngay tU b a n d a u xa hdi tU s a n da cd yeu cau tach n h a nUdc ra khdi giao hdi, xay diing t h e che p h a p li phi tdn giao, khdng de giao hoi can thiep hoac thiic hien b a t ki chUc n a n g nao ciia n h a nUdc. Tuy nhien, n h a nUdc tU s i n van thUa n h a n va d a m bao vai trd ciia giao hoi, xem q u a n he ciia cdng dan vdi tdn giao la cdng viec rieng ciia ho. •' Ngdy nay, d cdc niidc tit hdn. mdi q u a n he giUa tdn giao vdi chinh tri dang dien ra vdi n h i i n g bieu hien mdi, dd la: 1) Cd nhUng giao phai tdn giao trUdc kia da tUng lang t r a n h , xa l a n h chinh tri. thi nay lai bi t h u h u t vao xu t h e chinh tri hda tdn giao. 2) X u a t mang tinh dong chinh theo h u d n g. hien nhieu td chUc tdn giao toan c i u , t h a m gia vao hoat tri vdi y dd t h a y ddi the gidi ma ho cho la td't hdn.. 3) Mot so' nUdc van duy tri che do giao hoi n h a nUdc, h a y qud'c giao, tai dd cd sU 3. CMiic. Ph.Anggiien. Tocut tap. Nxb. CI'QG. UN, 1995. tap 21. ir. 446..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(4)</span> Nghien ciiu Ton giao. So 9 - 2009 hdp nhat giiia tdn giao vdi chinh tri. 4) 0 nhieu qud'c gia da tdn giao. cac giao hoi tdn giao deu binh d i n g trong quan he vdi chi'nh tri, phap luat. 5) Quan he giiia tdn giao vdi chinh tri cdn dUdc ca loai ngUdi quan tam bdi "cac td chUc tdn giao - chinh tri" ciia the gidi Islam giid. Trong dd, cd nhUng to chUc tham gia vao chinh tri theo hUdng tuan thii phap luat, nhUng mot so' khac lai td ra cUc doan, thUdng sii dting bao liic. Tat nhien, sd'ciic doan chi la mot bd phan nhd trong toan bd the gidi Islam giao, khdng nen dong nha't nd vdi toan bd dao Islam, mot tdn giao vd'n cd nhieu dac trUng van hda, dao dUc dien hinh. 6) Tdn giao van dUdc mot sd' the' lUc chinh tri sii diing nhu la cdng cu de tan cdng, lat do nen chinh tri ciia cac phe phai chinh tri ddi lap, tham chi, ciia cac nUdc khac ma ho khdng thien cam. CJ cdc niidc xd hoi chu nghia trUdc day, tieu bieu la Lien Xd, chii trUdng tii do tin ngUdng va hUdng tdi viec xoa bd din quan he chi phdi ciia tdn giao ddi vdi chinh tri. Trong dd quy dinh, nha nUdc khdng nen lam cac cdng viec ciia tdn giao va tdn giao khdng nen gan vdi chinh tri - nha nUdc; nha nUdc khdng cam tdn giao, cdng dan cd quyen tU do tin ngUdng tdn giao va ca tU do tuyen truyen chii nghia vd than; hoat ddng tdn giao phai tuan thii phap luat'"". Cdn hien nay, theo tinh than doi mdi, chinh tri xa hoi chii nghia da k h i n g dinh ve sU ton tai lau dai, ve nhiing gia tri dao dUc, van hda td't dep ciia tdn giao va phai "lam cho tdn giao thich Ung vdi chii nghia xa hoi"'^'; hoac "Tdn giao la nhu cau tmh t h i n ciia mot bo phan nhan dan, dang va se ton tai ciing dan tdc trong qua trinh xay dung chii nghIa xa hdi""^'. Dieu dd the. hien tinh khach quan cua chinh tri xa hdi chii nghia trong hoat ddng nhan thiic va thiic tien tren linh vUc tdn giao. Nhu vay, tii lich sii den dUdng dai, dudi cac nen chinh tri khac nhau, mdi quan he giiia chinh tri vdi tdn giao dien ra theo cac chieu: Tdn giao tac ddng tdi chinh tri va ngUdc lai, tti chinh tri den tdn giao. Sau day la khai q u i t ve bieu hien quan he tren cac cap do, trUdc het tit chieu tdn giao tac ddng den chi'nh tri: - Tdn giao ddi dau, hoac chd'ng ddi cdng khai vdi chinh tri; than quyen tdn giao bat the quyen chinh tri phai phuc tiing. - Tdn giao tham gia vao ddi