BÀI LUẬN: LABOR PRODUCTIVITY OF VIET NAM ENTERPRISES

 

@FIFZ]TV AE OM_JH]FAI HIM ]THFIB
 _IFUOTZF]V AE OJAIA@FJZ LJ@J

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MHA U_ ^L_AIB CFIL

CHDAT ^TAM_J]FUF]V AE UFO]IH@ OI]OT^TFZOZ

@HKAT; MOUOCA^@OI] OJAIA@FJZ
JAMO ; 6:8>8>?

^L.M. MFZZOT]
MFZZOT]H
H]FAI
 O\OJ_]FUO Z_@@HTV

LA JLF @FIL JF]V 4>4>


 

]lo tlosfs whs ja`pcoto ht;
_ifvorsfty ae Ojaia`fjs La Jlf @fil Jfty
Zuporvfs
Zupor
vfsar;
ar; 8. Mr
Mr.. ^lẨ

^lẨ`
` Glh
Glhil
il Ih
Ih`
`
4. Mr. Co Uhi Jlai

Tovfowor 8; .....................................................................................................
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Tovfowor 4; .................................................................
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Tovfowor :; .................................................................
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]lo ]losfs
]losfs wfcc do prosoitom ta tlo _ifvorsfty
_ifvorsfty Mfss
Mfssorthtfai
orthtfai Dahrm ht; ...........
...... ..........
.........
................................................................................................................................
Ht laurs mhy `aitl yohr
]lo tlosfs jhi do eauim ht tlo cfdrhry;
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8
JLH^]OT 8 FI]TAM_J]FAI
8.8 Dhjgbrau
Dhjgbrauim
im him ros
rosohrj
ohrjl
l bhp
8.
8.8.
8.8
8

^rhj
^rhjtf
tfjh
jhcc dhjg
dhjgbr
brau
auim
im

Fi tlo 866>s ae tlo 4>tl joitury, Ufotih`'s ojaia`y oxporfoijom h ro`hrghdco brawtl `hficy era`
tlo fijrohso fi chdar pramujtfvfty fi hbrfjucturo. ]lfs fs tlo rosuct ae tlo prajoss ae mfssacutfai ae 
jaaporhtfvos him tlo trhiseor ae chim uso rfblts ta tlo prfvhto sojtar.
Mospfto dofib jcohror him `aro sthdco prabross tlhi sa`o atlor jauitrfos, Ufotih` fs jaitfiufib ta

ehjo iow jlhccoibos. Ojaia`fj brawtl him tlo trhisftfai era` hbrfjucturo ta atlor sojtars lhvo slawi
sfbis ae scawfib mawi, wftl caw por jhpfth fija`o (Uu, 4>85).^ramujtfvfty brawtl lhs dooi h goy
ehjtar ear Ufotih`'s ojaia`fj brawtl fi tlo ohrcy yohrs ae fiiavhtfai, wlfjl lhs scawom mawi avor tlo
 phst mojhmo, him tlo brawtl rhto ae chdar pramujtfvfty lhs baio mawi (Ibuyoi him Goifjlf,
4>8<).Fistohm ae f`pravfib chdar pramujtfvfty ta jaitfiuo ta hjlfovo hjlfovo`oits, jhpfthc fivost`oit
 doja`os tlo `hfi saurjo ae ojaia`fj brawtl fi tlfs ioxt porfam. Dut hjjarmfib ta Damowfb him
@hbiussai (4>8=), tlfs fs iat h susthfihdco `amoc, sufthdco ear Ufotih` ta oisuro h lfbl brawtl rhto fs
`hfithfiom.
Hctlaubl jaisfmorom hs aio ae tlo jauitrfos wftl tlo dost chdar pramujtfvfty brawtl fi tlo robfai,
wloi ja`phrfib fitorihtfaihccy hjjarmfib ta tlo ropart ae tlo Fitorihtfaihc Chdar Arbhifzhtfai (FCA,
4>8?) him HMD ai tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae HZOHI 4>8=, Ufotih`'s
Ufotih`'s chdar pramujtfvfty whs aicy 8/= ae 
]lhfchim, 8/? ae @hchysfh, 8/8> ae Zautl Garoh him 8/8? ae Zfibhparo.
]lo `ast ja``aicy usom `otlams ta fijrohso chdar pramujtfvfty fi Ufotih` tamhy fs ta fijrohso
tojlia
toj
liacab
cabyy tlr
tlraub
aubll apo
apoifi
ifibb tlo oja
ojaia`
ia`yy, fi phr
phrtfj
tfjuch
uchrr, httrhj
httrhjtfib
tfib ear
earofb

ofbii mfr
mfrojt
ojt fiv
fivost
ost`oi
`oitt him
oijaurhbfib dusfiossos. Ma`ostfj oitorprfsos oxpart ar fijrohso chdar pramujtfvfty tlraubl dhsfj whbo
fijrohso
fijroh
so pacfj
pacfjyy. Law
Lawovor
ovor,, tlo hjlfovo`o
hjlfovo`oits
its lhvo iat dooi hs oxpojtom hs ovfmoijom
ovfmoijom dy tlo rosucts ae 
chdar pramujtfvfty `oitfaiom hdavo.
Fi armor ear tlo chdar earjo ta doja`o `aro pramujtfvo, ft fs iojosshry ta jaisfmor tlo chdar earjo fi
tlo oitorprfso systo` dojhuso ft fs tlo pchjo tlht lacms tlo `hkarfty ae tlo jauitry's chdar earjo. ]lo
 dusfioss systo` him
him tlo prfvhto sojtars hro hi oxtro`ocy
oxtro`ocy f`parthit phrt him tlo `hfi mrfvor
mrfvor ae U
Ufotih`'s
fotih`'s
ojaia`fj brawtl (RD, 4>8=).
Hjjarmfib ta h ropart ae tlo @fifstry ae ^chiifib him Fivost`oit (4>86) ai tlo pramujtfvfty him
ja`potftfvoioss ae Ufotih`oso oitorprfsos, Ufotih`'s jurroit chdar pramujtfvfty fi tlo rojoit porfam fs
chrbocy jaitrfdutom dy tlo Fitorihc hppcfjhtfai ‐(8). ]loroearo, hihcyzfib tlo motor`fihits ae chdar 
 pramujtfvfty era` hi oitorprfso porspojtfvo, hssu`fib tlht tlo `hfi ja`paioit ae tlo "fitrh-fimustry

oeeojts" fi tlo fijrohso ae chdar pramujtfvfty fs vory f`parthit.
8.
8.8.
8.4
4

]loa
]loaro
rotf
tfjh
jhcc dhjg
dhjgbr
brau
auim
im

Chdar pramujtfvfty brawtl pchys hi f`parthit raco fi oitorprfso survfvhc, brawtl, him movocap`oit
him lhs h mojfsfvo fiecuoijo ai ojaia`fj brawtl (Drou ot hc., 4>84). ]loroearo, tloro fs h cat ae 
rosohrjlos fi datl tloary him oxporf`oit era` `hiy `fjra him `hjra porspojtfvos ta stumy tlo ehjtars
heeojtfib chdar pramujtfvfty. Dojhuso ae tlo mosfro ta eajus ai f`pravfib chdar pramujtfvfty ear tlo
 prfvhto sojtar, dusfiossos, fi tlo jaitoxt ae tloary
tloary,, tlo tlosfs aicy prosoits stumfos ai ehjtars heeojtfib
chdar pramujtfvfty uimor tlo `fjra-sjhco.
Tobhrmfib
Tobhrm
fib tlo rochtf
rochtfais
aislfp
lfp dot
dotwo

wooi
oi EM
EMFF him oxp
oxpart
art ta chd
chdar
ar pra
pramuj
mujtfvf
tfvfty
ty era
era`
` hi oitorp
oitorprfs
rfsoo
 porspojtfvo, tlo efrst stumfos hro Uoriai (8655), Jhvos (862=), Efimchy (862<), Muiifib (8626). tloi


 

4
Dca`stra` (86<5), (Brfeeftl ot hc., 4>>4), Uhmch`hiihtf (4>88), Boarbosju (4>84), Dorihrm him Koisoi
(8666), Dchcajg (4>>=), Rhbior (4>>2), Lhfmhr (4>84), Mo Caojgor (4>8:). Jchssfj tloarotfjhc `amocs
sujl hs tlaso ae Zwhi (86?5)7 Zacaw (86?2) `orocy jaisfmorom earofbi mfrojt fivost`oit (EMF) hs hi
f`parthit jhpfthc suppcy jlhiioc ear tlo ojaia`y, tlo chtor o`pfrfjhc stumfos wloi rosohrjlfib era`
`fjra porspojtfvo hcsa slawom tlht jhpfthc ecaws EMF ecawfib fita tlo fitorfar ae h jauitry wfcc cohm ta
tojliacaby trhiseor, fijrohsfib pramujtfvfty ear fts ma`ostfj ja`phifos (Hftgoi him Lhrrfsai, 86667
Brfeeftl, 4>>47 Ib, 4>>2).
EMF efr`s, ospojfhccy `uctfihtfaihc ja`phifos, hro hi f`parthit taac fi tojliacaby hppcfjhtfai
 dojhuso tloy aeeor autsthimfib tojliacabfjhc hmvhithbos. Fi hmmftfai ta mfrojt f`phjts ai tlo ojaia`y

ojaia`y,,
EMF oitorprfsos jhi fimfrojtcy jrohto caib-tor` f`phjts ai tlo `hiuehjturfib fimustry fi tlo last
jauitry (Jhvos @amoc, 862=).
Lawovo
Law
ovorr, `uc
`uctfih
tfihtfa
tfaihc
ihc ja`
ja`phi
phifos
fos `hy hcs
hcsaa rom
romujo
ujo tlo chdar
chdar pra
pramuj
mujtfv
tfvfty
fty ae las
lastt jau
jauitr
itrfos
fos
(Tamrfbuoz-Jchro, 8665). ]lo ovfmoijo ae tloso stumfos fs tlht `uctfihtfaihc ja`phifos heeojt last
jauitrfos tlraubl dhjgwhrm him earwhrm cfigs him atlor oeeojts
Hiatlor tojliacaby hppcfjhtfai jlhiioc tlht hcsa heeojts chdar pramujtfvfty fs tlraubl fitorihtfaihc
trhmo, ospojfhccy oxpart. @ast jurroit tloarfos him hppcfom stumfos subbost tlht oxparts lhvo h pasftfvo
f`phjt ai chdar pramujtfvfty (Rarcm Dhig 866:7 @otcfz 4>>:7 Dorihrm ot hc 4>>:). Lawovor, sa`o

stumfos sujl hs Vauib
Vauib (8668) slaw tlht h eroor trhmfib robf`o scaws tlo brawtl ae chdar pramujtfvfty ae 
movocapfib jauitrfos muo ta tlo chjg ae ja`phrhtfvo hmvhithbo fitorihtfaihccy. ]loroearo, tlo oeeojts ae 
oxparts ai tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae movocapfib jauitrfos `hy vhry.
Hctlaubl datl EMF him oxparts `hy fiecuoijo tojliacabfjhc spfccavors tlht heeojt chdar pramujtfvfty
pramujtfvfty,,
`ast ae tlo stumfos fi Ufotih` (Ibuyoi, 4>867 ^lh`, 4>><7 Co, 4>>2, Iow`hi ot hc. (4>82) iatom tlo
tojliacabfjhc mfeeusfai ae EMF ar oxparts ta chdar pramujtfvfty hs twa sophrhto jlhiiocs wftlaut
jaisfmorfib sf`ucthioauscy tlo f`phjt ae EMF him oxpart ta chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos hs twa
jlhiiocs ae tojliacabfjhc mfeeusfai. fitorihtfaihc ja`potftfai him tlofr mfeeoroijos ta dusfioss adkojts
wftl mfeeoroit covocs ae jhpfthc.
]lo roc
rochtf
htfais
aislfp
lfp dot
dotwo
wooi
oi woc
wocehr
ehroo ar ro`
ro`uio
uiorht
rhtfai
fai pac
pacfjf
fjfos
os him chdar
chdar pra
pramuj

mujtfv
tfvfty
fty lhs doo
dooii
stroibtloiom fi ojaia`fj tloary (mo`him tloary (@hscaw, 86?=)7 oxpojthtfai tloary (Ura`, 865=)7
twa-ehjtar tloary ( Lorzdorb, 86<2), him h iu`dor ae atlor tloarfos). @hiy o`pfrfjhc rosohrjl rosucts
(Mrolor ot hc., 86<<7 @fjoccf him Chio, 86687 @fccoh, 4>>47 ]shf him Vu, 4>>?7 Zfibl, 4>>67 Hihim ot
hc.,
hc., 4>8>)
4>8>) mo`
mo`ais
aistrh
trhto
to tlh
tlhtt chd
chdar
ar doi
doioef
oefts,
ts, ft jai
jaitrf
trfdut
dutos
os pasft
pasftfvo
fvocy
cy ta tlo chdar
chdar pra
pramuj
mujtfv

tfvfty
fty ae 
o`pcayoos him tlo lohctl ae o`pcayoos lhvo h pasftfvo f`phjt ai chdar pramujtfvfty him tlo lohctl ae 
tlo iht
ihtfai
faihc
hc oja
ojaia`
ia`yy. ]lo
]loso
so doi
doioef
oefts
ts str
straib
aibcy
cy fiecuo
fiecuoijo
ijo tlo dolhvf
dolhvfar
ar ae o`p
o`pcay
cayoos
oos,, wlfjl
wlfjl fs h
ja`poccfib rohsai ta locp o`pcayoos jaitfiuo ta warg ear dusfioss awiors hs wocc hs tloy hro earjom ta
ja`poto wftl ohjl atlor him tlfs wfcc cohm ta fijrohsom chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos. Mfshbroofib
wftl tlfs vfow, sa`o stumfos subbost tlht wocehro robf`os hro aicy sooi hs h ehjtar ta robuchto him
 pravfmo efihijfhc suppart ear o`pcayoos dojhuso tloy hro `o`dors ae hi arbhifzhtfai ar h dusfioss, iat
h `atfvhtar. ar earjos rochtom ta chdar pramujtfvfty (Tasoidcaa` him Lhcc`hi, 86<87 Lfccs, 86<27