sd'ng chinh tri. ke ca vao bd may nha nUdc va dang phai chinh tri. - Tdn giao khdng can thiep vao cdng viec chinh tri, chi chuyen tam den nhiing van de thuan tuy ciia tdn giao, de thoa man nhu cau tdn giao ciia tin do. Cdn tii chieu chi'nh tri tac ddng tdi ton giao. cd nhiing bieu hien: - Nha nude ludn dau tranh de thoat khdi anh hUdng va sU kiem soat ciia tdn giao, tren cac yeu to' cau thanh tdn giao, de k h i n g dinh tinh the tuc. - Nha nUdc giup dd va hd trd tdn giao ve nhieu phUdng dien. - Chi'nh tri sii dung tdn giao nhU la cdng cu de bao dam ldi ich chi'nh tri triic tiep va can ban cua minh. - Nha nude khdng can thiep vao ndi bo tdn giao, khdng kiem soat quan he ciia cdng dan va khdng danh gia cdng dan theo dau hieu tdn giao. 4. Ngay 23-1-1918. Lenui ki Sac lenli: Ve viec tach giao hgi ra khdi nhii nirdc va tnrang hoc ra khdi nlia thd. 5. Quiin diein. chinh .sach ddi vdi ton giao cua Tmng Qudc. 6. Quan diem, chinh sach ddi voi ton giao ciia Viet Nam..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(5)</span> Ngo Huu Thao. Moi quan he giiCa chinh tn. • Cd sU can b i n g trong quan he giiia tdn giao vdi chinh tri, bieu hien d chinh tri khang dinh quyen tU do tin ngUdng ton giao nhU mot nguyen tic phap li, cdn tdn giao xem day la mot cdng cu dai dien ldi I'ch ciia minh, vdi tU each la mot to chUc trong linh viic chinh tri - phip luat ciia ddi sd'ng xa hoi. Nhu vay, trong mdi quan he nay, ca tdn giao va chi'nh tri deu cd muc di'ch duy tri, md rdng anh hudng quyen liic va phat trien ldi ich cua minh, tii dd triic tiep quy dinh tinh chat, ndi dung va phUdng thUc mdi quan he giiia chiing. TU mdi quan he giiia chinh tri vdi tdn giao cd the riit ra mot sd' nhan xet: Mgt Id, ca tdn giao va chinh tri, xet tii gdc do quyen lUc, ca hai deu cd tham vong thau tdm nhau, nhUng tren thiic te, nhieu khi chiing budc phai chia xe cho nhau. Dieu nay cd y nghia quan trong khdng chi li giai tai sao trong mdi quan he giiia chinh tri vdi tdn giao tii trUdc den nay cd nhieu kieu, loai khac nhau, tham chi chinh tri va tdn giao, ludn phai tU y thUc de cd the lUa chon dUdc phUdng thUc ling xii thich hdp. Hai Id, quan he giiia chinh tri vdi tdn giao, ve lich sii, cd the xuat hien tinh t r a n g " t h u a n tuy tdn giao", nhUng ve. logic la khdng the. Vi the tinh chat phUc tap ciia ca chinh tri va tdn giao la tat nhien va xuyen sudt, van de la, giai quye't de lam sao tien tdi ngay cang gan hdn sii hai hoa ve ldi Ich ciia ca hai. Hay ndi each khic, chinh tri va tdn giio cd the chap nhan nhau. Ba Id, quan he giUa nha nUdc vdi tdn giao, khi vi tri ciia nha nUdc cao hdn giao hdi tdn giao, thi "tdn giao phai ling hd chinh quyen the tuc, nhUng la de cho chinh quyen the tuc khdng phuc tung tdn giao"'^'. Cap do nay ciia mdi quan he dang dUdc nhieu nha nUdc hien dai mong mudn va hudng tdi. Bd'n Id, cd nhiing che do chinh tri mac dii ap dung chinh sach binh ding giiia cac tdn giao, nhUng ciing khd tranh khdi viec phii quan tam hdn den mot tdn giao nao dd. Trong trUdng hdp nay, chinh tri khdn ngoan la tuyet nhien khdng dUdc ha thap hoac phii dinh cac tdn giao cdn lai. Chi cd nhu the chi'nh tri cam quyen mdi tao ra dUdc sU doan ket toan dan, doan ket tdn giao, theo dd ma chinh tri dUdc Cling cd'./.. 7. C.Mac, Ph. Angghen. Todn tap, Nxb. CTQG, HN, 1995, tap l,tr. 25..

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