Hmfbui him Ztoploisai, 86647 @aimy ot hc., 4>>4). 
8.8.:

Tosohrjl bh
bhp

Tosohrjl ai chdar pramujtfvfty fs f`parthit ear datl pudcfj pacfjfos him mojfsfais ear tlo prfvhto
sojtar (Zhuor`hii, 4>85) dojhuso tlfs fs hi sudsthitfhc fimfjhtar roecojtfib tlo ojaia`fj movocap`oit
oeeojtfvoioss ae ihtfaihc, oitorprfso him o`pcayoo quhcfty. Ospojfhccy wftl tlo jaitoxt ae Ufotih`, fi tlo


 

:
 phst twa mojhmos, hctlaubl Ufotih`'s chdar pramujtfvfty lhs fijrohsom rhpfmcy, ft fs stfcc iohr tlo datta`
ae HZOHI‖s. Fe tlfs brawtl rhto fs `hfithfiom, Ufotih` wfcc lhvo ta spoim 8> ta ?> yohrs ta jhtjl up
wftl atlor jauitrfos fi tlo robfai (FCA, 4>8?).
^ra`atfib chdar pramujtfvfty ae tlo ojaia`y slaucm efrst daast tlo pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos. ]loro
hro tlroo `hfi braups ae ehjtars tlht locp motor`fio chdar pramujtfvfty; lu`hi jhpfthc, tojliacabfjhc
 prabross, him ojaia`fj sfzo (Broochw ot hc., 4>8<). H dottor uimorsthimfib ae law tloso ehjtars heeojt
chdar pramujtfvfty locps dusfiossos boiorhto brohtor praefts, fijrohso pramujtfvfty, hmm fivost`oit
appartuiftfos, him romujo jasts (FCA, 4>8?). Fi tlfs tlosfs, spojfhc httoitfai ear tlo twa jlhiiocs
heeojtfib
heeo
jtfib chdar pramujtfv
pramujtfvfty;
fty; tojli
tojliacabf
acabfjhc
jhc prab

prabross
ross tlrau
tlraubl
bl ojaia
ojaia`fj
`fj fitob
fitobrhtfai
rhtfai,, lu`hi jhpfthc
tlraubl o`pcayoo wocehro.
Ufotih` fs doja`fib `aro him `aro moopcy fitobrhtom fita tlo ojaia`y, sa tloro lhvo dooi `hiy
ma`ostfj stumfos ai tlo fiecuoijo ae earofbi tojliacaby hppcfjhtfai jlhiiocs tlraubl EMF him oxpart ta
 pramujtfvfty (Ibuyoi & Ibuyoi, 4>847 Iba, 4>827 ^lh`, 4>8<). Lawovor, `ast ae tloso stumfos lhvo
fivostfbhtom jlhiiocs tlht f`phjt ai mfsjroto chdar pramujtfvfty wftlaut jaisfmorfib tlo` hs ja`potfib
jlhiiocs ae ja`potftfai
Dusfiossos wftl mfeeoroit covocs ae jhpfthc fitoisfty wfcc lhvo mfeeoroit pursuft strhtobfos wloi tloy
whit ta kafi tlo bcadhcfzhtfai `ojlhifs`. Zocojtfib wlfjl strhtobfos ta phrtfjfphto ta bot tlo dost
 doioefts fs hcsa h pradco`
pradco` ear Z@Os fi tlo jurroi
jurroitt sthbo ae bcadhcfzhtfai.
]lo sojaim jlhiioc heeojts tlo chdar pramujtfvfty tlht tlo tlosfs fs fitorostom fi loro fs lu`hi jhpfthc
tlraubl o`pcayoo wocehro pacfjy. To`uiorhtfai pacfjfos wlfjl lhvo dooi prf`hrfcy stumfom fi Ufotih`,
ro`hfii whbo fssuos him lhvo dooi fioe
ro`hf
fioeeojtfv
eojtfvoo fi rojoit yohrs
yohrs,, wlfco ro`uiorhtfai
ro`uiorhtfai pacfjfos lhvo dooi
hssajfhtom wftl fithibfdco ar iai-efihijfhc rowhrms. ft fs f`passfdco ar iat ohsy ta japy him japy ta
jrohto lu`hi rosaurjos hmvhithbos ear tlo arbhifzhtfai tlht lhs iat dooi phfm oiaubl httoitfai.
8.4 Tosohrjl

Tosohrjl adkojtfvo
adkojtfvoss

]lo avorhcc rosohrjl adkojtfvo ae tlo tlosfs fs
f s ta hihcyzo tlo f`phjt ai tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae
Ufotih`oso oitorprfsos tlraubl mfrojt fivost`oit, oxparts, him chdar doioefts.
Adkojtfvo 8; Hihcyzo tlo f`phjt ae 4 jlhiiocs ae tojliacaby hppcfjhtfai, earofbi mfrojt
fivost`oit, him oxpart ta chdar pramujtfvfty fi oitorprfsos wftl mfeeoroit covocs ae jhpfthc fitoisfty7
Adkojtfvo 4; Hssoss tlo f`phjt ae chdar doioefts ai chdar pramujtfvfty ae Ufotih`oso Z@Os.
8.: Tosohrjl
Tosohrjl quostfai
quostfai
Xuostfai 8; Rftl tlo

mfeeoroijo fi jhpfthc fitoisfty, fs tloro h mfeeoroijo dotwooi tlo f`phjt ae 
EMF him oxparts ai tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae Ufotih`oso oitorprfsos1
Xuostfai 4; Law maos chdar doioeft heeojt tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae Ufotih`oso
Ufotih`oso Z@Os1

 

8.= Zjapo him sudkojts ae tlo rosohrjl
8.=.8 Zudkojts ae tlo rosohrjl

]lo `hfi rosohrjl sudkojts ae tlo tlosfs fijcumo chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos fi rochtfai ta EMF
him oxpart fi tor`s ae jlhrhjtorfstfjs ae tlo jhpfthc fitoisfty ae mfeeoroit fimustrfos7 chdar pramujtfvfty fi
rochtfai ta o`pcayoo wocehro pacfjfos.
8.=.4 Zjapo ae tlo rosohrjl

Avorhcc tlo tlosfs stumfos fssuos surrauimfib chdar pramujtfvfty ae Ufotih`oso oitorprfsos era` 4>>6

ta 4>85.


 

=
Oitorprfso sjapo; fijcumfib chrbo oitorprfsos him Z@Os wftl tlo efrst bahc him eajusom ai Z@Os wftl
tlo sojaim bahc.
Hroh/sojtar ae tlo oitorprfso; Oitorprfsos wftl mfeeoroit typos ae awiorslfp fi tlo `hiuehjturfib him
 prajossfib fimustry.
fimustry.
8.? Tosohrjl @otlamacaby

]a sacvo twa adkojtfvos, tlo tlosfs usos tlo EO@ `amoc him tlo TO@ `amoc ta prajoss tlo rosohrjl
`amoc
ostf`htom
thdco mhth. ]loso `otlams hccaw jaitrac ae uiadsorvom efxom oeeojts ae tlo ja`phiy
(Raacmrfmbo,
4>>4).
]a sacvo tlo rosohrjl bahc Ia. 8, tlo tlosfs usos h ja`dfihtfai ae mhth sots era` 4 Ufotih`
Oitorprfso Joisus mhth (UOZ) fi 4>8? him 4>85.
Ear rosohrjl adkojtfvo Ia. 4, tlo tlosfs usos h sot ae mhth ja`pfcom era` : sots ae Z`hcc him @omfu`
Oitorprfsos Zurvoy (Z@Os) fi 4>88, 4>8:, him 4>8?.
Muo ta tlo lotoraboiofty fi tlo quostfaiihfro ae tlo UOZ mhthsot fi tlo yohrs. ]loroearo, tlo
mfssorthtfai lhs mfeefjucty fi usfib tlo iojosshry fiear`htfai ear rosohrjl purpasos fe usfib mhth sots ear 
`hiy yohrs, rosuctfib fi hi fijaisfstoijy fi tlo stumy tf`o ae tlo twa adkojtfvos.
8.5 Tosohrjl `ohifib

Adkojtfvo 8 hihcyzos tlo mfeeoroit oeeojts ae EMF him oxparts ai tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos
fi

mfeeoroit
jhpfthc-fitoisfvo
sojtars.
]lo rosucts robf`o
ae tlo tlosfs
locpEMF
dusfiossos
bavori`oits
ta do
`aro
arfoitom
sa tloy jhi kafi
tlo bcadhcfzhtfai
tlraubl
ar oxparthim
dhsom
ai tlo jhpfthcfitoisfvo jlhrhjtorfstfjs ae tlo fimustry ta drfib tlo dost doioefts. Era` tloro, ft locps efr`s him
bavori`oits ta `hgo `aro hppraprfhto fivost`oit pacfjfos him arfoithtfais.
Fi adkojtfvo 4, tlo stumy ae tlo f`phjt ae wocehro pacfjfos ai tlo pramujtfvfty ae Z@Os, tloroearo tlo
efrst `ohifib ae tlo mfssorthtfai fs ta jaitrfduto o`pfrfjhc ovfmoijo ai tlfs rochtfaislfp fi Ufotih`.
Rloi tloro hro eow stumfos ai wocehro pacfjy, tloro hro eow stumfos. Zojaimcy, tlo tlosfs puts tlo
rochtfaisl
rochtf
aislfp
fp ae tlo woce
wocehro
hro pacfjy him chdar pram
pramujtfvf
ujtfvfty
ty ae tlo oitorp

oitorprfso
rfso rosohrjl
rosohrjlom
om ht tlo oitorprfs
oitorprfsoo
covoc, wlfjl wfcc cohm ta tlo cfig dotwooi o`pcayoos' doioefts him pramujtfvfty (doioefts) ae tlo
oitorprfso. Fi atlor warms, ft roecojts tlo fitorosts ae tlo pravfmors ae tloso pacfjfos.
]lfrmcy, tlo rosuct ae tlo tlosfs hisworfib tlo jaitravorsfhc fssuo fi Ufotih` tamhy fs wlotlor ft fs
iojosshry ta jaisfmor ropchjfib tlo `fif`u` whbo fijrohso wftl tlo f`pco`oithtfai ae iai-shchry
wocehro pacfjfos ta f`pravo chdar pramujtfvfty ae tlo efr`s.
8.2 Tosohrjl strujturo

]lo mfssorthtfai ja`pasos ? jlhptors. ]lo efihc sojtfai fijcumos hutlar's pudcfjhtfai, roeoroijos him
hppoimfjos.
JLH^]OT 4. ]LOATV HIM CF]OTH]_TO TOUFOR
4.8 Fitramujtfai
4.4 Jaijopt him `ohsuro ae chdar pramujtfvfty

Zyvorsai (4>8>) pramujtfvfty fs tlo oeefjfoijy ae pramujtfai oxprossom dy law `ujl autput fs
adthfiom era` h bfvoi fiput. ]loroearo, ft fs usuhccy oxprossom hs tlo fiput rhtfa ae tlo autput. ]loro hro
`hiy `otlams ae `ohsurfib pramujtfvfty, ae wlfjl chdar pramujtfvfty fs aio ae tlo `ast usom jrftorfh.
Hjjarmfibcy, chdar pramujtfvfty oxpcafts tlo oxtoit ta wlfjl lu`hi jhpfthc drfibs vhcuo ta hi ojaia`y
ar hi oitorprfso (Gajl him @jBrhtl, 8665).


 

?
Fi tlfs mossorthtfai, tlo thrbot fs tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos fi fimustrfos wftl mfeeoroit
autputs, wftl him wftlaut prajossfib ai datl bahcs him tlo mhth hvhfchdfcfty. Mhth ma iat `oot tlo

roqufro`oits ear tlo `ohsuro`oit ae tathc autput. ]loroearo, tlo mfssorthtfai mojfmom ta uso vhcuo-hmmom
jrftorfh hs h `ohsuro ear autput him tlo iu`dor ae o`pcayoos hs hi fiput `ohsuro ta jhcjuchto chdar 
 pramujtfvfty..
 pramujtfvfty
Chdar pramujtfvfty 0
4.: Ehjtars heeojtfib chdar
chdar pramujtfvfty
pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos

Hjjarmfib ta Broo
Hjjarmfib
Broochw
chw ot hc (4>8<), chdar pramujtfv
pramujtfvfty
fty ae o`pca
o`pcayoos
yoos fs heeojtom
heeojtom dy tlroo braups ae 
ehjtars; (8) Lu`hi jhpfthc, (4) ]
]ojliacabfjhc
ojliacabfjhc prabross, (:) Ojaia`fj sjhco.
Hjjarmfib ta Zyvorsai (4>8>) wloi stumyfib chdar pramujtfvfty ht tlo `fjra-covoc, oitorprfsos
rohcfzo tlht chdar pramujtfvfty fs mfrojtcy heeojtom dy twa `hfi braups; fitorihc him iai-dusfioss braups.
]lo braup wftlfi tlo oitorprfso fijcumos oco`oits ae dusfioss hjtfvftfos sujl hs prhjtfjo/`hihbo`oit
thcoit, quhcfty ae chdar him jhpfthc fiputs, pramujt fiiavhtfai, him arbhifzhtfaihc strujturo ae fitorihc
 pramujtfai uifts. ja`phiy. ]lo sojaim sot ae ehjtars hmmrossos oivfrai`oithc motor`fihits, wlfjl wfcc
fijcumo ehjtars sujl hs tlo sprohm ae pramujtfvfty tlht ja`os era` giawcombo trhiseor, tlo covoc ae 
ja`potftfai fi tlo chdar him pramujt `hrgots, him tlo f`phjt ae robuchtfais, pacfjfos era` tlo autsfmo.
Fi hmmftfai ta tlo twa `hfi braups ae ehjtars hs hdavo @fjhccoe (4>85), tloro hro hcsa sa`o ehjtars
tlht lhvo h maudco oeeojt ai tlo

t lo twa braups hdavo.
]a pramujtfai-dhsom stumfos, fi phrtfjuchr, morfvom era` Jadd-Maubchs (o.b. Bcador`hi, 86267
Dca`strõ` him ^orssai, 86<:, Gagga, 866= him Gagga ot hc., 8665) fi jaisfmorhtfai ae Motor`fihits
ae chdar pramujtfvfty ht tlo oitorprfso covoc,L jhpfthc fitoisfty him chdar fitoisfty hro tlo `hfi jaijoris..
_
Fi hmmftfai ta tlo hdavo `hfi braups ae@ ehjtars heeojtfib chdar pramujtfvfty, o`pfrfjhc stumfos ai tlo
H
I
tapfj ae chdar pramujtfvfty ht tlo `fjra-covoc
ae oitorprfsos hcsa pravfmo ovfmoijo ai tlo f`phjt ae atlor 
J
H
^
ehjtars heeojtfib pramujtfvfty chdar fijcumos
efr` uifai, fimustry, hbo ae tlo efr`, him atlor ehjtars
F]
H
C
(Gajl him @jBrhtl, 86657 Lsu him Jloi, 4>>>7 Tabor him ]soib, 4>>>7 Rhbior, 4>>47 Uhltor, 4>>=7
Brooihwhy ot hc., 4>>=7 Marhszocsgf him Khu`himrou, 4>8:7 Hrslhm him @hcfg, 4>8?)

]
O
J
L
I
A
C
A
B

JF
H

^
T
A
B
T
O
Z
Z
C

^
T
A
M
_
J
]
FU
]F
V
C

H
D
A
T

^fjturo 8; Motor`fihits ae chdar pramujtfvfty
O
J
A
I
A
@
FJ
Z
J


H

 

5

Fi tlfs stumy, tlo `hfi jaijori fs tlo jaitrfdutfai ae EMF him oxparts tlraubl tojliacabfjhc prabross
L
_
him o`pcayoo wocehro tlraubl lu`hi jhpfthc ta tlo pramujtfvfty
ae oitorprfsos. ]lo f`phjt ae tloso
@
C
jaijopts ai tloarotfjhc chdarDOI pramujtfvfty
hs wocc hs HI o`pfrfjhc ovfmoijo ai tloso rochtfaislfps fs
H
D
J

O
A
E
H
T ioxt sojtfai ae tlo jlhptor.
su``hrfzom him prosoitom fi tlo
F]
^
F]
H

C

E
M
F
^
T
A
B
T
O
Z
Z

]
O
J
L
I

A
C
A
B
FJ
H
C

^
T
A
M
_
J
]
FU
F]
V
C

H
D
A
T

 O     
 \     
 A ^     
    
 T     

 ]     

O
J
A
I
A
@
JF
^fjturo 4; HihcytfjhcZJ erh`owarg 
H
C
O

4.= Earofbi mfrojt fivost`oit (EMF) him chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos
4.=.8 ]lo tloary ae tlo rochtfaislfp dotwooi EMF him chdar pramujtfvfty

Era` h `fjra porspojtfvo, EMF fiecaws fita h jauitry drfib h trhiseor ae iat aicy tojlifjhc
giawcombo
giaw
combo dut hcsa `hihb
`hihbo`oit
o`oit sgfccs tlht `hgo EMF mfeeor
mfeeoroit
oit era` atlor typos ae jhpfthc (Cfu ot hc.,
4>>8). ]lo efrst ojaia`fj `amocs stumfom ear tlfs spfccavor oeeojt woro Uoriai (8655), Muiifib (8622),
Jhvos (862=), him Bcador`hi (8626).
]lo f`phjt ae EMF ai pramujtfvfty jhi do fimfrojt ar mfrojt (Hftgoi him Lhrrfsai, 86667 Barb him
Brooihwhy, 4>>=7 Cfu ot hc., 4>>8). Rloi EMF jhpfthc fs fivostom fi tlo ojaia`y, fi hmmftfai ta
fijrohsfib jhpfthc, ft fs hjja`phifom dy tlo fitramujtfai ae iow pramujtfai him `hihbo`oit sgfccs tlht

mfr
mfrojt
ojtcy
cy he
heeoj
eojtt pramuj
pramujtfai
tfai oe
oeefj
efjfoi
foijy
jy (Mu
(Muiif
iifib
ib (86
(8626)
26).. EMF
EMF hcsa
hcsa pra
pravfm
vfmos
os fimfro
fimfrojt
jt oeeoj
oeeojts
ts dy
mfsso`fihtfib giawcombo (Dca`stra` & Gagga, 866<)
Hjjarmfib ta Jhvos (862=) tlo fimfrojt oeeojt ae EMF ai tlo pramujtfvfty ae ma`ostfj oitorprfsos jhi
 do jchssfefom fita tlroo `hfi jlhiiocs; (8) Oitorprfsos rojofvfib EMF jhi fijrohso pramujtfvfty ear 
ma`ostfj oitorprfsos sh`o fimustry wftl tlo` dy f`pravfib tlo hccajhtfai ae rosaurjos fi tlht fimustry7

(4) ]lo prosoijo ae EMF oitorprfsos fi h sojtar lhs hcsa dooi eauim ta fijrohso ja`potftfai him
 pramujtfvfty,, dy earjfib ma`ostfj oitorpr
 pramujtfvfty
oitorprfsos
fsos ta fijrohso oe
oeefjfoijy
efjfoijy ta ro`hfi ja`potftfvo him/ar ta earjo
earjo
efr`s ta ja`poto. iai-`hiuehjturfib ja`phifos `ust cohvo tlo `hrgot (Dca`strõ`, 86<5, Brfeeftl ot hc


 

2
4>>4)7 (:) tlo prosoijo ae `uctfihtfaihc sudsfmfhrfos fi hi fimustry jhi hjjocorhto tlo prajoss ar romujo
tojliacaby trhiseor jasts.
4.=.4 O`pfrfjhc stumfos ai tlo rochtfaislfp dotwooi EMF him chdar pramujtfvfty

Tojoit o`pfrfjhc stumfos slaw tlht earofbi mfrojt fivost`oit lhs mfeeoroit oeeojts ai pramujtfvfty
brawtl, thgfib pchjo sf`ucthioauscy, him jhi do mfrojt ar fimfrojt (Hftgoi & Lhrrfsai, 8666). 7
Cfjltoidorb & Zfoboc, 86<27 Mkhigav & Laog`hi, 86667 Himorsai, 4>>>7 ^fsjftocca, Thddfasf, 4>>?7
 Ib, 4>>27 Cfu, [lha, 4>>57
4>>57 R
Rhjgor
hjgor him U
Uhmch`hiihtf,
hmch`hiihtf, 4>88
4>8877 Boarbosju, 44>84).
>84).
  ]lo pasftfvo

pasftfvo oeeoj
oeeojtt ai chdar pramujtf
pramujtfvfty
vfty ae cajhc dusfio
dusfiossos
ssos lhs doo
dooii slawi ta do tlo rosuct ae 
earofbi mfrojt fivost`oit fi stumfos fi mfeeoroit jauitrfos sujl hs tlo _iftom Zthtos (Cfjltoidorb him
Zfoboc
Zfo
boc,, 86<
86<2),
2), Top
Topudc
udcfj
fj Jzo
Jzojl
jl (M
(Mkhig
khigav
av,, La
Laog`
og`hi,
hi, 866
8666),
6), Fim
Fimaio
aiosfh
sfh (Himo
(Himorsa

rsai,
i, 4>>
4>>>),
>), Fthcy
Fthcy
(^fsjftocca, Thddfasf, 4>>?), Jlfih (Cfu, [lha, 4>>5) him sa`o atlor stumfos.
Fi hmmftfai ta mfrojtcy heeojtfib chdar pramujtfvfty, EMF hcsa lhs sa`o oeeojts ai tlo chdar `hrgot,
fimfrojtcy heeojtfib chdar pramujtfvfty. Rhjgor him Uhmch`hiihtf (4>88) stumy tlo f`phjt ae EM_ ai
aptf`fzfib chdar `hrgot prajossos. Boarbosju (4>84) eauim tlht fi o`orbfib `hrgots ta httrhjt EMF,
strhtobfos lhvo dooi f`pco`oitom tlraubl vhrfaus `ohsuros ar `ohis ta pravfmo h trhisphroit him
erfoimcy dusfioss oivfrai`oit. fivostars, tlfs locps suppart tlo fijrohso ae chdar pramujtfvfty
pramujtfvfty..
4.? Oxpart him chdar pramujtfvfty

Hjjarmfib ta Rhbior (4>>2), twa lypatlosos lhvo dooi put earwhrm tlht oxpchfis tlht oxpartfib
oitorprfsos lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty tlhi iai-oxpartfib oitorprfsos; (8) muo ta tlo pradco` ae socesocojtfai. oitorprfsos wftl dottor pramujtfvfty wfcc oxpart baams7 (4) cohrifib dy oxpartfib tloary;
Giawcombo era` fitorihtfaihc duyors (justa`ors, f`partors hdrahm) ar ovoi fitorihtfaihc ja`potftars
tlhtt locp
tlh
locp f`p
f`prav
ravoo tlo pra
pramuj
mujtfvf
tfvfty
ty ae oit
oitorp
orprfs
rfsos
os wlo

wloii tloy
tloy oxp
oxpart
art baa
baams
ms ta ear
earofb
ofbii jau
jauitr
itrfos
fos..
@aroavor
@aro
avor,, dusf
dusfioss
iossos
os phrtfj
phrtfjfphtfi
fphtfibb fi tlo fitor
fitorihtfai
ihtfaihc
hc `hrgo
`hrgott ehjo `aro fitoi
fitoiso
so ja`po
ja`potftfai
tftfai him hro
earjom ta f`pravo tlo`socvos ehstor ta `oot tlo
t lo thstos ae tlaso wla aicy socc ta
t a tlo ma`ostfj `hrgot.

4.?
.?.8
.8

Zoce
Zoce so
socojt
cojtfa
fai
i tloa
tloary
ry

Rloi soccfib baams hdrahm (oxpart), efr`s lhvo ta spoim `aro typos ae jasts fijcumfib slfppfib
jasts,
jas
ts, soc
soccfib
cfib jas
jasts,
ts, `hr
`hrgot
gotfib
fib jas
jasts,
ts, avo
avorso
rsohs
hs ja`
ja``ui

`uifjh
fjhtfa
tfaii jas
jasts,
ts, `hihbo
`hihbo`oi
`oitt sgf
sgfccs
ccs ear
earofb
ofbii
iotwargs ar pramujtfai jasts fi `amfeyfib oxfstfib pramujts ear earofbi jaisu`ptfai (Lhfmhr, 4>847
Lhrrfs him Cf, 4>><). Fi armor ta heearm tloso jasts, dusfiossos `ust do `aro pramujtfvo (Tadorts him
]ydaut, 86627 Jcorfmos ot hc. 866<7 Dorihrm him Rhbior, 4>>8).
Rhbior (4>>2) oitorprfso dolhvfar `hy do earwhrm-caagfib fi tlo soiso tlht tlo mosfro ta oxpart
ta`arraw wfcc locp f`pravo pramujtfvfty tamhy ta ja`poto fi earofbi `hrgots
4.?.4 Cohrifib dy oxpartfib tloary

Rloi dus
Rloi
dusfio
fioss
ssos
os oit
oitor
or tlo fitori
fitorihtfa
htfaihc
ihc `hr
`hrgot

got,, tlo
tloyy bhfi
bhfi sup
suporf
orfar
ar gia
giawco
wcombo
mbo tlraub
tlraubll tlo
fiiavhtfai iooms ae earofbi justa`ors, hppcyfib iow pramujtfai tojlifquos wftl lfblor jhphjfty ta
fijroh
fij
rohso
so dum
dumbot
bot him oxj
oxjlhi
lhibo
bo oe
oeefj
efjfoi
foijy
jy.. ]lo ja`
ja`phi
phiy's
y's iow dusfio
dusfioss
ss (Cu him Doh
Doh`fs

`fsl,
l, 4>>
4>>57
57
Jhstocchif, 4>>47 Mo Caojgor, 4>8:).
4.?.: O`pfrfjhc stumfos rochtfaislfp dotwooi oxparts him chdar pramujtfvfty

Rhbior
hbior (4>
(4>>2)
>2) survo
survoyom
yom `fj
`fjra
ra mht
mhthh ai tlo rochtf
rochtfais
aislfp
lfp dot
dotwoo
wooii oxpart
oxpart him pra
pramuj
mujtfv
tfvfty
fty ae 
oitorprfsos era` 866? ta 4>>=. Lo eauim tlht oitorprfsos wftl `aro dumbot wfcc jlaaso ta kafi tlo
oxpart `hrgot, wlfco oxparts ma iat iojosshrfcy f`pravo pramujtfvfty.
pramujtfvfty.

 

<
Rhbior's pafit (4>>2) ae vfow fs hcsa kustfefom ear chtor rosohrjl fi tlo jhso ae mfeeoroit jauitrfos
era` fimustrfhcfzom ihtfais cfgo fi Zphfi fi Jhssf`hi ot hc. (4>>2). ) ar fi Bor`hiy fi Dhu`hii ot hc
(4>85)7 Chtfi H`orfjhi jauitrfos sujl hs Jlfco fi Hcvhroz him Capoz (4>>?), @oxfja, Jaca`dfh him
@arajja fi Jcorfmos ot hc. (866<)7 Hsfhi jauitrfos sujl hs Jlfih fi tlo porfam ae 86<<-8664 fi tlo
rosohrjl ae Grhhy (4>>4) ar Fimaiosfh fi tlo porfam era` 866> ta 8665 ae Dchcajg him Bortcor (4>>=),
Dhirf & Hyu`u (4>8:) stumfom ear Khphioso Z@Os.
Ai tlo atlor lhim, sa`o stumfos pravfmo h sojaim lypatlosfs, `ohifib tlht efr`s oitorfib tlo oxpart
`hrgot cohri era` fitorihtfaihc duyors hs wocc hs ja`potftars' pramujtfvfty tlht cohms lfblor. Ovfmoijo
ae tlfs lypatlosfs fs pravfmom dy @hrtfis him Vhib (4>>6). ]loy jaimujtom hi fitobrhtom hihcysfs ae 
oxpart cohrifib lypatlosos (CDO) ai `aro tlhi :> hrtfjcos him motor`fiom tlht oxparts sfbifefjhitcy
f`pravom oitorprfsos' dumbots fi movocapfib jauitrfos muo ta tlo brohtor mfsthijo era` tlo darmor 
tojliacaby.
4.5. Chdar doioefts him heeojtfib chdar pramujtfvfty

Lu`hi jhpfthc fs jaisfmorom tlo `hfi ehjtar cohmfib ta tlo pramujtfvfty mfeeoroijo dotwooi wargors
him dusfiossos (Dojgor, 862?7 Gajl & @jBrhtl, 8665).
Hjjarmfib ta tlo ^orrfi ]awors `amoc (Hr`straib, 4>8>), ja`poishtfai fs mfvfmom fita 4 phrts
fijcumfib thibfdco rowhrms (purocy efihijfhc) him fithibfdco rowhrms. ^uro efihijfhc rowhrms sujl hs
jhsl (o.b shchrfos) hro ohsy ta f`fthto fi tlo dusfioss ja``uifty dut fithibfdco ar iaiefihijfhc rowhrms
sujl hs wocehro pacfjfos hro iat ohsy ar jaucm iat ta f`fthto ta lhvo hi hmvhithbo ae tlo arbhifzhtfai's
awi lu`hi rosaurjos.
Ft fs f`parthit ta uimorsthim fts f`phjt ai tlo pramujtfvfty ae fimfvfmuhcs ar dusfiossos hs tlo slhro
ae doioefts phfm ta ro`ui
ro`uiorhtfa
orhtfaii phjgh
phjghbos

bos fs ai tlo rfso warcmw
warcmwfmo
fmo (Ghib, V
Vuu him Coo, 4>85)
4>85) him fts
awi hmvhithbos tlht jrohto lu`hi rosaurjos ear arbhifzhtfais him dusfiossos.
4.5.8 Chdar doioefts

Rocehro roprosoits hcc ear`s ae rowhrms, oxjopt jhsl phy`oits (@fgavfjl him Iow`hi, 4>>=).
Rhftftu (4>82) wocehro fs h myih`fj jaijopt dojhuso avor tf`o iow wocehro pacfjfos wfcc do hmmom ta
oxfstfib pacfjfos fi hjjarmhijo wftl jlhibos fi sajfoty's iooms.
4.5.4 ]lo tloary ae tlo f`phjt ae chdar doioefts ai oitorprfso chdar pramujtfvfty

Ghib ot hc. (4>85), `ast stumfos subbost tlht tlo ja`paioits ae wocehro hro pasftfvocy hssajfhtom
wftl o`pcayoo shtfsehjtfai. ]lo oxphisfai ae wargors' wocehro pravfmos o`pcayoos wftl `atfvhtfai him,
fi turi, tlo fijrohsom covoc ae `atfvhtfai provoits o`pcayoos era` cohvfib tlofr kads him locpfib tlo`
movocap. Efihccy,
Efihccy, pramujtfvfty ar dusfioss porear`hijo `hy fijrohso.
Lorzdorb's muhc-ehjtar tloary (865<) slaws tlht tlo wocehro robf`os rojofvom dy o`pcayoos hro cfgo
`atfvhtfais ear porsaihc `atfvhtfai.
Hjjarmfib ta tlo tloary ae jlhibo ae tloary, tlo appartuifty jast ae chdar jlhibo fs moefiom hs tlo
jast ae lfrfib o`pcayoos, him tlo jast ae trhfifib him romovocap`oit ae o`pcayoos. (La`, JhrhifghsRhcgor, ^russfh, him Brfeeotl, 8664). ]lo appartuifty jast ae chdar jlhibo covoc lfimors tlo ja`phiy's
ja`potftfvo hmvhithbos.
4.5.: ]lo raco ae chdar doioefts

Brob (4>>5) him Gh`hu (4>8:), iai-shchry doioefts hro `ast aetoi pravfmom dy o`pcayors fijcumfib
sajfhc fisurhijo, lohctl fisurhijo, fijoitfvo pacfjfos, poisfai robf`os, `htorifty cohvo, him `htorifty
cohvo. Ohjl wocehro robf`o pravfmos mfeeoroit racos ear chdar pramujtfvfty.
pramujtfvfty.

 

6
4.5.= O`pfrfjhc stumfos ai tlo f`phjt
f `phjt ae chdar doioefts ai chdar pramujtfvfty

Brhy him Zthrgo (86<<) fi sa`o arbhifzhtfais, o`pcayoos' dolhvfar fs `aro jaiiojtom wftl wocehro
robf`os tlhi hiy atlor ehjtar. @fccoh (4>>4) bfvos sa`o o`pfrfjhc ovfmoijo ai tlo
t lo twa-why rochtfaislfp
 dotwooi wargor wocehro him chdar pramujtfvfty
pramujtfvfty,, ospojfhccy jaisfmorfib tlo ihturo ae tlo prajoss ae 
osthdcfslfib doioefts fi mfeeoroit jauitrfos. Hjjarmfib ta Rfccfh`s (4>>2), tlo f`pco`oithtfai ae 
o`pcay
o`p
cayoo
oo doi
doioef
oefts
ts wfc
wfccc drf
drfib
ib baa
baamm doi
doioef
oefts
ts ta hi oit
oitorp
orprfs
rfsoo suj

sujll hs f`prav
f`pravfib
fib dum
dumbot
bot,, locpfi
locpfibb
 dusfiossos ta hjlfovo tlofr bahcs, romujfib lu`hi rosaurjo jasts, hjlfovfib bahcs. purpaso ae lu`hi
rosaurjos.
Fi hmmftfai ta stumfos suppartfib tlo pasftfvo rochtfaislfp ae wargors' wocc-dofib wftl rospojt ta chdar 
 pramujtfvfty,, tloro hro hcsa `fxom vfows (Tasoidcaa` him Lhcc`hi, 86<87 Lfccs, 86<27 @fcgavfjl him
 pramujtfvfty
 Iow`hi, 866>).
JLH^]OT :; ]LO F@^HJ]Z AE EATOFIBI MFTOJ] FIUOZ]@OI] HIM O\^AT]
AI CHDAT ^TAM_J]FUF]V AE OI]OT^TFZOZ RF]L MFEEOTOI] JH^F]HC FI]OIZF]V
COUOCZ
:.8 Fitramujtfai
:.4 Mhth

Tosohrjl usfib oitorprfso phioc mhth fs jaccojtom him prajossom era` tlo Dusfioss Zurvoy mhth ae 
tlo oitorprfso, hcsa giawi hs tlo 4>8? him 4>85 Oitorprfso Zurvoy, ear oitorprfsos fi tlo braup.
`hiuehjturfib fimustry ta sorvo tlo efrst bahc. ]lo mhth sot ae tlo stumy socojts aicy aio sud-braup ae 
roprosoithtfvo prajossfib fimustrfos ta hihcyzo chdar-fitoisfvo him jhpfthc-fitoisfvo fimustrfos.
:.: Ostf`htfib chdar pramujtfvfty
pramujtfvfty ht tlo oitorprfso
oitorprfso covoc

]a ostf`hto chdar pramujtfvfty ht tlo oitorprfso covoc, tlo Jadd - Maubchs pramujtfai euijtfai fs
usom.
Brfcfjlos (86<5), V roprosoithtfvo
roprosoithtfvo slaucm `ohsuro dy tlo vhcuo-hmmom ae tlo efr`

Vft 0 H. G θ ft  C δft  (8)
]a stumy tlo f`phjt ae EMF him oxparts ai chdar pramujtfvfty oquhtfai (8) fs trhisear`om doja`o;

ciyft0 δ> + δ8EMFft +δ4\ft + δf ∘  \ f + οft (4)

:.= Moefifib, `ohsurfib vhrfhdcos him rosohrjl lypatlosos
]hdco 8; Moefifib, `ohsurfib vhrfhdcos

EMFf

Uhrfhdco

EMFft*Zjhcoft
 EMFft*Jhpft
Oxpart
\ft*Zjhcoft
\ft*Jhpft
EMFft*\ft* Zjhcoft
EMFft*\ft*Jhpft
Zjhcoft
Jhpft
Chdarquhcftyft
Awiorslfpft

Moefiftfai him `ohsuro
Uhcuo 0 8; Fe ft fs hi EMF oitorprfso
Uhcuo 0 >; Fe ft fs iat hi EMF oitorprfso
EMF*Zjhco
EMF*Jhp

Uhcuo 0 8; Fe tlo oitorprfso oxparts
Uhcuo 0 >; Fe tlo oitorprfso maos iat oxpart
\*Zjhco
\*Jhpfthcfzhtfai
EMF*\*Zjhco
EMF*\*Jhpfthcfzhtfai
Cab ae tlo efr` hssots
hssots.. _ift ae efr` hsso
hssots;
ts; `fccfai maib
 G ft 

Cab ae tlo efr` hss
hssots/o`pcayoo.
ots/o`pcayoo. _ift aaee (

 Cft 

) `fccfai maib/o`pcayoo

Hvorhbo chdar jast (tathc h`auit ae `aioy MI phys ear o`pcayoos) por 
o`pcayoo. _ift; `fccfai maib / o`pcayoo
Uhcuo 0 8; fe ft fs h sthto-awiom oitorprfso


 

8>
[aio
Zautl

Joitrhc

Uhcuo 0 >; fe ft fs h prfvhtocy awiom oitorprfso
Uhcuo 0 8; fe tlo oitorprfso fs cajhtom fi hi oxpart prajossfib zaio
Uhcuo 0 >; fe tlo oitorprfso fs autsfmo tlo oxpart prajossfib zaio
Uhcuo 0 8; fe tlo oitorprfso fs cajhtom fi tlo sautl
Uhcuo 0 >; fe tlo oitorprfso fs cajhtom fi hiatlor zaio.
Uhcuo 0 8; fe tlo oitorprfso fs cajhtom fi tlo joitrhc
Uhcuo 0 >; fe tlo oitorprfso fs cajhtom fi hiatlor zaio.

Tosohrjl lypatlosos

 Lypatlosfs L8; ]loro fs hi f`phjt ai tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae Ufotih`oso `hiuehjturfib him 
 prajossfib oitorprfsos era` EMF.
EMF.
 Lypatlosfs L4; ]lo hppohrhijo ae oxparts fs oxpojtom ta lhvo hi f`phjt ai tlo chdar 
 pramujtfvfty ae `hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos.
oitorprfsos.
 Lypatlosfs L:; Chrbo-sjhco `hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos hro oxpojtom ta do `aro pramujtfvo tlhi
 s`hcc-sfzom oitorprfsos.
 Lypatlosfs L=; @hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos wftl lfblor jhpfthcfzhtfai covocs hro oxpojtom ta lhvo
lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty.
pramujtfvfty.
 Lypatlosfs L?; @hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos wftl h lfblor quhcfty ae lu`hi rosaurjos
rosaurjos hro
oxpojtom ta lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty
 Lypatlosfs L5; Chdar pramujtfvfty ae `hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos passossfib mfeeoroit typos ae 
oitorprfsos fs oxpojtom ta do mfeeoroit.
 Lypatlosfs L2; Chdar pramujtfvfty ae `hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos cajhtom fi fimustrfhc 
 phrgs/jcustors fs oxpojtom ta do lfblor rosohrjl

rosohrjl lypatlosfs.
 Lypatlosfs L8; ]loro fs hi f`phjt ai tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae Ufotih`oso `hiuehjturfib him 
 prajossfib oitorprfsos era` EMF.
EMF.
 Lypatlosfs L4; ]lo hppohrhijo ae oxparts fs oxpojtom ta lhvo hi f`phjt ai tlo chdar 
 pramujtfvfty ae `hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos.
oitorprfsos.
 Lypatlosfs L:; Chrbo-sjhco `hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos hro oxpojtom ta do `aro pramujtfvo tlhi
 s`hcc-sfzom oitorprfsos.
 Lypatlosfs L=; @hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos wftl lfblor jhpfthcfzhtfai covocs hro oxpojtom ta lhvo
lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty.
pramujtfvfty.
 Lypatlosfs L?; @hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos wftl h lfblor quhcfty ae lu`hi rosaurjos
rosaurjos hro
oxpojtom ta lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty
 Lypatlosfs L5; Chdar pramujtfvfty ae `hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos passossfib mfeeoroit typos ae 
oitorprfsos fs oxpojtom ta do mfeeoroit.
 Lypatlosfs L2; Chdar pramujtfvfty ae `hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos cajhtom fi fimustrfhc 
 phrgs/jcustors fs oxpojtom ta do lfblor.
lfblor.
:.? Hihcytfjhc
Hihcytfjhc erh`owarg him spojfefj ojaia`otrfj `amoc ta hihcyzo tlo mfeeoroitfhc oeeojt ae
EMF him oxpart ta chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos ae mfeeoroit jhpfthc fitoisfty sojtars


 

88

EMF

Oitorprfso jlhrhjtorfstfj

Chdar pramujtfvfty

Zjhco
Jhpfthcfzhtfai
Awiorslfp
[aio
Chdar quhcfty

Oxpart

^fjturo :; Hihcytfjhc erh`owarg ear adkojtfvo 8

]ủ gluib pläi tàjl, th jú `ý lãil iblfëi jỦu jữ tlỊ;
Ci(yft)0 δ> + δ8EMFft +δ4\ft+ δ:\fEMFft+ δ=Zjhcoft+ δ?EMFftZjhcoft  +δ5\ftZjhcoft + δ2\ftEMFftZjhcoft
+δ<Jhpft +δ6EMFftZjhcoft + δ8>\ftJhpft + δ88Jhpft\ftEMFft+ δ84Chdarquhcftyft+ δ8:Joitrhcft + δ8=Zautlft +
δ8?[aioft + δ85Awiorslfpft + οft (2)
:.
:.5
5 Tosu
Tosuct
ct
:.5.8

Mosjrfptfai

:.5.4

Tosucts

Tosucts a
aee ostf`htfi
ostf`htfib
b ro
rosohr
sohrjl
jl `amocs
`amocs hihcyzf
hihcyzfib
ib tlo
tlo mfeeoroi
mfeeoroitt oeeojts
oeeojts ae
ae EMF him
oxparts ai chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos wftl mfeeoroit covocs ae jhpfthc fitoisfty

 Chdar-fitoisfvo fimustrfos .
]hdco 4 Tosucts ae ostf`htfib rosohrjl `amocs hihcyzfib tlo mfeeoroit oeeojts ae EMF him
oxparts ai chdar
chdar pramujtfvfty
pramujtfvfty ae chdar-fitoisfvo
chdar-fitoisfvo oitorprfsos


 

84

Ear hpphroc oitorprfsos, EMF-rojofvfib oitorprfsos lhvo hvorhbo chdar pramujtfvfty lfblor tlhi tlaso
tlht ma iat rojofvo EMF ai tlo jaimftfai tlht tlofr sfzo `ust do vory chrbo. Ht tlo sh`o tf`o, EMF

oitorprfsos tlht whit ta fijrohso chdar pramujtfvfty ioom ta fijrohso tlo sfzo ae tlo dusfioss ar ta ihrraw
tlo jhpfthcfzhtfai covoc por wargor, pravfmom tlht atlor ehjtars ro`hfi uijlhibom. Oxpartfib baams ta
earofbi `hrgots maos iat jlhibo chdar pramujtfvfty. ]lo ovfmoijo fs tlht oitorprfsos oxpartfib ar iat
oxpartfib lhvo ia mfeeoroijo fi hvorhbo chdar pramujtfvfty. Oitorprfsos tlht hro datl EMF him oxpart
oitorprfsos jhi fijrohso pramujtfvfty dy fijrohsfib tlo sfzo ae tlo dusfioss ar romujfib tlo jhpfthcfzhtfai
covoc por wargor. Fi jaitrhst, ta fijrohso tlofr chdar pramujtfvfty
pramujtfvfty,, oitorprfsos tlht ma iat lhvo EMF jhpfthc
 dut stfcc jaimujt oxparts ta earofbi `hrgots
`hrgots ae tlo hpphroc fimustry slaucm
slaucm romujo tlo sfzo ae tlo dusfioss
ar fijrohso tlo covoc ae jhpfthcfzhtfai ai ohjl chdar fi jaimftfais ae atlor ehjtars jaisthit iai-EMF
oitorprfsos him ma`ostfj pramujtfai aicy jhi oxphim tlofr sfzo ar fijrohso tlo jhpfthcfzhtfai covoc ae 
ohjl o`pcayoo fi tlo jaimftfai tlht atlor ehjtars hro jaisthit ta fijrohso yaur chdar pramujtfvfty.
 Jhpfthc-fitoisfvo fimustrfos
]hdco :  Tosu
Tosucts
cts ae ostf`htfib
ostf`htfib rosohrjl
rosohrjl `amocs
`amocs hihcyzfib
hihcyzfib tlo mfeeoroi
mfeeoroitt oeeojts
oeeojts ae EMF him
oxparts ai chdar pramujtfvfty ae
ae jhpfthc-fitoisfvo oitorprfsos

Ear oitorprfsos pramujfib pramujts era` proehdrfjhtom `othc, oitorprfsos tlht oxpart ta earofbi
jauitrfos lhvo lfblor hvorhbo chdar pramujtfvfty tlhi tlaso tlht aicy pramujo him suppcy ta tlo
ma`ostfj `hrgot. @ohiwlfco, oitorprfsos pramujfib pramujts era` proehdrfjhtom `othc rojofvfib EMF
jhpfthc lhvo ia mfeeoroijo fi chdar pramujtfvfty ja`phrom ta oitorprfsos tlht ma iat rojofvo tlfs jhpfthc

ecaw. ]loro fs h mfeeoroijo fi tlo f`phjt ae tlo sfzo him covoc ae jhpfthcfzhtfai ae oitorprfsos mopoimfib
ai tlo EMF oitorprfsos him wlotlor ar iat ta jaimujt oxparts. Ear oitorprfsos tlht hro datl EMF him


 

8:
oxpart him iai-EMF oitorprfsos him lhvo oxpartom tlofr pramujts ta earofbi `hrgots, fe tloy whit ta
fijrohso tlofr chdar pramujtfvfty, tloy slaucm romujo tlo sfzo ae tlofr oitorprfsos ar kafi fi ta Fijrohso tlo
jhpfthcfzhtfai ae oitorprfsos. ^hrtfjuchrcy ear oitorprfsos tlht ma iat lhvo EMF him aicy pramujo ear tlo
ma`ostfj `hrgot, ft fs iojosshry ta fijrohso ar fijrohso tlo covoc ae jhpfthcfzhtfai ar sfzo ae oitorprfsos
ta fijrohso chdar pramujtfvfty.
  Era
Era`
` tlo rosu
rosucts
cts ae tlo twa oxp
oxporf
orf`oi
`oithc
thc ros
rosohr
ohrjl
jl `amo
`amocs
cs ear tlo hpph
hpphroc
roc fim
fimust
ustry

ry him tlo
 pramujtfai ae jhst `othc pramujts roprosoitfib
roprosoitfib chdar-fitoisfvo him jhpfthc-fitoisfvo
jhpfthc-fitoisfvo fimustrfos, tlo tlosfs
mrhws sa`o goy rosucts;
Ear chdar-fitoisfvo fimustrfos, tlo hppohrhijo ae EMF ear h efr` fi tlo fimustry lhs hi f`phjt ai fts
chdar pramujtfvfty.
pramujtfvfty. Lawovor, EMF aicy fijrohsos tlo pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos fi tlo jhso ae chrbo-sjhco
oitorp
oit
orprfs
rfsos.
os. Rlo
Rlotlo
tlorr dus
dusfio
fioss
ssos
os oxp
oxpart
art ar iat oxp
oxpart
art mao
maoss iat jlh
jlhibo
ibo tlo chd
chdar
ar pra
pramuj
mujtfv

tfvfty
fty ae 
oitorprfsos. ]lfs `hy f`pcy tlht chdar-fitoisfvo dusfiossos tlht httrhjt EMF wfcc do `aro oeeojtfvo tlhi
soogfib ta oxpart tlofr pramujts ta earofbi `hrgots. Fi hmmftfai, EMF oitorprfsos slaucm aicy fivost fi
chrbo-sjhco oitorprfsos hs `ujl hs passfdco.
Jaitrhs ta tlo chdar-fitoisfvo fimustry, ft soo`s tlht tlo hppohrhijo ae EMF ear hi oitorprfso fi tlo
fimustry maos iat jlhibo tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae tlht oitorprfso. Lawovor, tlo oxpart ae pramujts ta
earofb
ear
ofbii `hr
`hrgot
gotss dy tlo jhp
jhpfthc
fthc fitoi
fitoisfv
sfvoo fim
fimust
ustry
ry lhs draub
draublt
lt h pas
pasftf
ftfvo
vo `ohifi
`ohifibb ta tlo chdar 
 pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos fi tlfs fimustry.
fimustry.
]lo f`phjt ae tlo sfzo him oxtoit ae jhpfthcfzhtfai ai chdar pramujtfvfty ae ohjl sojtar mopoims ai
wlotlor tlo oitorprfso fs hi EMF oitorprfso him tlo baams hro oxpartom. Ear EMF oitorprfsos him oxpart
ae baams, fe tloy ioom ta fijrohso tlofr pramujtfai sjhco fi tlo chdar-fitoisfvo fimustry, tloi fi tlo

jhpfthc-fitoisfvo oitorprfsos, tloy slaucm romujo tlo pramujtfai sjhco. oxpart. ]lo covoc ae jhpfthcfzhtfai
iooms ta do ihrrawom ear tloso efr`s fi tlo chdar-fitoisfvo sojtar dut ft iooms ta do fijrohsom fi tlo
jhpfthc-fitoisfvo fimustrfos. Ear iai-EMF oitorprfsos, dut stfcc oxpartfib fi datl fimustrfos, tloy slaucm
romujoo tlo sfzo ar fijrohso tlo covoc ae jhpfth
romuj
jhpfthcfzht
cfzhtfai
fai fe tloy whit ta fijrohso chdar pramujtfv
pramujtfvfty
fty.. Him
efihccy ear dusfiossos tlht hro iat EMF him aicy pramujo ear tlo ma`ostfj `hrgot, whit ta fijrohso chdar 
 pramujtfvfty,, oftlor fijrohso tlo sfzo ae tlo dusfioss ar fijrohso tlo covoc ae jhpfthcfzhtfai por wargor 
 pramujtfvfty
wlotlor docaibfib pudcfj sojtar
sojtar..
]lo quhcfty ae chdar lhs h pasftfvo f`phjt ai datl jhpfthc-fitoisfvo him chdar-fitoisfvo fimustrfos.
]lfs fs rohsaihdco, hs tlfs fs hi f`parthit fiput ta tlo efr`'s pramujtfai rosucts him hcsa tlraubl
f`pravom chdar quhcfty tlht wfcc jaitrfduto ta pasftfvo mfeeusfai oeeojts ear oitorprfsos sujl hs wargors
wftl lfblor omujhtfai covocs wfcc `hgo tlo oeeojt ae hccajhtfib fiputs dottor7 @aro giawcombohdco
wargors wfcc lhvo h why ae `hxf`fzfib tlo pramujt tlht fijrohsos tlofr `hrbfihc vhcuo ae IZ `aro tlhi
tlo sh`o pramujtfai prajoss tlht o`pcays h cawor giawcombo wargor ar quhcfefom wargor. H lfbl covoc
ae omujhtfai wfcc do hdco ta movocap fiiavhtfvo rosohrjl him movocap`oit rosohrjl ftsoce fs hi fiput tlht
mfrojtcy heeojts chdar pramujtfvfty.
Zf`fchr ta tlo quhcfty ae chdar fs tlo oitorprfso cajhtom fi hi fimustrfhc zaio ar iat, wftlaut heeojtfib
tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae tlo oitorprfso fi datl jhpfthcs fitoisfvo him chdar-fitoisfvo fimustrfos. ]lfs
subbosts tlht jurroitcy, fimustrfhc him oxpart prajossfib zaios fi Ufotih` lhvo iat maio wocc tlo thsg ae 
 pra`atfib spfccavor oeeojts h`aib oitorprfsos, ospojfhccy tlo tojliacabfjhc spfccavor oeeojt ae EMF him
cohrifib oeeojt. Hsgfib era` oxpart hs wocc hs spojfefj proeoroitfhc pacfjfos ear fimustrfhc phrgs him
oxpart prajossfib zaios.

 

8=

JLH^]OT =
]LO F@^HJ] AE CHDAT DOIOEF]Z ]A CHDAT ^TAM_J]FUF]V
=.8 Fitra
Fitramu
mujtf
jtfai
ai
=.4 Mhth

]lo mhth saurjo usom ear tlo stumy fs thdco mhth oxtrhjtom era` : mhth sots ae Z@Os Zurvoy era`
4>88-4>8?.
Jlhrhjtorfstfj ae tlfs mhthsot fs tlo Z@O survoy mhth, fijcumfib datl uirobfstorom him (uiaeefjfhc)
lausolacm
laus
olacm oitorprfs
oitorprfsos
os fi `hiuehjtur
`hiuehjturfib
fib him prajossfi
prajossfibb fi 8> prav
pravfijos
fijos him jftfos hjrass tlo jaui
jauitry
try..
]loroe

]lo
roearo
aro,, tlf
tlfss survo
survoyy mht
mhthh fij
fijcum
cumos
os iat ai
aicy
cy ae
aeefj
efjfhc
fhccy
cy apo
aporht
rhtfib
fib oit
oitorp
orprfs
rfsos
os dut
dut hcsa
hcsa fiear
fiear`hc
`hc
oitorprfsos. ]lfs fs tlo lfblcfblt ae tlo mhth sot hppraprfhto ear tlo stumy ta uso ta hssoss tlo f`phjt ae 
iai-shchry doioefts pacfjfos ae oitorprfsos ai o`pcayoos dojhuso fi tlo jhso ae Ufotih` ]lo iu`dor ae 
wocehro pacfjfos sujl hs sajfhc fisurhijo pacfjfos ear o`pcayoos fs h `himhtary pacfjy tlht hcc dusfiossos
`ust f`pco`oit fe tlo dusfioss aporhtos fi tlo ear`hc sojtar.

=.: @otla
@otlamac
macaby
aby

Hppcfjhtfai ae ostf`htfai tojlifquos ae chdar pramujtfvfty `amoc dy tlo `otlam ae Jaca`da him
Zthijh (4>><). ]lo ostf`htfai tojlifquo ae tlo chdar pramujtfvfty `amoc fi tlo ear` ae tlo Jadd Maubch
Mau
bchss eui
euijtfa
jtfaii whs jai
jaimuj
mujtom
tom ta ovh
ovhcuh
cuhto
to tlo f`p
f`phjt
hjt ae iai
iai-w
-whbo
hbo woc
wocehr
ehroo pacfjf
pacfjfos
os ai chd
chdar 
ar 
 pramujtfvfty hs eaccaws.
eaccaws.

θ   δ
V 0 H C  G    (8)
Ro lhvo chdar pramujtfvfty ear mfeeoroit typos ae chdar (ear oxh`pco, boimor ar ajjuphtfai).
Zuppaso tloro hro 4 mfeeoroit chdar fiputs;
] 
] 
C 0 Iu + κ8 I  + ±κ4 I  (4)
Za tlo pramujtfvfty euijtfai jhi do rowrfttoi hs eaccaws;
] 
] 
V0 HWIu + κ8 I  + ±κ4 I  PθG δ
 0 HW 8+( κ8-8)   +( κ4-8)  PθIθ G δ(:)
Him hs hdavo, hppcy tlo hmvhithbo ae sjhco, swftjl ta tlo ear` ae cab euijtfai him hppraxf`htocy
4

8

8

4

 

8

 

4

oquhc ta 8 wo lhvo;

cab
0 cab (H) + θ (κ8 ∔ 8)
 + θ (κ4 ∔ 8)
+ δ cab ( ) (=)
Fi boiorhc, wftl @ fiput chdar;
g 
 ∔ 8)
 P+ δ cab ( ) (?)
cab
0 cab (H) + θ∘ ± ± (κg  ∔
Bafib dhjg ta spojfefj o`pfrfjhc stumfos, wo ostf`hto tlo dhsfj oquhtfai (?) wftl tlo `uctf-ehjtar 
eohturo oquhtfai (?) tlht hccaws mfeeoroijos fi chdar quhcfty (ear oxh`pco, oxojutfvos). wlfco jaitraccfib
h iu`dor ae atlor ehjtars tlht heeojt pramujtfvfty
pramujtfvfty,, phrts ae H sujl hs fiiavhtfai, oxpart porear`hijo, him
sa`o atlor jlhrhjtorfstfjs ae tlo dusfioss sujl hs sfzo, fimustry, robfai, hbo, typo ae efr`, him atlor 
eohturos. ]lo oquhtfai ear tlo ostf`htom rosucts jhi do mosjrfdom hs eaccaws;
Vft 0 δ\ft + κ[f + οft (5)
Rftl vhrfhdco V dofib tlo cab ae chdar pramujtfvfty, \ fs tlo vojtar ae jlhibos fi chdar doioefts ear 
8

4

o`pcayoos him [ fs tlo vojtar roprosoitfib tlo jlhrhjtorfstfj vhrfhdcos ae tlo fivhrfhit oitorprfso
hjjarmfib ta tf`o.
=.= Mosjrfdo vhrfhdcos him rosohrjl lypatlosos


 

8?

]hdco =; ]lo su``hry thdco moefios tlo
tlo vhrfhdcos fi `amoc 4

Uhrfhdco
Zajfhc fisurhijo
(DL\L)

Moefiftfai
Uhcuo 0 8 fe tlo oitorprfso lhs sajfhc fisurhijo ear o`pcayoos
Uhcuo 0 > fe tlo oitorprfso maos iat phy sajfhc fisurhijo ear 
o`pcayoos

Lohctl fisurhijo
(DLV])

Uhcuo 0 8 fe tlo oitorprfso lhs lohctl fisurhijo ear o`pcayoos
Uhcuo 0 > fe tlo oitorprfso maos iat phy lohctl fisurhijo ear 
o`pcayoos
Uhcuo 0 8 fe tlo oitorprf
oitorprfso
so lhs uio`pca
uio`pcay`oit
y`oit fisu
fisurhijo
rhijo ear 
o`pcayoos
Uhcuo
hcuo 0 > fe tlo
tlo oi

oito
torp
rprf
rfso
so maos
maos iat
iat ph
phyy io
io`p
`pca
cay`
y`oi
oitt
fisurhijo ear o`pcayoos
Uhcuo
hcuo 0 8 fe tlo
tlo oi
oito
torp
rprf
rfso
so lh
lhss ja
ja`p
`poi
oish
shtf
tfai
ai robf
robf`o

`o ear 
ear 
wargors wla lhvo hjjfmoits ar ajjuphtfaihc mfsohsos.
Uhcuo
hcuo 0 > fe tlo
tlo oi
oito
torp
rprf
rfso
so lh
lhss ja
ja`p
`poi
oish
shtf
tfai
ai robf
robf`o
`o ear 
ear 
wargors wla lhvo hjjfmoits ar ajjuphtfaihc mfsohsos
Uhcuo
hcuo 0 8 fe tlo
tlo dusf
dusfio
ioss
ss lh
lhss sf
sfjg

jgio
ioss
ss hc
hcca
cawh
whij
ijos
os ear 
ear 
o`pcayoos.
Uhcuo 0 > fe tlo dusfioss maos iat lhvo sfjgioss hccawhijos ear 
o`pcayoos.
Uhcuo 0 8 fe tlo dusfioss hccaws tlo o`pcayoo ta thgo `htorifty
cohvo him phy murfib tlo tf`o ae dfrtl.
Uhcuo 0 > fe tlo oitorprfso maos iat hccaw o`pcayoos ta do ai
`htorifty cohvo him phfm murfib tlo tf`o
t f`o ae dfrtl.
Uhcuo 0 8 fe tlo dusfioss hccaws tlo o`pcayoo ta thgo `htorifty
cohvo him iat phy murfib tlo tf`o ae dfrtl.
Uhcuo 0 > fe tlo dusfioss maos iat hccaw wargors ta thgo
`htorifty cohvo him maos iat phy murfib tlo
t lo tf`o ae dfrtl
Uhcuo
hcuo 0 8 ffee tl
tlo dduusfios
fiosss hc
hccaw
caws ttlo
lo o`
o`pc

pcay
ayoo
oo ta th
thggo ccoohv
hvo.
o.
Uhcuo 0 > fe tlo dusfioss maos iat hccaw tlo o`pcayoo ta thgo
cohvo.
Uhcuo 0 8 fefe tl
tlo dduusfioss hccaws ttllo o`
o`pcayoo ta rotfro wftl tlo
 poisfai phfm aijo.
Uhcuo 0 > fe tlo o`pcayor maos iat lhvo h rotfrom o`pcayoo

_io`pcay`oit
fisurhijo (DL]I)
Ja`poishtfai
ear 
hjjfmoit,
hjjfm
oit, ajjup
ajjuphtfai
htfaihc
hc
mfsohso (]I)
Zfj
fjggioss
ioss
(Mhua`)

hcca
hccaw
whi
hijo
jo

]lo rfblt ta cohvo him
ta do phfm ht dfrtl
(ZfilmoQphy)
]lo rfblt ta cohvo him
iat ta do phfm ht dfrtl
(Zfilmo)
^hfm coh
ohvo
vo (Ibl
(Iblfp
fpllop
op))
^oisfai (Luutrf)

Zurvfvar (]utuht)

 E
 EM
MF
Oxpart
(\)
Zjhco
(Xuy`a)
Jhpfthcfzhtfai

Ci(G/C)

robf`o
Uhcuo 0wftl
8 fe aio-tf`o
tlo dusfipoisfai
oss pravfmos tlo o`pcayoo's eh`fcy wftl h
 poisfai hetor tlo o`pcayoo
o`pcayoo fs sfjg.
Uhcuo 0 > fe tlo dusfioss maos iat pravfmo tlo o`pcayoo's
eh`fcy h poisfai hetor tlo o`pcayoo fs sfjg 
Uhcuo 0 8; Fe ft fs h EMF oitorprfso
Uhcuo 0 >; Fe ft fs h EMF oitorprfso
Uhcuo 0 8; Fe tlo oitorprfso jaimujts oxpart
Uhcuo 0 >; Fe tlo dusfioss maos iat prajoom wftl oxpart
Cab ae eucc-tf`o o`pcayoos ae tlo oitorprfso f. Cab (Cft). _ift
ae Zjhco fs tlo iu`dor ae o`pcayoo
o` pcayoo
Cab ae hssot ae tlo oitorprfso f. Cab(

 G ft 
 Cft 

). _ift ae jhpfthcfzhtfai

fs tlo `fccfai/o`pcayoo
Tosohrjl
(Iblfoijuu)

Oit

Oitorp
orprfs
rfsotl
ht jai
jaimuj
mujtt ros
rosohr
ohrjl
jl him mov
movoca
ocap`o
p`oit
it roj
rojofvo
ofvo h
vhcuo
ae
8otlht
Oitorp
Oit
orprfs
rfsoo tlh
tlhtt ma iat jai
jaimuj
mujtt ros
rosohr
ohrjl
jl him mov
movoca
ocap`o

p`oit
it
rojofvo h vhcuo ae >


 

85
Omujhtfai
(Mhatha)
@aiapacy
(Majquyoi)
^rfvhto
oitorprfso(MI]I)
^hrtiorslfps
(Lapmhil)
Jaaporhtfvoo jaccoj
Jaaporhtfv
jaccojtfvo
tfvo
(L]\)
Cf`ftom
cfhdfcfty
ja`phiy (]ILL)
Zthto-awiom kafit stajg 
ja`phiy
(Japlhiilhiuaj)
]lo
kafit
stajg  

ja`phiy lhs ia sthto
(Japlhiglaibilhiuaj)
Earo
Earofb
fbii kafi
kafitt voit
voitur
uroo
ja`phiy
(Cfoimahiliuajibahf)

Oitorprfso tlht pravfmo trhfifib ta o`pcayoos wla rojofvo h
vhcuo ae 8
Oitorprfso ma iat eastor o`pcayoos wla rojofvo tlo vhcuo ae >
Lore
Lo
refi
fimh
mhlc
lc fimo
fimoxx sl
slaw
awss tlo
tlo ja
jaij
ijoi
oitr
trhtf
htfai
ai (ar

(ar co
covo
vocc ae 
ja`potftfai) (> 3Lorefimhlc 38)
Uhcuo 0 8; fe ft fs h prfvhto oitorprfso
Uhcuo 0 >; fe tlo dusfioss fs h lausolacm
Uhcuo 0 8; fe ft fs h phrtiorslfp
Uhcuo 0 >; fe tlo dusfioss fs h lausolacm
Uhcuo 0 8; fe ft fs h jaaporhtfvo
Uhcuo 0 >; fe tlo dusfioss fs h lausolacm
Uhcuo 0 8; fe ft fs h cf`ftom cfhdfcfty ja`phiy
Uhcuo 0 >; fe tlo dusfioss fs h lausolacm
Uhcuo 0 8; fe ft fs h sthto-awiom ja`phiy
Uhcuo 0 >; fe tlo dusfioss fs h lausolacm
Uhcuo 0 8; fe tlo kafit stajg ja`phiy lhs ia sthto
Uhcuo 0 >; fe tlo dusfioss fs h lausolacm
Uhcuo 0 8; fe ft fs h earofbi kafit voituro ja`phiy
Uhcuo 0 >; fe tlo dusfioss fs h lausolacm

_ifai
(Jaibmahi)
Joitrhc
(`foitruib)

U
hcuo 00 8;
lhs ia
h uifai
Uhcuo
>; Oitorprfso

Oitorprfso lhs
uifai
Uhcuo 0 8; ]lo dusfioss fs cajhtom fi tlo joitrhc robfai
Uhcuo 0 >; ]lo dusfioss fs cajhtom fi tlo iartl

Zautl
(`foitruib)

Uhcuo 0 8; ]lo dusfioss fs cajhtom fi tlo sautl
Uhcuo 0 >; ]lo dusfioss fs cajhtom fi tlo iartl

^chtohu
(Jhaibuyoi)

Uhcuo 0 8; ]lo dusfioss fs cajhtom fi h lfblchim
Uhcuo 0 >; ]lo dusfioss fs cajhtom fi tlo iartl

Tosohrjl lypatlosos;

 Lypatlosfs L8; Z`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos' o`pcayoo wocehro oiearjo`oit pacfjfos hro
oxpojtom ta lhvo h pasftfvo f`phjt ai chdar pramujtfvfty.
 Lypatlosfs L4; ]lo lfblor tlo jhpfthc fitoisfty por wargor ae G / C ae ohjl oitorprfso, tlo `aro
chdar pramujtfvfty ae `hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos wfcc fijrohso.
f ijrohso.
 Lypatlosfs L:; Z`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos fi tlo `hiuehjturfib sojtar wftl h lfblor 
jhpfthcfzhtfai hro oxpojtom ta lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty.
pramujtfvfty.
 Lypatlosfs L=; Z`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos fi tlo `hiuehjturfib sojtar tlht f`pco`oit 
trhfifib pacfjfos ear o`pcayoos hro oxpojtom ta lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty.
 Lypatlosfs L?; Z`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos fi tlo `hiuehjturfib fimustry tlht fivost fi

rosohrjl him movocap`oit hro oxpojtom ta lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty.
 Lypatlosfs L5; Z`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos fi tlo `hiuehjturfib sojtar fi fimustrfos wftl
lfblor `aiapacy pawor hro oxpojtom ta do `aro pramujtfvo.
 Lypatlosfs L2; Z`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos fi tlo `hiuehjturfib fimustry rojofvfib EMF 
hro oxpojtom ta lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty tlhi tlaso tlht ma iat rojofvo EMF. Him,


 

82
 Lypatlosfs L<; Z`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos fi tlo `hiuehjturfib fimustry tlht oxpart baams
ta earofbi
earofbi jauitrfos hro oxpojtom ta lhvo lfblor chdar pra
pramujtf
mujtfvfty
vfty tlhi dusfiossos
dusfiossos tlht aicy pravfm
pravfmoo
 baams him sorvfjos ta tlo ma`ostfj `hrgot.
 Lypatlosfs L6; @hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos hro oxpojtom ta do chrbo-sjhco, wftl lfblor pramujtfvfty
tlhi s`hcc dusfiossos.
 Lypatlosfs L8>; ]lo chdar pramujtfvfty ae s`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos fi tlo `hiuehjturfib 
 sojtar passossfib mfeeoroit typos ae dusfiossos fs oxpojtom ta do mfeeoroit.
 Lypatlosfs L88;
L88; Chdar pramujtfvfty ae s`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos fi tlo `hiuehjturfib 
fimustry wftl trhmo uifais lhs lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty tlhi oitorprfsos wftlaut tlfs arbhifzhtfai.
=.? Hihcytfjhc erh`owarg him `amoc
JLHTHJ]OTFZ]FJZ
O@^CAVOO DOIOEEF]Z

EMF
Oxpart
Zjhco
Jhpfthcfzhtfai
Tosohrjl
Omujhtfai
Awiorslfp
@aiapacy
_ifai

Zajfhc fisurhijo
Lohctl fisurhijo
_io`pcay fisurhijo

Ja`poishtfai
Zfjgioss hccawhijo
@htorifty (phfm)
@htorifty
Cohvo
^oisfai
Zurvfvar 

CHDAT
^TAM_J]FUF]V

[aio

^fjturo ?; Hihcytfjhc erh`owarg ear adkojtfvo 4

Ci(yft)0 δ>+ δ8DL\Lft+ δ4DLV]ft+ δ:DL]Ift+ δ=]Ift+ δ?ĞhuQa`ft +δ5ZfilmoQphyft + δ2Zfilmoft +

δ< Iblfplop
 Iblfplopft+ δ6Luutrfft+ δ8>]utuhtft+ δ88EMFft+ δ84\ft+ δ8:Xuy`aft+ δ8=Ci(G/C)ft  +δ8? Iblfoijuu
 Iblfoijuuft+
δ82Ğhathaft+ δ8<MI]Ift +δ86Lapmhilft+ δ4>L]\ft + δ48]ILLft +δ44Japlhiilhiuajft +
δ4:Japlhiglaibilhiuajft+ δ4=Cfoimahiliuajibahfft +δ4?Ğajquyoift + δ45@foitruibft +δ42Jhaibuyoift +
δ4<@foiih`ft + οft(4)
=.
=.5
5 Tosu
Tosuct
ct
=.5.8

Mosjrfptfai

=.5.4

Tosuct

Dojhuso ae tlo oimaboiaus `amoc, efrst, tlo tlosfs ostf`htos ^r (wocehro) fk, wlfjl fs tlo pradhdfcfty
tlht hi oitorprfso f pravfmo (f`pco`oit) wocehro pacfjy k ear fts o`pcayoos, wlfjl fs ostf`htom fi tlo
`amoc (4);
± 0 δ> +δ8Bfaftfilf+ δ4Ci(C)ft+δ:Ci(G/C)ft  +δ=EMFft
Cabft0
8∔ ^ ( plûj cỪ f  ± ± ft ) ±
+δ?\uhtglhuft+δ5 Iblfoijuu
 Iblfoijuuft+ δ2Ğhathaft+ δ<MI]I +δ6Lapmhil+ δ8>L]\+ δ88]ILL
+δ84Japlhiilhiuaj+ δ8:Japlhiglaibilhiuaj+ δ8=Cfoimahiliuajibahf +δ8?Ğajquyoi+ δ85@foitruib
+δ82Jhaibuyoi+ δ8<@foiih` + οft

 

8<
Fi tlo sojaim stop, tlo tlosfs ostf`htos tlo pradhdfcfty ae f`pco`oitfib wocehro him fijcumos tlo
oquhtfai ta ostf`hto tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos. Fi hmmftfai, tlo mfssorthtfai hcsa whits ta
oxh`fio sf`ucthioauscy tlo rochtfaislfp ae tlo f`pco`oithtfai ae pacfjfos ta tlo sfzo ae tlo oitorprfso fi
armor ta jaisfmor tlo sf`ucthioaus f`phjt wloi tlo sfzo ae oitorprfsos fs mfeeoroit wlotlor tlo f`phjt ae 
 pacfjfos wlotlor tlo doioefts
doioefts ta wargors hro mfe
mfeeoroit
eoroit ar iat.
Tobrossfai `amoc rosucts ae : `himhtary wocehro pacfjfos.
]hdco ?; rosucts ae : `himhtary wocehro pacfjfos
Chdar
pramujtfvfty
Uhrrfhdco

^r(Zajfhc)
^r(Lohctl)
^r(_io`pcay)
CiC
Ci(G/C)
^r(Zajhfhc)*CiC
^r(Lohctl)*CiC
^r(_io`pcay)*Ci
C
\
T
Omousojhhrtjfali

@aiapacy
_ifai
^rfvhto
^hrtiorslfp
Jaaporhtfvo
Cf`ftom cfhdfcfty
ja`phiy
Kafit stajg
ja`phiy wftl sthto
jhpfthc
Kafit stajg
ja`phiy wftlaut

(8)Zajfhc

(4)Lohctl

(:)_io`pcay

fisurhijo
Jaoeefjfoit

fisurhijo
Jaoeefjfoit

fisurhijo
Jaoeefjfoit

>.:55<
>.4662

->.8<62***
>.8:=2***
->.8<=***

->.8<=?***
>.8:?4***

>.86:4
->.8688
>.8:54

->.82<<***
->.854<**
>.46=<**

(=)Fisurhijo
Jaoeefjfoit

4.2>86
-8.6?:<
->.->.8586
>.8:4:
>.=48=
->.28<5
>.86<>

>.4628**

>.4626**

>.:>>:**

>>..8>5682<6******
>.=5>6
>.>?==
>.8885
->.8>44
>.885:
  >.:?::***

>>..8>56464<******
>.=?56
>.>?65
>.84?:
->.>668
>.8:>:8
>.:2=5***

>>..885>::<:******
>.=??4
>.><>?
>.8:8?
->.>6:8
>.8:>?
>.:68<***

>>..885>5<4=***
>.=86?
>.>=86

>.8?:5*
->.8>58
>.82:=
>.=452***

  >.:2:=

>.:?<5

>.:542

->.825:

  >.
>.?6:?

>.58>6

>.5::8

>.5>8<***

sthto
Z
autljhpfthc
^chtohu

8.84:6*
>.:=66

8.8:5:*
>.:?<<

8.842<*
>.::65

8.:8=<*
>.?>5=

Jais

6.4842***

6.865?****

6.86=5***

6.8=??***


 

86
Zf`fchr ta tlo 5 ja`paioit wocehro vhrfhdcos, tlo `amoc rosucts hro prosoitom fi ]hdco
]hdco 5
]hdco 5; rosucts ae 5 ja`paioit wocehro pacfjfos

Era` tlo rosucts ae tlo hdavo 6 oquhtfais ear wocehro pacfjfos, tlo tlosfs mrhws sa`o `hfi rosucts hs
eaccaws;
Efrst, ft jhi do heefr`om tlht tlo f`pco`oithtfai ae wocehro pacfjfos fi Z@Os hjtuhccy lhs hi f`phjt

ai tlo pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos. Rlotlor wocehro pacfjfos pasftfvocy ar iobhtfvocy heeojt o`pcayoo
 pramujtfvfty jhi do heeojtom dy twa `hfi rohsais; tlo hsy``otrfj fiear`htfai pradco` dotwooi
o`pcayoos dofib hwhro ae oxhjtcy tlofr doioefts. Law jhi tloy roecojt tlo doioefts rojofvom ai chdar 
 pramujtfvfty him tlo jasts ae wocehro pacfjfos tlht dusfiossos fijur1 Fe ttlo
lo wocehro pacfjfos tlht doioeft
o`pcayoos hro jcohrcy him mfrojtcy vfsfdco, sujl hs tlo jhso ae sfjgioss, hiiuhc cohvo stfcc rojofvos h
shchry ar h cu`p-su` poisfai, Toecojtfib tlo doioefts tloy rojofvo ta chdar pramujtfvfty fs pasftfvo him
ohsfcy vfsfdco. Lawovor, fi tlo jhso ae `htorifty cohvo, tlo ehjt tlht wargors roecojt tlo doioefts tloy
rojofvo ai chdar pramujtfvfty `hy do adsjurom dy tlo jast durmoi ae dusfiossos phyfib whbos murfib tlo
tf`o tlht `htorifty cohvo. ]loroearo, ft fs passfdco tlht wargors lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty hetor 
`htorifty cohvo, dut ai tlo dusfioss sfmo dojhuso tlo jast ae phyfib shchrfos fs brohtor tlhi tlo fijrohso
fi chdar pramujtfvfty tlht oitorprfsos rojofvo era` wargors. Rloi ja`dfiom, tlfs wocehro pacfjy jrohtos
h iobhtfvo f`phjt ai dusfiossos. ]lo ovfmoijo fs tlht tlo `amoc ae uiphfm `htorifty cohvo pacfjy him
stfcc rojofvfib phfm `htorifty cohvo lhvo hi f`phjt ai appasfto chdar pramujtfvfty. ]lo tlosfs jhcjuchtos
tlo hiiuhc chdar pramujtfvfty fimox him tlo tathc chdar earjo `hy hcsa jaitrfduto ta tlo avorchp dotwooi
tlo fijrohso fi chdar pramujtfvfty tlhigs ta wocehro pacfjy him pramujtfvfty romujtfai muo ta spoimfib.
]lo jast ae pravfmfib phjghbos ae doioefts fs lhrmor ta adsorvo tlhi usfib laurcy chdar pramujtfvfty.
Zojaimcy, tlo brohtor tlo sfzo ae tlo oitorprfso, tlo brohtor tlo durmoi ft wfcc fijur ai pravfmfib
wocehro pacfjfos, tlus iobhtfvocy heeojtfib tlo f`phjt ae wocehro pacfjy. doioeft ta chdar pramujtfvfty ae 


 

4>
tlo dusfioss. ]lfrm, hi fijrohso fi jhpfthc fitoisfty por o`pcayoo ae tlo oitorprfso wfcc fijrohso tlo chdar 
 pramujtfvfty ae tlo oitorprfso wlfco atlor ehjtars ro`hfi uijlhibom. Fi boiorhc, chdar sfzo pasftfvocy
heeojts chdar pramujtfvfty ae hi oitorprfso fi tlo jaimftfai tlht atlor ehjtars hro tlo sh`o. Lawovor, tlo
`hbiftumo ae tlfs f`phjt mopoims ai wlotlor tlo dusfioss f`pco`oits h wocehro pacfjy ar iat.
Eaurtl, tlo vhrfhdco braup mo`aistrhtos tlo oeearts ae oitorprfsos fi f`pravfib tlo quhcfty ae lu`hi
rosaurjos, fijcumfib fivost`oit fi trhfifib him trhfifib, him fivost`oit fi rosohrjl him movocap`oit,

wlfjl pasftfvocy heeojts chdar
c hdar pramujtfvfty
pramujtfvfty..
Efetl, ear vhrfhdcos rochtom ta tlo bcadhcfzhtfai ae s`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos tlraubl EMF ar 
oxpart, ft slaws tlht s`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos rhrocy rojofvo fivost`oit era` EMF jhpfthc,
tloroearo, tlo f`phjt ae EMF ai chdar pramujtfvfty
pramujtfvfty,, fi tlfs jhso, ffss iat adsorvom, tlo oxpart slaws tlht
tlfs fs h `otlam tlht jhi locp fijrohso chdar pramujtfvfty ae Z@Os.
Zfxtl, tlo `aiapacy fimox fs iat sthtfstfjhccy sfbifefjhit ht 8%, ?%, him 8>%. ]lfs `ohis tlht tlo
 pramujtfvfty ae Ufotih`oso s`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos, hctlaubl mfeeoroit sudsojtars ae 
ja`potftfai ar `aiapacy,
`aiapacy, ma iat slaw tlo mfeeoroijo fi tlo jaimftfai tlht atlor ehjtars hro tlo sh`o.
Zovoitl, trhmo uifais roprosoitfib wargors fi s`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos ma iat heeojt tlo
chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos fi tlo jhso ae tlo sh`pco.
Ofbltl, ear tlo typo ae awior
awior,, aicy tlo ear` ae "cf`ftom cfhdfcfty ja`phiy" him "kafit-stajg ja`phiy
wftlaut tlo sthto" lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty tlhi tlo ear` ae awiorslfp. "Lausolacm" fi tor`s ae 
atlor ehjtars dofib oquhc.
JLH^]OT ?
TOZOHTJL EFIMFIBZ HIM ^ACFJV TOJA@@OIMH]FAIZ
?.8 TOZOHTJL
TOZOHTJL EFIMFIB
EFIMFIB
?.8.8
?.8
.8

EMF,
EMF, oxpar
oxpartt him

him chdar
chdar pramu
pramujtf
jtfvft
vfty‖
y‖ efr
efr`
`

]lo rosucts ae tlo `amoc hihcysfs slaw tlht, ear chdar-fitoisfvo fimustrfos, wlfjl hro roprosoitom dy
tlo hpphroc fimustry, tlo hppohrhijo ae EMF ear h efr` fi tlo fimustry lhs hi f`phjt ai tlo chdar 
 pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos. Ghr`h. Lawovor,
Lawovor, EMF aicy fijrohsos tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos fi
tlo jhso ae chrbo-sjhco oitorprfsos, him fe s`hcc-sjhco oitorprfsos, tlo f`phjt ae EMF fs iat aicy pasftfvo
 dut hcsa iobhtfvo. Rlotlor dusfiossos oxpart ar iat oxpart maos iat jlhibo tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae 
oitorprfsos. ]lfs `hy f`pcy tlht chdar-fitoisfvo dusfiossos tlht httrhjt EMF wfcc do `aro oeeojtfvo tlhi
soogfib ta oxpart tlofr pramujts ta earofbi `hrgots. Dosfmos, EMF oitorprfsos, wloi mojfmfib ta fivost fi
oitorprfsos fi tlfs sojtar, `ust fivost fi chrbo-sjhco oitorprfsos fi armor ta do oeeojtfvo.
Jaitrhry
Jaitr
hry ta tlo chdar-fi
chdar-fitoisf
toisfvo
vo fimus
fimustry
try ropr
roprosoit
osoitom
om dy tlo pramu
pramujtfai

jtfai ae `othc pramujt
pramujts,
s, ft soo`s
tlht tlo hppohrhijo ae EMF ear h efr` fi tlo fimustry maos iat jlhibo tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae tlht
oitorprfso. Lawovor, tlo oxpart ae pramujts ta earofbi `hrgots dy tlo jhpfthc fitoisfvo fimustry lhs
 draublt h pasftfvo `ohifib ta tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos
oitorprfsos fi tlfs fimustry
fimustry..
?.8.4 F`phjt ae chdar doioefts ai chdar pramujtfvfty

Era` tlo o`pfrfjhc `amoc rosucts ae tlo mfssorthtfai, ft jhi do heefr`om tlht tlo f`pco`oithtfai ae 
wocehro pacfjfos fi Z@Os hjtuhccy heeojts tlo pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos. Rlotlor wocehro pacfjfos
 pasftfvocy ar iobhtfvocy heeojt chdar pramujtfvfty jhi do heeojtom dy twa `hfi rohsais; (8) tlo pradco`
ae hsy``otrfj fiear`htfai dotwooi o`pcayoos dofib hwhro ae jarrojtcy. doioefts tloy bot ar iat, him (4)
law `ujl tloy jast.
 ?.4 Iow jaitrfdutfai ae rosohrjl


 

48
]loro hro `hiy stumfos tlht lhvo stumfom chdar pramujtfvfty hs wocc hs tlo f`phjt ae EMF him oxparts
ai chdar pramujtfvfty, dut tloro lhvo iat dooi hiy stumfos jaisfmorfib tloso hs twa ja`potfib `otlams
ta kafi tlo fistftutfai. mobroo ae bcadhcfzhtfai ae dusfiossos. ]loroearo, tlfs fs tlo mfeeoroijo ae tlo stumy
ja`phrom ta atlor stumfos wloi sophrhtfib tlo jaitrfdutfai ae tloso 4 jlhiiocs ta 4 mfeeoroit braups ae 
fimustrfos roprosoitfib jhpfthc-fitoisfvo him chdar-fitoisfvo fimustrfos. Ft locps dusfiossos ta jcohrcy
arfoit tlo`socvos ta kafifib bcadhcfzhtfai tlraubl EMF ar oxpart, wlfjl wfcc drfib `aro doioefts tlhigs
ta tlo jhpfthc-fitoisfvo jlhrhjtorfstfjs ae tlofr jhpfthc.
To`uiorhtfai ear o`pcayoos lhs iat dooi `ujl stumfom fi Ufotih`. ]lo ro`uiorhtfai robf`os fi
Ufotih` hro `hficy dhsom ai whbo rosohrjl, tlo doioefts ae iai-shchry doioefts lhvo iat dooi bfvoi

hmoquhto httoitfai hs ovfmoijom dy vory cfttco cftorhturo ai tlfs fssuo. ]lo rosucts ae tlo stumy phrtcy
jaitrfduto o`pfrfjhc ovfmoijo ai tlo rochtfaislfp dotwooi tlo f`pco`oithtfai ae wocehro pacfjfos him
chdar
chd
ar pra
pramu
mujtfv
jtfvfty
fty fi Ufotih`
fotih`oso
oso oit
oitorp
orprfs
rfsos.
os. Fi hmm
hmmftf
ftfai,
ai, tlo jur
jurroi
roitt stu
stumfo
mfoss fi Ufotih`
fotih` wlo
wloii
rosohrjlfib tlfs rochtfaislfp hro aetoi dfhsom muo ta oimaboiaus troht`oit. ]lo mfssorthtfai efimfib taac
vhrfhdcos him sacvfib oimaboiaus pradco`s ear tlo jhso stumy fs hcsa h iow jaitrfdutfai ta tlo tlosfs ai
tlfs rosohrjl tapfj.
?.: ^ACFJV TOJA@@OIMH]FAIZ

Efrstcy, tlraubl tlo twa rosohrjl rosucts sorvfib tlo efrst bahc, wo jhi soo tlht EMF him oxpart lhvo

jorthfi oeeojts ai chdar pramujtfvfty, dut ft fs iat sufthdco ear hcc dusfiossos. Zpojfefjhccy, ear oitorprfsos
wftl chdar-fitoisfvo jlhrhjtorfstfjs, tlo pacfjy ae f`pravfib pramujtfvfty dy oxpartfib fs fioeeojtfvo,
fistohm, oitorprfsos fi chdar-fitoisfvo fimustrfos `hy jaisfmor upbrhmfib. Lfbl chdar pramujtfvfty dy
httrhjtfib, jhccfib ear EMF era` earofbi dusfiossos wfcc drfib dottor oeefjfoijy. Fi jaitrhst, jhpfthcfitoisfvo dusfiossos slaucm do oxpart-arfoitom rhtlor tlhi tryfib ta httrhjt EMF, wlfjl wfcc locp fijrohso
chdar pramujtfvfty
pramujtfvfty..
Zojaim, EMF oitorprfsos fi tlo chdar-fitoisfvo fimustry slaucm jaisfmor fijrohsfib tlo sfzo ae 
oitorprfsos ta fijrohso chdar pramujtfvfty ar earofbi oitorprfsos wloi tloy whit ta fivost fi chdarfitoisfvo fimustrfos. ]lo oitorprfso lhs h vory chrbo sjhco ta bot tlo oxpojtom oeeojt. ]lo covoc ae 
jhpfthcfzhtfai por o`pcayoo ae tlo sojtar's EMF oitorprfsos slaucm do romujom.
]lfrm, tlo oxpart oitorprfsos fi Ufotih`, wlotlor fi chdar-fitoisfvo ar jhpfthc-fitoisfvo fimustrfos,
hro hc`ast hcwhys ht h taa chrbo sjhco (: aut ae = jhsos oxjopt ear EMF oitorprfsos him oxpart fi
fitoisfvo-sojtar). chdar) iooms ta mawisfzo fe yau whit ta fijrohso pramujtfvfty
pramujtfvfty..
Eaurtl, oitorprfsos tlht ma iat httrhjt EMF him aicy pramujo ear tlo ma`ostfj `hrgot, robhrmcoss ae 
tlo fimustry, slaucm fijrohso tlo jhpfthcfzhtfai covoc por wargor ar oxphim tlo sfzo ae oitorprfsos ta
fijrohso chdar pramujtfvfty.
pramujtfvfty. myih`fj fi tlo jaitoxt ae atlor ehjtars jaisthit.
Efetl, tlo rosucts ae tlo ifio `amocs fi tlo sojaim adkojtfvo jhi jaiefr` tlht iai-whbo wocehro
 pacfjfos hro pacfjfos tlht hjtuhccy heeojt tlo pramujtfvfty ae s`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos fi
Ufotih`. ]loroearo, tlo f`pco`oithtfai ae tloso pacfjfos fi dusfiossos fi Ufo
Ufotih`
tih` fs ossoitfhc.
Zfxtl, tlo rosucts ae tlo `amocs fi tlo sojaim adkojtfvo hcsa slaw wlfjl pacfjfos hro pacfjfos tlht hro
 dofib f`pco`oitom wocc him iat yot wocc fi U
Ufotih`.
fotih`. Zpojfefjhccy
Zpojfefjhccy,, tloro hro : wocehro pacfjfos uimor tlo
ja`pucsary fisurhijo euim, dut tlo sajfhc fisurhijo pacfjy lhs h baam f`phjt ai chdar pramujtfvfty
wlfco lohctl fisurhijo him uio`pcay`oit fisurhijo hro tlo appasfto. ]lfs `hy hcsa rhfso tlo quostfai
ae wlotlor tlo twa pacfjfos hro iat dofib f`pco`oitom wocc, poapco ma iat rohccy eooc tlo doioefts tloy

rojofvo era` tloso pacfjfos ar poapco lhvo mfeefjucty fi tlo prajoss. rojofvo yaur doioefts muo ta tlo


 

44
`hihbo
`hih
bo`o
`oit
it wa
warg
rg.. ]lor
]loroe
oear
aro,
o, tlo
tlo stht
sthtoo ioom
ioomss ta ro
rovf
vfow
ow hi
himm lh
lhvo
vo sp
spoj
ojfe
fefj
fj sa

sacu
cutfa
tfais
is ai tlo
tlo
f`pco`oithtfai `ojlhifs` him `hihbo`oit prajoss ae tloso twa f`parthit wocehro pacfjfos
?.= Cf`fthtfais ae tlo rosohrjl him sudsoquoit rosohrjl mfrojtfais.

Ear adkojtfvo 8, hctlaubl tlo socojtfai ae tlo twa sojtars ae tlo hpphroc him tlo pramujtfai ae 
 prajossom `othc roprosoits twa chdar-fitoisfvo him jhpfthc-fitoisfvo fimustrfos, aicy h eow hro
roprosoithtfvo. pafits ae tlo fimustry dut jhiiat roprosoit tlo` hcc. Fi armor ta stumy `aro jcasocy tlo
f`phjt ae EMF him oxpart ai chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos, tloy slaucm stumy `aro jcasocy ht tlo
covoc ae fivost`oit ar tlo porjoithbo ae EMF fivostom fi oitorprfsos him tlo oxpart slhro ae ohjl
oitorprfso. Ghr`h. Lawovor, muo ta tlo cf`fthtfais ae tlo mhth sot, tlfs tlosfs lhs iat dooi hdco ta
 porear` tlfs hihcysfs.
H iu`dor ae atlor ehjtars jhi hcsa heeojt chdar pramujtfvfty sujl hs tlo tojlifjhc covoc ae ohjl
oitorprfso ar tlo covoc ae rosohrjl him movocap`oit ae ohjl oitorprfso, dut dojhuso rosohrjl mhth maos
iat hccaw ft, ft maos iat hppohr. fi tlo rosohrjl `amoc ae tlo tlosfs.
Fi adkojtfvo 4, tlo wocehro pacfjfos fi tlo tlosfs hro `hficy tlo `ast ja``aicy usom pacfjfos tamhy
him `ast ae tlo` hro sthto-robuchtom, lhvo iat stumfom spojfefj wocehro pacfjfos, him `aro hmvhijom ae 
 dusfiossos.
Ht tlfs adkojtfvo, tlo chdar pramujtfvfty vhrfhdco fs jhcjuchtom dy tlo hiiuhc chdar pramujtfvfty ae tlo
oitorprfso. ]loroearo, ft `hy do mfeefjuct ta `aiftar tlo f`phjt ae wocehro pacfjfos (sujl hs wocehro
hccawhijos ear `htorifty, sfjg cohvo, lohctl fisurhijo)
]lo fss
fssuo
uo ae law hsy``
hsy``otr
otrfj
fj fiear`

fiear`htf
htfai
ai f`p
f`phjts
hjts tlo f`p
f`phjt
hjt ae woc
wocehr
ehroo pac
pacfjf
fjfos
os ai chd
chdar 
ar 
 pramujtfvfty him law ta provoit tlfs era` lhppoifib wloi f`pco`oitfib wocehro pacfjfos fs hcsa h
tapfj. Fitorostfib jhi do oxpcarom hetor tlo tapfj tlht tlo tlosfs stumfos.
]a tlaraublcy hiswor tlo quostfai ae wlotlor ta ropchjo tlo `fif`u` whbo fijrohso wftl tlo
 pravfsfai ae hmmftfaihc wocehro pacfjfos, ft roqufros rosohrjl ai law `ujl wargors hro shchrfom ta
rojofvo tlo rfblt pacfjfos. ropchjo`oit wocehro daag. Lawovor, ta jhrry aut tlfs stumy roqufros h `aro
ja`pcoto mhthsot ae jast mhth ae doioefts phjghbos hs wocc hs wargors' shchry fssuos.


 

CFZ] AE ^_DCFZLOM RATGZ
^hpor

8.

Hsso

Hssoss
ss tlo f`phj
f`phjtt ae chdar doioe
doioefts
fts ai chdar pra
pramujtfv
mujtfvfty
fty fi s`hcc him `om
`omfu`-s
fu`-sfzom
fzom oito
oitorprfs
rprfsos
os fi
Ufotih`. >=/4>86 (84), :6-=4.

4. ]lo f`phj
f`phjtt ae EMF him oxpa
oxparts
rts ai U
Ufotih`
fotih`oso
oso chda
chdar-fi
r-fitoisfv
toisfvoo oitorpr
oitorprfso.
fso. >5/
>5/4>4>
4>4> (<:

(<:),
), 2<-<
2<-<::
Jaieeoroijo prajoomfib

8. Hihcyzo tlo Mfeeoroijos
Mfeeoroijos fi tlo F`phjt ae EMF him Oxp
Oxparts
arts ai Chdar ^ramujtfvfty ae Oitorprfsos;
Oitorprfsos; tlo
jhso ae Ufotih`. Lỵ IỖf, 88/4>86.